化感作用抑制有害藻类生长的研究进展

利用植物化感作用抑制有害藻类生长的方法具有生态安全性好、快速高效等优点, 为有效控制有害藻类的爆发提供了新思路。论文从化感作用的概念、化感抑藻机理、陆生植物对藻类的化感抑制作用、水生植物对藻类的化感抑制作用等方面进行了论述, 并对植物化感作用抑藻技术的研究方向进行了展望, 提出对化感物质在环境中的降解特性、化感物质选择性抑藻机理及具有活性的化感物质的人工合成等方面需要做更深入的研究。     

浮游植物的化感作用

生物化感作用研究是近年来兴起的交叉学科,是化学生态学研究的重要领域。研究水域浮游植物化感作用对了解浮游植物之间、浮游植物与其他生物之间的相互作用及作用机理具有重要意义,对了解赤潮和水华的发生机制及其生态控制等具有非常重要的作用。综述了海洋和湖泊浮游植物化感作用和化感物质的内涵,讨论了水体浮游植物化感作用的特点、研究化感作用的基本方法、化感物质的种类以及影响化感物质作用的生物和非生物因素,详细介绍了浮游植物化感物质的作用机理以及逃避和拈抗化感作用的方式,同时对目前研究的热点问题及未来研究的方向做了简要概述。     

粉绿狐尾藻（Myriophyllum aquaticum）对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）的化感抑制效应及其生理机制

由于生物法,尤其是水生植物化感控藻方法在治理水体富营养化及水华现象中具有多方面的优势,近年来该领域的理论和技术研究备受世界各国关注.采用初始添加种植水和连续添加种植水的方法,研究挺水型粉绿狐尾藻对铜绿微囊藻的化感抑藻效应,并从光合作用的角度探讨其对铜绿微囊藻化感抑制的生理生态机制及作用靶点.研究结果表明:粉绿狐尾藻能够分泌某些化感物质有效抑制铜绿微囊藻的正常生长,其抑藻效应是通过连续释放某些化感物质作用于铜绿微囊藻而实现的,且具有累积性;粉绿狐尾藻分泌化感物质对铜绿微囊藻的Chl a、PC及APC的损伤程度存在差异(如处理5 d后,Chl a、PC、APC的相对含量分别降至52.7%、15.3%、7.6%),其中藻胆蛋白(尤其是APC)比Chl a 更为敏感,说明藻胆蛋白是粉绿狐尾藻化感物质抑制铜绿微囊藻的关键靶点.研究为水生植物化感控藻技术的发展提供了新的材料,并有助于深入了解水体生态系统的化学生态作用及其机制.     

几种高等水生植物的克藻效应研究

研究了五种高等水生植物(黑藻、金鱼藻、水花生、茭白、空心菜)对蛋白核小球藻、斜生栅藻生长的抑制作用。试验结果显示,各种受试植物均有不同程度的克藻效果,金鱼藻与黑藻的克藻作用最强,水花生的作用次之。克藻效果以受试植物与藻共培养最佳,其次为连续添加种植水,表明在植物的生长过程中其化感物质是连续释放且能迅速降解的,而黑藻干物质的浸提液所具有的克藻效应说明有些化感物质对一定温度和光照是较稳定的。     

地黄对芝麻的化感作用及其化感物质的分离鉴定

 通过分离地黄(Rehmannia glutinosa)组织中抑制芝麻(Sesamum indicum)生长发育的化感物质, 以弄清地黄茬种植芝麻造成芝麻严重减产的原因。以芝麻为受体的生物测定为检测跟踪手段, 通过浸提、萃取、硅胶柱层析分离方法及气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)鉴定方法, 分离鉴定了地黄组织影响芝麻的化感物质。对地黄不同组织的浸提液进行的生物测定结果表明: 影响芝麻生长发育的化感物质在地黄叶中含量高。地黄叶浸提液的不同有机相萃取组分的生物测定结果表明: 乙酸乙酯相化感活性最强, 乙酯乙酯相通过硅胶柱层析分离获得的洗脱组分Fr7化感活性最强。通过GC-MS及验证试验证明: 地黄抑制芝麻生长的化感物质是月桂酸和2,6-二叔丁基苯酚。研究表明地黄他感作用与自毒作用的化感物质是不同的。     

