苏云金芽胞杆菌内生质粒提取方法的改进

改进了苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）内生质粒提取技术,提取了Bt库斯塔克亚种、以色利亚种和一株对鳞翅目害虫有活性的野生菌株的质粒,利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析了质粒图谱,进一步检测了质粒的浓度与纯度。实验结果表明,该方法与传统技术相比,操作简单、耗时短,提取的质粒纯度高、条带清晰,染色体DNA污染较少。为Bt杀虫基因克隆、质粒特性分析等研究创造了有利条件。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌4.0718菌株中杀虫晶体蛋白基因的定位及鉴定

[目的]对苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt)4.0718菌株中的杀虫晶体蛋白基因(insecticidal crystal protein gene,简称cry基因)进行定位和鉴定,系统分析高毒力Bt4.0718菌株的杀虫基因背景.[方法]采用脉冲电泳(PFGE)分离Bt 4.0718菌株的基因组DNA,确定该菌株的PFGE图谱和质粒图谱;采用Southern杂交分析该菌株中cry基因的定位,并使用PCR及PCR产物限制性片段长度多态性分析(PCR-RFLP)方法鉴定该菌株染色体和质粒上含有的cry基因类型.[结果]确定了Bt 4.0718菌株的PFGE图谱和质粒图潜,鉴定到Bt4.0718菌株的染色体和质粒上均定位有cry基因,且分别包含crylAa、crylAc、cry2Aa和cry2Ab 4种基因成分.但染色体上含有的cry基因可能不如质粒上含有的cry基因具有完整的开放阅渎框.[结论]首次在Bt 4.0718菌株的染色体上发现有丰富的cry基因,且与质粒上含有的cry基因类型一致.     

一种简单实用的适于大、小质粒的DNA提取方法

以Birabolm和Doly的质粒提取方法为基础,用醋酸铵取代醋酸钠,沉淀染色体DNA和RNA,用异丙醇取代乙醇沉淀质粒DNA,降低了质粒DNA标本中蛋白质和RNA的含量,减少了标本体积。并发现在质粒DNA标本中加入冷异丙醇或冷乙醇后,在-70℃、-20℃、-10℃、4℃和室温下作用,对质粒DNA的回收量无明显影响,在质粒DNA标本中加入冷异丙醇后,在4℃作用0、10、20和30分钟,对质粒DNA的回收量无明显影响。用该方法提取的质粒DNA可直接用于限制性内切酶消化。用该方法提取大肠埃希氏菌     

ERIC-PCR鉴别苏云金芽胞杆菌与蜡状芽胞杆菌的研究

利用ERIC-PCR技术对苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)、蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bc)和对照菌基因组DNA进行扩增,回收、标记BtPCR扩增片段,分别与各菌株的基因组DNA进行斑点杂交和Southern杂交,筛选Bt标识序列。结果显示:Bt各菌株均可扩增得到250bp的特异片段;Bt和Bc均可得到600bp的共有扩增片段;以筛选得到的569bp片段为探针,可特异性地与Bt基因组DNA杂交;ERIC-PCR技术可以在DNA指纹图谱水平区分鉴别Bt与Bc菌,正确反映出两者的亲缘关系。结果表明ERIC-PCR技术在Bt的检测及在Bt与Bc的鉴定中具有较强的实用性。     

一种快速简单的质粒DNA纯化方法

本文介绍一种快速获取高纯度质粒DNA的方法。本法对煮沸提取法进行改良后,快速提取质粒DNA粗制品,然后用国产滤纸从琼脂糖凝胶中回收纯化质粒DNA。同时对本法所提取的质粒DNA的回收率、浓度、纯度及可能的用途进行验证和讨论,证明此法简易,所得样品纯度高,可直接用于转化、酶切和基因克隆。     

