Swainsonine对胰岛素受体功能影响的研究

以Ｓｗａｉｓｏｎｉｎｅ（Ｓｗ）作为高尔基体Ｎ－糖链加工酶系中α－甘露糖苷酶ＩＩ的特异抑制剂。研究Ｎ－糖链结构和胰岛素受体（Ｉｎｓ－Ｒ）功能的关系,发现Ｓｗ不影响细胞生长和３Ｈ－亮氨酸参入ＳＭＭＣ７７２１细胞,但明显促进３Ｈ－甘露糖参入细胞总糖蛋白和表面糖蛋白,并使后者的ＣｏｎＡ强结合组分显著增加,提示Ｓｗ使Ｉｎｓ－Ｒ的Ｎ－糖链变成杂合型及高甘露糖型,胰岛素结合试验后作Ｓｃａｔｃｈａｒｄ分析,发现Ｓ     

小肠平滑肌胰岛素受体的特征及其蛋白激酶活性

 本实验对狗小肠平滑肌中胰岛素受体的结构和特征进行了分析研究。通过麦胚凝集素琼脂糖和两次Sepharose-CL-6B凝胶层析从平滑肌中纯化胰岛素受体,达到电泳纯。SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳证明胰岛素受体是由两个亚基组成的,分子量分别为135kD和90kD。磷酸化实验证明平滑肌胰岛素受体具有胰岛素依赖性蛋白激酶活性,能催化自身的β亚基磷酸化和底物的磷酸化。Scatchard分析表明胰岛素和受体的结合呈(?)协同效应,最大结合率为13μg胰岛素/mg蛋白质。     

胰岛素受体底物家族中的两个新成员

胰岛素受体底物蛋白参与多种激素,细胞因子的信号转导,可联系下游含ＳＨ２结构域的蛋白,它是一种极为重要的信号传递中介分子,胰岛素受体底物家族有４个成员。本文从基因结构,蛋白质结构介绍新发现的两个成员（ＩＲＳ－３,ＩＲＳ－４）的一些基本特征。     

视黄酸对胰岛素受体表达的影响

ＳＭＭＣ－７７２１细胞经１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ视黄酸（ＲＡ）处理１－５天后,完整细胞或纯化胰岛素受体（Ｉｎｓ－Ｒ）对胰岛素（Ｉｎｓ）的结合容量逐日降低。＾％３５Ｓ－甲硫氨酸参人Ｉｎｓ－Ｒ明显减少,特别是β亚基。部分纯化Ｉｎｓ－Ｒ的酷氨酸蛋白激酶（ＴＰＫ）活力也随ＲＡ处理时间延长而逐步降低。结果表明ＲＡ降低Ｉｎｓ－Ｒ的表达。但ＲＡ并不改变Ｉｎｓ－Ｒ与Ｉｎｓ结合的亲和力和它的负协同效应。     

胰岛素受体结构与功能研究概况

胰岛素受体(IR)是由两个α-亚基和两个β-亚基构成的跨膜糖蛋白。α-亚基位于细胞表面,是胰岛素结合区域。β-亚基的1/3也位于细胞表面,其余2/3则跨膜并插入胞浆中,后者是IR的活力区域,具有受胰岛素调节的酪氨酸蛋白激酶活性,此活性受多位点磷酸化的调节并表现出变构酶行为。不同组织的IR在分子结构,化学性质和生理功能上均有差异,其中脑IR代表了IR的一个结构和功能亚型。IR的生物合成类似于胰岛素的生物合成。     

衣霉素对胰岛素受体结合胰岛素及内吞作用的影响

本文研究了人肝癌细胞ＳＭＭＣ－７７２１的胰岛素受体与＾１２５Ｉ－胰岛素结合的条件,并比较了衣霉素处理和对照细胞的结合动力学和内吞作用。结果表明：４℃和ＰＨ８是研究胰岛素受体与配体结合的较佳条件,当０．１ｕｇ／ｍｌ衣霉素处理１８小时,Ｓｃａｔｓｈａｒｄ作图分析指出,胰岛素受体的结合容量降低,每个细胞上的受体位点数减少。Ｈｉｌｌ作图分析说明,胰岛素和受体的亲和力（胰岛素半饱和浓度和表观解离常数）及结合     

K-562细胞胰岛素受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶活性及内源性底物的研究

本文对丁酸钠诱导分化的人白血病细胞株K-562细胞的胰岛素受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶性及细胞内源性底物进行了研究。结果表明,诱导分化后的细胞酪氨酸蛋白激活酶活性降低,胰岛素受体数量减少,酪氨酸蛋白激酶的一底物蛋白在分化后消失。该研究结果及其在该方面的进一步研究有可能为白血病发病机制的阐明以及为临床治疗白血病开辟靳途径提供一些有价值的线索。     

Insulin binds to and promotes the phosphorylation of a Mr 210 000 component of its receptor in detergent extracts of rat liver microsomes

Insulin in the presence of Mn2+ and [gamma 32P]ATP promoted the phosphorylation of two proteins of Mr 95 000 and Mr 210 000 in detergent extracts of rat liver microsomes. The Mr 210 000 protein was identified as a component od the insulin receptor by immunoprecipitation. It also bound [125I]insulin specifically, was phosphorylated largely on a tyrosine residue and could not be cleaved to smaller subunits under extreme reducing conditions. The Mr 210 000 protein appears to be a component of a sub-population of liver membrane insulin receptors in which insulin-binding and insulin-stimulated tyrosine kinase phosphorylation site(s) reside in a single polypeptide chain.     