水稻化感作用研究综述

主要对水稻化感现象发现,化感生物检测,化感物质分离和鉴定,化感种质资源等方面的研究进展了系统的综合论述,在此基础上,进一步对化感作用研究中的主要问题,例如;生物检测手段,化感作用利用途径等进行了分析。并对我国的化感作用研究的存在问题及发展方向作出了论述。     

渗透胁迫对化感作用生物测定的影响

以加拿大蓬水提液为供体,白菜种子为受体,设计了梯度渗透、等渗溶液以及高渗透压、低化感物质浓度3组实验;通过梯度渗透试验确定受体植物可耐受的渗透势阈值,用等渗溶液排除渗透势的干扰确定植物浸提液的化感作用及其作用强度,以高渗透压、低化感物质浓度试验初步模拟自然条件下渗透势与化感物质之间的主次关系,探讨化感作用研究中培养液渗透势对试验结果的影响。结果显示,处理液渗透势在≥-0.25 MPa范围内对白菜种子萌发和幼苗生长没有显著影响;加拿大蓬水溶性物质具有化感作用,且其化感作用主要影响小白菜幼苗的生长,而对其种子萌发影响相对较小;在渗透势相同的溶液中,只要溶质中含有部分加拿大蓬水溶性物质即可对受体植物产生化感作用。研究发现,与渗透胁迫相比,化感物质是加拿大蓬水提液中影响受体植物生长发育的主要因素。     

紫茎泽兰一种潜在化感活性物质的分离鉴定

【背景】紫茎泽兰潜在的化感效应可能是其具有极强入侵性的重要原因。目前,针对紫茎泽兰潜在化感活性物质的研究主要集中于偏小极性的萜烯类化合物,而对大极性化学物质的研究相对较少。【方法】采用活性跟踪分析法对紫茎泽兰乙酸乙酯提取物大极性亚组分进行潜在化感活性物质的跟踪分离,并用现代波谱技术解析其化学结构,最后就分离获得的单体成分与已报道的化感活性物质羟基泽兰酮（2）和泽兰二酮（3）以及信号分子JA-Ile在抑制拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗根生长方面进行潜在化感活性的对比分析。【结果】分离鉴定出一个具有潜在强化感活性的大极性化合物2．香豆酸葡萄糖苷（1）,研究发现该化合物虽然对拟南芥种子萌发的抑制作用不显著,但在0．1mmol·L^-1的浓度条件下对拟南芥幼苗根生长却有着比羟基泽兰酮和泽兰二酮更为显著的抑制活性,且其抑制作用的浓度一活性关系与信号分子JA-Ile类似。【结论与意义】紫茎泽兰中潜在大极性的非萜烯类化感活性物质对于紫茎泽兰的综合化感效应可能同样具有重要而不可或缺的作用,化合物1等潜在大极性化感活性物质的逐步揭示对于系统解析紫茎泽兰的化感效应机制具有重要意义。     

小麦化感作用研究进展

小麦是世界第一大粮食作物,在农业生产中占有重要地位．然而,由于人们为保证小麦产量往往施用大量的除草剂和杀菌剂,对环境造成了极大的危害．小麦化感作用是利用小麦活体或残体向环境中释放次生代谢物质对自身或其他生物产生作用,它克服了除草剂和杀菌剂等引起的环境污染问题,具有抑制杂草控制病害的潜力．本文对已有的小麦化感作用的研究进展情况进行了综合评述．其中小麦对杂草、虫害及病害产生防御功能的主要化感物质为异羟肟酸和酚酸类物质．小麦化感物质活性的发挥除了取决于化感物质的种类外,还由小麦自身的遗传因素、环境因素和生物因素的共同作用所决定．小麦化感物质在根际土壤中的滞留、迁移和转化过程、小麦化感作用与土壤生物的关系以及相关的作用机理是小麦化感作用研究的薄弱环节。其研究方法还需进一步探索改进．小麦化感作用在植物保护、环境保护以及作物育种等方面具有广泛的应用前景,促进了小麦抗逆性的增强以及产量和品质的提高．     