PCR-DGGE研究微生物种群中多条带产生原因分析

鸡肠道微生物菌群经PCR-DGGE分析,回收PCR-DGGE分析胶上的一条DNA片段,回收的DNA片段再重复进行2次PCR-DGGE分析,以及分别用PCR反复循环扩增和PCR高保真酶扩增后再进行DGGE分析等方法研究PCR-DGGE分析中多条带产生原因。结果显示PCR-DGGE分析中多条带产生原因可能是作PCR扩增模板的DNA混杂有少量其他DNA片段,多条带现象不易被消除。DGGE分析胶上的DNA片段测序时,将该DNA片段回收、PCR扩增后克隆,提取多个阳性克隆菌的质粒DNA片段,分别与其原目的DNA片段进行DGGE分析,在DGGE分析胶上选取与原目的DNA片段处于同一电泳位置的质粒DNA测序,提高测序的准确性。     

碳酸钙沉淀法回收琼脂糖凝胶中DNA的探讨

采用碳酸钙沉淀法回收琼脂糖凝胶中的DNA,达到分离纯化目的,回收后的DNA可用于重组、PCR等研究。首先将含有目的DNA的琼脂糖凝胶用Nal溶液融解,然后加入cacl2,和NaHCO3,生成CaCO3,沉淀,DNA与cac03形成复合物,通过离心分离出沉淀复合物,利用稀酸溶解沉淀,再用无水乙醇沉降,即可回收目标DNA。利用该方法回收了质粒、毛白杨和转基因羊基因组DNA,同收率为20％～50％,0D260／OD280,为1．7～19,最大回收了21kb片段,最小回收250bp片段,回收后的DNA样品进行了PCR扩增和限制性内切酶反应,PCR可以扩增出目的片段,同时限制性内切酶可以将回收后的DNA切开,表明DNA质量良好。利用碳酸钙沉淀法可以回收琼脂糖凝胶中的DNA,此法简单、易行,较为有效。     

用凝胶电泳纯化具有生物学活性的质粒DNA

采用一般柱电泳装置,在琼脂糖凝胶上将质粒ColEl、pBR322、pSC101、pCRI的DNA与染色体DNA及小分子核酸杂质分开,切出含有质粒的凝胶薄片,电洗脱回收质粒DNA,产物可被限制酶Eco RI酶解;将pBR 322、PSC 101、pCRI DNA转化大肠杆菌C_(600),每微克DNA可产生10~4个转化子;从pSC 101、pCRI转化子细胞中再抽提出相应质粒,它们同样具有亲本质粒的遗传特性和分子特性。     

平末端DNA随机连接构建重组质粒

目的:拼接DNA片段并克隆。方法:用T4DNA连接酶将DNA片段以平末端随机连接,随后用限制性内切酶切割,琼脂糖电泳分离酶切产物,挑选特定片段纯化回收,与线性化的载体质粒连接,转化大肠杆菌感受态细胞。结果:通过以上步骤,成功拼接了不同DNA片段,构建了含有目的拼接片段的重组质粒。结论:该方法简便、易行、可靠,可作为拼接、克隆DNA的备选方案,在分子生物学研究和基因工程中应用。     

外源基因在苏云金杆菌染色体上的定点整合及表达

[目的]研究构建稳定表达外源基因、无抗性标记基因的苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis简称Bt)工程菌的方法.在构建Bt工程菌时,高拷贝外源质粒的转入导致Bt芽孢数量减少,芽孢形成期延滞,影响Bt菌株的杀虫活力.而且,外源质粒在Bt中的稳定性较差,外源基因容易丢失.将基因整合人染色体是一种构建遗传性状稳定、杀虫活力高的Bt工程菌的有效方法.[方法]本研究采用PCR技术,分两段扩增定位于Bt无晶体突变株XBU001染色体上的trigger factor基因片段作为同源臂,克隆入温度敏感型载体pKSV7,构建了定点整合载体pKTF12.并利用pKTF12质粒将crylAc基因定点整合入XBU001染色体上.[结果]利用载体pKTF12将crylAc定点插入triggerfactor位点,对宿主菌XBU001的正常生长没有影响.重组菌株KCTF12中的crylAc基因能够稳定遗传、表达并形成菱形晶体.与携带高拷贝外源质粒的Bt菌株HTX42相比较,KCTF12具有芽孢数量增多、芽孢形成期提前的优势.[结论]定点整合法是一种构建稳定表达外源基因、无抗性标记基因Bt工程菌的有效方法.     