Bidirectional regulation of insulin receptor autophosphorylation and kinase activity by peroxynitrite

Accumulating evidence suggests that enhanced peroxynitrite formation occurs during diabetes. This report describes the effect of peroxynitrite on insulin receptor (IR) function. Addition of peroxynitrite to purified IR resulted in concentration-dependent tyrosine nitration and thiol oxidation. Interestingly, the basal and insulin-stimulated IR autophosphorylation and tyrosine kinase activity were upregulated at low peroxynitrite concentrations, but downregulated at high peroxynitrite concentrations. Concomitantly, peroxynitrite dramatically reduced ¹²⁵I-insulin binding capacity and phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity of IR preparations. Moreover, SIN-1 administration decreased blood glucose levels in normal mice via upregulation of IR/IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. In contrast, SIN-1 markedly increased blood glucose levels in diabetic mice concomitant with downregulation of IR/IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Taken together, these data provide new insights regarding how peroxynitrite influences IR function in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that peroxynitrite plays a dual role in regulation of IR autophosphorylation and tyrosine kinase activity, and SIN-1 has hyperglycemic effect in diabetic mice.     

Aspirin inhibits serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 in muscle and adipose tissue of septic rats

Whole body insulin resistance has been demonstrated in septic patients and in infected animals. In this study, we demonstrate that sepsis induces insulin resistance and that pretreatment with aspirin inhibits sepsis-induced insulin resistance. Sepsis was observed to lead to serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, a phenomenon which was reversed by aspirin in muscle and WAT, in parallel with a reduction in JNK activity. In addition, our data show an impairment of insulin activation of IR and IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation in septic rats and, consistent with the reduction of IRS-1 serine phosphorylation observed in septic animals pretreated with aspirin, there was an increase in IRS-1 protein levels and tyrosine phosphorylation in muscle and WAT. Overall, these results provide important new insights into the mechanism of sepsis-induced insulin resistance.     

Autophosphorylation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase is stimulated only by occupancy of one of the two cGMP binding sites

cGMP-Dependent protein kinase contains, per subunit, 2 binding sites for cGMP. The apparent KD values for site 1 and 2 were 12 and 55 nM. The analogues 8-benzyl-amino-cAMP and N2-monobutyryl-cGMP bind preferentially to site 1 and 2, respectively. Both analogues stimulate autophosphorylation of the enzyme at concentrations at which only half of the phosphotransferase activity of the enzyme is expressed. Complete expression of the phosphotransferase activity requires a high concentration of each analogue and is accompanied by inhibition of the autophosphorylation reactions. It is concluded that occupancy of site 1 or 2 stimulates autophosphorylation while occupancy of both sites prevents autophosphorylation.     

A phyloproteomic characterization of in vitro autophosphorylation in calcium-dependent protein kinases

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are a novel class of signaling molecules that have been broadly implicated in relaying specific calcium-mediated responses to biotic and abiotic stress as well as developmental cues in both plants and protists. Calcium-dependent autophosphorylation has been observed in almost all CDPKs examined, but a physiological role for autophosphorylation has not been demonstrated. To date, only a handful of autophosphorylation sites have been mapped to specific residues within CDPK amino acid sequences. In an attempt to gain further insight into this phenomenon, we have mapped autophosphorylation sites and compared these phosphorylation patterns among multiple CDPK isoforms. From eight CDPKs and two CDPK-related kinases from Arabidopsis thaliana and Plasmodium falciparum, 31 new autophosphorylation sites were characterized, which in addition to the previously described sites, allowed the identification of five conserved loci. Of the 35 total sites analyzed approximately one-half were observed in the N-terminal variable domain. Homology models were generated for the protein kinase and calmodulin-like domains, each containing two of the five conserved sites, to allow intelligent speculation regarding subsequent lines of investigation.     

Ionic regulation of cyclic AMP levels in Paramecium tetraurelia in vivo

cAMP levels in Paramecium increased dose dependently after a step increase of [Ca] or [Sr] in the incubation, provided K was present. Two mM Ca or Sr tripled cAMP concentrations within 3 s and induced an increase in forward swimming speed. The increase in cAMP formation was strictly dependent on the Donnan ratio [K]: square root [Ca]. Na, Li, or tetraethylammonium could not replace K. The data provide evidence for regulation of cAMP in Paramecium by the membrane surface charge as determined specifically by the regulation of cAMP in Paramecium by the membrane surface charge as determined specifically by the K: Ca ratio.