小麦化感作用研究进展

小麦是世界第一大粮食作物,在农业生产中占有重要地位.然而,由于人们为保证小麦产量往往施用大量的除草剂和杀菌剂,对环境造成了极大的危害.小麦化感作用是利用小麦活体或残体向环境中释放次生代谢物质对自身或其他生物产生作用,它克服了除草剂和杀菌剂等引起的环境污染问题,具有抑制杂草控制病害的潜力.本文对已有的小麦化感作用的研究进展情况进行了综合评述.其中小麦对杂草、虫害及病害产生防御功能的主要化感物质为异羟肟酸和酚酸类物质.小麦化感物质活性的发挥除了取决于化感物质的种类外,还由小麦自身的遗传因素、环境因素和生物因素的共同作用所决定.小麦化感物质在根际土壤中的滞留、迁移和转化过程、小麦化感作用与土壤生物的关系以及相关的作用机理是小麦化感作用研究的薄弱环节,其研究方法还需进一步探索改进.小麦化感作用在植物保护、环境保护以及作物育种等方面具有广泛的应用前景,促进了小麦抗逆性的增强以及产量和品质的提高.     

Competition and allelopathy in aquatic plant communities

The paper reviews the published literature on the studies of competition and allelopathy in aquatic plant communities. Taking a broader view of the community, the studies on interactions between macrophytes and microphytes, macrophytes and macro-invertebrates and microbial communities are also reviewed. The role of these interactions in the structure and dynamics of aquatic communities has been discussed in light of the current hypotheses concerning competition in terrestrial communities. The available information suggests that the aquatic plants of various growth forms differ greatly among themselves in their responses and adaptations to competition and allelopathy. The possible application of these interactions in biological control of plant pests and in agriculture is also summarized. We conclude that the observed differences in these interactions between the terrestrial and aquatic environment are due to the effects of water as a non-resource variable as well as due to special adaptive characteristics of aquatic plants. Further we hypothesize that the aquatic plants adopt both competitive and allelopathic strategies under different conditions and in interactions with different plants. The review highlights that our knowledge of both competition and allelopathy among aquatic plant communities is inadequate and fragmentary, and therefore, both extensive and intensive studies are required.     

An ecological perspective of allelochemical interference in land–water interface communities

Allelochemical interactions among aquatic macrophytes and between macrophytes and attached microbial assemblages (epiphyton) influence a number of ecological processes. The ecological importance of these interactions, however, is poorly understood; we hypothesize that paucity has resulted, in part, from (1) a narrow focus on exploration for herbicidal plant products from aquatic macrophytes, (2) the difficulties in distinguishing resource competition from allelopathic interference, and (3) a predominance of approaching aquatic allelopathy from a terrestrial perspective. Based upon recent thorough investigations of allelopathy among aquatic vascular plants, chemical compounds that influence competitive interactions among littoral organisms are amphiphilic compounds that tend to remain near the producing organism (e.g., polyphenolic compounds and volatile fatty acids). Production of these compounds may be influenced by relative availability of nutrients (particularly phosphorus and nitrogen), inorganic carbon, and light. Macrophyte strategies of clonal reproduction, in an effort to persist in these highly productive and competitive habitats, have contributed to reduced reliance upon sexual reproduction that is correlated with allelopathic autotoxicity among several dominant wetland plant species. Although few studies document the importance of allelochemical interactions in the wetland and littoral zones of aquatic ecosystems, abundant evidence supports the potential for significant effects on competition and community structure; effects of altered nutrient ratios and availability on plant chemical composition; and resultant effects on trophic interactions, particularly suppression of herbivory, competitive attached algae and cyanobacteria, and heterotrophic utilization of organic matter by bacteria and fungi.     

Searching for allelopathic effects of submerged macrophytes on phytoplankton—state of the art and open questions

Allelopathy, here defined as biochemical interactions between aquatic primary producers, has always been intriguing as a process explaining the dominance of certain plant or algal species over others. Negative chemical interference has been invoked as one of the steering mechanisms behind mutual dominance of either submerged macrophytes or phytoplankton in shallow eutrophic lakes. Yet, despite much effort, convincing evidence for allelopathic interactions in situ is still missing. Also, laboratory approaches often lack reality. Inspired by a series of talks at the Shallow Lakes 2005 meeting in Dalfsen, the Netherlands, we argue that there is circumstantial but strong evidence that allelopathic interference between submerged macrophytes and phytoplankton may indeed exist in aquatic ecosystems despite the problems associated with research in this field. We first discuss experimental approaches combining laboratory and field studies, based on examples presented at this meeting. We then discuss the impact of nutrient status of both producing and target organism and biotic factors such as herbivory or pathogens that might affect allelopathy. Further topics are the potential seasonality of effects and the species-specificity of certain allelochemicals. We conclude with some thoughts why a final proof for allelopathy in situ might remain difficult or even inaccessible in some cases, and why we nevertheless should not abandon this idea.     