Improved methods for the preparation of high molecular weight DNA from large and small scale cultures of filamentous fungi

Improved methods are described for the isolation of pure, high molecular weight DNA from small and large scale cultures of filamentous fungi. The methods depend on the extraction of DNA under conditions which prevent nuclease activity and contamination by carbohydrate. The small scale method depends on enzymatic digestion of the wall whereas the large scale method uses partial damage followed by autolysis. High yields of DNA are obtained by both methods and the DNA is suitable for restriction analysis. Southern Blotting, RFLP analysis, dot blotting and the production of gene libraries. The small scale method can be used for the simultaneous analysis of multiple cultures.     

蜘蛛基因组DNA提取方法的比较

分别用SDS法,SK251基因组DNA小量抽提试剂盒法,自制试剂盒法,对蜘蛛组织的基因组DNA进行了提取,经比较,自制试剂盒法对提取蜘蛛基因组DNA最简便面又有效的方法。     

高温环境样品总DNA直接和间接提取方法的比较

分别采用两种环境总DNA直接提取法和一种间接提取法从6种温泉菌席样品中提取总DNA,以DNA粗产物的纯度、能否用于后续PCR扩增及PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)所反映的微生物多样性为评价指标对两类方法进行比较和评价。研究发现,虽然间接提取法效率低下,但对于高温极端环境中生物量较小的样品,间接法能得到有研究价值的、纯度较高的环境样品总DNA,而直接法得到的DNA量小且不适于PCR扩增操作。在使用这2类方法都能得到可用于研究操作的DNA的情况下,间接提取法能更好的体现环境样品中微生物的多样性。     

基于酿酒酵母的大片段DNA组装与转移技术进展*

DNA组装与转移技术是合成生物学的核心使能技术之一,生命体设计改造的复杂度不断提升,使得对大片段DNA组装与转移技术的需求也日益旺盛。小片段DNA的组装与转移技术目前已经比较成熟,大片段DNA由于其分子量大、易断裂,使得体外操作繁琐且效率低下。聚焦酿酒酵母体内组装和转移的技术进展,详细介绍了基于酿酒酵母一次组装和迭代组装的不同方法,并从导入与导出的角度介绍了大片段DNA的转移技术,便于研究者更好地理解和选择酿酒酵母体内组装与转移技术。此外,还展望了将酿酒酵母开发为大片段DNA组装与转移通用平台实现更多物种基因组大尺度设计改造的愿景。     

Comparing the performance of three ancient DNA extraction methods for high‐throughput sequencing

The DNA molecules that can be extracted from archaeological and palaeontological remains are often degraded and massively contaminated with environmental microbial material. This reduces the efficacy of shotgun approaches for sequencing ancient genomes, despite the decreasing sequencing costs of high‐throughput sequencing (HTS). Improving the recovery of endogenous molecules from the DNA extraction and purification steps could, thus, help advance the characterization of ancient genomes. Here, we apply the three most commonly used DNA extraction methods to five ancient bone samples spanning a ~30 thousand year temporal range and originating from a diversity of environments, from South America to Alaska. We show that methods based on the purification of DNA fragments using silica columns are more advantageous than in solution methods and increase not only the total amount of DNA molecules retrieved but also the relative importance of endogenous DNA fragments and their molecular diversity. Therefore, these methods provide a cost‐effective solution for downstream applications, including DNA sequencing on HTS platforms.     

一种改进的显微注射用DNA片段的纯化方法

目的显微注射用DNA的纯度是影响转基因动物制备成功与否的重要因素,本文建立一种可行的适用于普通实验室的纯化DNA方法,替代普遍使用的试剂盒纯化方法。方法分别使用酚-氯仿多次抽提法及常规的凝胶提取试剂盒纯化含有蚓激酶基因的DNA片段,通过显微注射技术将纯化的DNA片段导入小鼠受精卵的原核,制备转基因小鼠。根据转基因实验的结果对两种方法进行比较。结果使用两种方法纯化DNA均能获得转基因小鼠。在DNA纯度及注射卵的存活率上,两种方法无明显差别;在移植卵的出生率及转基因阳性率上,抽提法优于试剂盒法。结论本实验建立的抽提方法可以替代试剂盒方法纯化显微注射用DNA片段,在降低实验成本、简化实验条件及提高转基因阳性率方面具有优势。     

Optimal extraction methods for the simultaneous analysis of DNA from diverse organisms and sample types

Using environmental DNA (eDNA) to assess the distribution of micro‐ and macroorganisms is becoming increasingly popular. However, the comparability and reliability of these studies is not well understood as we lack evidence on how different DNA extraction methods affect the detection of different organisms, and how this varies among sample types. Our aim was to quantify biases associated with six DNA extraction methods and identify one which is optimal for eDNA research targeting multiple organisms and sample types. We assessed each methods’ ability to simultaneously extract bacterial, fungal, plant, animal and fish DNA from soil, leaf litter, stream water, stream sediment, stream biofilm and kick‐net samples, as well as from mock communities. Method choice affected alpha‐diversity for several combinations of taxon and sample type, with the majority of the differences occurring in the bacterial communities. While a single method performed optimally for the extraction of DNA from bacterial, fungal and plant mock communities, different methods performed best for invertebrate and fish mock communities. The consistency of methods, as measured by the similarity of community compositions resulting from replicate extractions, varied and was lowest for the animal communities. Collectively, these data provide the first comprehensive assessment of the biases associated with DNA extraction for both different sample types and taxa types, allowing us to identify DNeasy PowerSoil as a universal DNA extraction method. The adoption of standardized approaches for eDNA extraction will ensure that results can be more reliably compared, and biases quantified, thereby advancing eDNA as an ecological research tool.     

Improved PCR-BSP Assay for Multiplex Methylation Pattern Analysis in Minimal Amount of DNA

Cell-specific DNA methylation pattern detection is of great importance for the tumorigenesis and differentiation studies. Comparatively, large amounts of DNA were needed for traditional methods of DNA methylation pattern detection, and therefore, more sensitive method for high throughput analysis with a limited amount of DNA is needed. With Mouse 3T3 cells, we developed new multiplex-nested PCR technologies for bisulfite-assisted genomic sequencing PCR (BSP) methylation pattern detection method. Primers step add-in method and templates precipitation methods efficiently increase the throughput of the assay, and the nested PCR method also increased the sensitivity. The optimized assay could successfully detect 15 sequences of methylation pattern with a minimal amount of DNA (500–1,000 cells of genome DNA).     

美花石斛基因组DNA提取方法的比较

采用CTAB法、尿素法、高盐低pH法、SDS法和陈大明法等5种方法提取美花石斛(Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe)基因组总DNA,通过电泳、紫外光谱分析和RAPD-PCR扩增等检测手段,比较分析了DNA质量。DNA条带显示改良CTAB法和改良尿素法较好。     

鸡肠道菌群总DNA三种提取方法的比较

目的比较不同方法提取鸡肠道菌群总DNA的差异,为分子方法分析肠道菌群组成提供质量较高的DNA模板。方法采用反复冻融法、酶裂解法和试剂盒法（E.N.Z.A Stool DNA Kit）来提取鸡肠道菌群的总DNA,并根据DNA浓度及纯度、16S DNA扩增产物和ERIC-PCR产物所反映的片段多态性4个指标,对这3种方法提取的DNA质量进行比较。结果3种方法均能提取DNA,所得DNA都可以用于16S DNA的扩增,但后2种方法所得DNA的ERIC-PCR结果能反映出更高的菌群多样性。结论试剂盒法和酶裂解法所提取的DNA质量好,适合用于肠道菌群的分子生态研究。