不同生境条件下紫茎泽兰化感作用的变化与入侵力关系的研究

 在紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)入侵地,草本层中的本地植物的多度和盖度与紫茎泽兰的多度和盖度具有显著的负相关关系,落叶阔叶林和公路边生境的紫茎泽兰相对多度和盖度为常绿阔叶林生境的3～5倍;而本地草本植物在组成种类、相对多度和盖度在落叶阔叶林和公路边生境比常绿阔叶林生境减少了30 %、50 % 和70 %。用生物检测的方法研究常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、公路边——３个不同生境下的紫茎泽兰根和茎的水浸提液的化感作用表明：不同生境的紫茎泽兰茎和根的化感作用存在差异,即公路边>落叶阔叶林下>常绿阔叶林下,关联分析显示出不同生境条件下的化感作用力与本地植物的相对多度存在显著的相关关系,证明不同生境的化感作用的差异是紫茎泽兰的入侵效果的原因之一;在白菜(Brassica rapa)幼苗生物量生长抑制试验中,各样地的茎提取液处理的白菜幼苗生物量之间的差异大于各样地的根提取液处理之间的差异,说明对于不同样地的紫茎泽兰的入侵力,地上部分的化感作用比地下部分具有更大的贡献力。落叶阔叶林下和公路边的紫茎泽兰生长旺盛、现存单位面积生物量远远高于常绿阔叶林下,这将促使落叶阔叶林和公路边生境的单位面积上的紫茎泽兰种群的化感作用大于常绿阔叶林下的紫茎泽兰种群,使落叶阔叶林和公路边生境的本地植物群落比常绿阔叶林下的本地植物群落面临较大的竞争压力,加速落叶阔叶林下和公路边生境的本地植物群落的衰退。     

Allelopathy of Aquatic Autotrophs

Allelopathy in aquatic environments may provide a competitive advantage to angiosperms, algae, or cyanobacteria in their interaction with other primary producers. Allelopathy can influence the competition between different photoautotrophs for resources and change the succession of species, for example, in phytoplankton communities. Field evidence and laboratory studies indicate that allelopathy occurs in all aquatic habitats (marine and freshwater), and that all primary producing organisms (cyanobacteria, micro- and macroalgae as well as angiosperms) are capable of producing and releasing allelopathically active compounds. Although allelopathy also includes positive (stimulating) interactions, the majority of studies describe the inhibitory activity of allelopathically active compounds. Different mechanisms operate depending on whether allelopathy takes place in the open water (pelagic zone) or is substrate associated (benthic habitats). Allelopathical interactions are especially common in fully aquatic species, such as submersed macrophytes or benthic algae and cyanobacteria. The prevention of shading by epiphytic and planktonic primary producers and the competition for space may be the ultimate cause for allelopathical interactions. Aquatic allelochemicals often target multiple physiological processes. The inhibition of photosynthesis of competing primary producers seems to be a frequent mode of action. Multiple biotic and abiotic factors determine the strength of allelopathic interactions. Bacteria associated with the donor or target organism can metabolize excreted allelochemicals. Frequently, the impact of surplus or limiting nutrients has been shown to affect the overall production of allelochemicals and their effect on target species. Similarities and differences of allelopathic interactions in marine and freshwater habitats as well as between the different types of producing organisms are discussed. Referee: Dr. Friedrich Jüttner, Universität Zürich-Limnologische Station, Institut für Pflanzen biologie, Universität Zürich, Seestrasse 187, Ch-8802 Klichberg ZH, Switzerland     

沉水植物化感作用控藻能力评述

沉水植物所释放的化学物质对藻类的抑制作用是浅水湖泊维持清水状态的机制之一.本文从具有化感活性的沉水植物在湖泊中出现的频度、盖度、化感物质的种类、抑藻效应等方面对化感控藻进行了评述.已有研究结果表明：穗花狐尾藻、金鱼藻、伊乐藻等是具有很高活性的沉水植物,尤其是在其生物量达到一定程度,且湖泊中的优势藻为较敏感的种类时,沉水植物分泌的化感物质对浮游藻类的抑制作用更强;沉水植物释放的多酚类等化感物质具有控藻能力;化感物质对于不同种类藻的抑制作用具有选择性,蓝藻和硅藻比绿藻更为敏感,附生藻类通常比浮游藻类具有更高的耐受性;环境因素如光照、营养限制、温度等会显著影响沉水植物化感作用效果.沉水植物的化感控藻研究尚处于初始阶段,关于环境因素对化感作用的影响、化感物质的分离鉴定、选择性抑藻机理以及化感物质代谢途径等方面还有待深入、全面的研究.     

伊乐藻生物碱的GC-MS分析及其对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用

藻类暴发性生长是水体富营养化带来的环境问题之一,利用植物化感作用抑制藻类生长作为一种新型的生物抑藻技术在近年来开始受到研究者的重视,并取得了一定的研究成果。文章采用GC-MS联用技术鉴定出伊乐藻中的9种生物碱成分,还研究了其总生物碱对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用。结果发现添加总生物碱的处理组中铜绿微囊藻生物量均受到了抑制,在总生物碱的浓度为62.0mg/L时,3d后铜绿微囊藻的抑制率为44.0%,表明伊乐藻总生物碱对铜绿微囊藻的生物量增长具有明显的抑制作用。该结论为通过沉水植物恢复富营养化水体提供了重要依据。       

西太湖水生植物时空变化

水生植物在浅水湖泊生态系统中具有十分重要的作用。根据中国科学院太湖湖泊生态系统研究站1989年以来的常规监测资料,将西太湖（除东太湖以外的湖区）划分为9个区,采用点截法（point intercept method）,于2002～2005年对各区水生植物的种类、生物量和空间分布情况进行了6次调查。结果表明：西太湖现有水生植物16种,分属于11科12属;水生植物总面积约10220hm^2,其中沉水植物分布面积约占64．58％;挺水植物约占0．29％;漂浮植物约占38．16％。各个种之间生物量差异显著,马来眼子菜、荇菜、芦苇的生物量在所有水生植物中居前3位。多样性分析表明,水生植物种类4a来未发生明显变化,但种类和生物量季节性差异较大。水生植物呈环状分布在距湖岸5km以内的水域和部分岛屿周围,东岸和南岸为水生植物的主要集中分布区域,分布区连续性好,且水草种类齐全。挺水植物种类单一,仅有芦苇（Phragmites communis）一种,分布区域多限于水深小于1．6m的湖岸;沉水植物共有8种,为水生植物的主要组成部分,马来眼子菜（Potamogeton malaianus）的分布频度最高,在西山岛周围水域逐年扩张,成为该区域的先锋种;漂浮植物3种,主要以荇菜（Nymphoides peltata）为主,在七都水域有逐渐扩张的趋势。马来眼子菜、芦苇、荇菜表现出对水环境较强的适应能力,目前为西太湖的3个优势种。20世纪50年代以来,西太湖水生植物种类减少了50种,其中水质下降是导致水生植物种类不断减少甚至消失的一个重要原因。围网养殖和不合理的捕捞方式也对局部水域的植物造成极大的破坏。水生植物生存环境日益严峻,种群单一化趋势日益明显。     

植物化感作用的研究方法及影响因素

介绍了植物化感作用研究的几种生物测定方法,并对影响化感作用效应的因子进行了论证     

Bacterioplankton response to eutrophication in Lake Ladoga

Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov, an aquatic dicotyledonous macrophyte with a north temperate distribution, was assessed for use in a new bioassay to determine the effect of pesticides, agricultural runoff and municipal waste upon non-target aquatic macrophytes. An axenic culturing system was developed for which an optimal growth medium is required before a bioassay will be reliable. Five media (Murashige and Skoog, Hoagland's, Gaudet's, modified Andrew's, and Hard Water media), commonly used for aquatic plant culturing, were compared to determine the effect on M. sibiricum growth and development. Morphological endpoints for the assay included shoot length, total root length and number, fresh weight and plant area. Membrane integrity, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid content were the physiological endpoints examined. Based upon these criteria, the modified Andrew's medium at a pH of 5.8, without the addition of a buffer was chosen as a medium which supported rapid and consistent development of M. sibiricum during the two week assay period.