基因组结构揭示的根瘤菌系统发育群

阐明根瘤菌之间的系统发育关系, 可使人们更有效地利用这些自然资源, 因而对农业生产和环境保护具有重大意义. 通过Ⅰ-CeuⅠ酶切表明64株根瘤菌的基因组结构特征, 揭示根瘤菌的系统发育关系. 结果表明, 64株根瘤菌依据基因组结构特征可聚为21个系统发育群, 这些群与16S rRNA分子聚群结果大致相符, 但与现行的根瘤菌分类体系所得结果有较大差异.     

根瘤菌系统发育分类方法研究进展*

根瘤菌系统发育地位的判断在根瘤菌新属种的确认中起重要作用。其中,16S rRNA序列分析是关键技术。然而,新近的研究对采用16S rRNA全序列推测的系统发育关系的准确性提出质疑。本实验室的工作表明基因组物理结构分析将能更客观反映其系统发育关系。基因组序列分析在帮助澄清某些根瘤菌属种的系统发育地位中也起重要作用。     

黑木相思根瘤菌的系统发育分析及其结瘤效果研究

【目的】针对采集自福建、广东的34株黑木相思根瘤菌进行分类研究,进一步确定其分类地位,丰富我国黑木相思根瘤菌种质资源。【方法】对选取的34株菌株测定了16S rRNA基因、持家基因atpD和glnII序列,以14株菌为代表菌株分析其系统发育情况。而且选取了部分菌株进行结瘤实验。【结果】16S rRNA基因以及持家基因atpD和glnII的系统发育分析结果与16S rRNA PCR-RFLP分型结果基本一致,14株代表菌株被分为10个不同的类群,其中有2个群组属于中慢生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium),其余群组属于慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)。结瘤试验证明,相关的供试根瘤菌能与黑木相思、银合欢、南洋楹和网脉相思结瘤共生,显示出较广的宿主范围,且对黑木相思和银合欢的促生效果较明显。【结论】研究发现黑木相思根瘤菌具有丰富的遗传多样性和共生多样性。     

花生根瘤菌在根瘤菌系统分类中的地位研究

用12株分类地位已知的代表菌为对照,采用现代细菌分类学方法,对从四川省4个花生产区的天府3号和地方品种上分离的花生根瘤菌,从系统发育方面,探索了花生根瘤菌在根瘤菌系统中的分类地位。多聚酶链反应(PCR)扩增的16S rRNA的4种限制性内切酶长度多态(PCR-RFLP)以及16S rRNA部分碱基序列测定结果同时表明:四川花生根瘤菌与慢生大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)相似性极高。由此推论它们在系统发育及进化方向上是基本一致的。该结果为研究花生根瘤菌的确切分类地位打下了基础。     

黄土高原地区大豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性和系统发育

【目的】研究黄土高原地区大豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性和系统发育。【方法】采用BOX-PCR、16S rDNAPCR-RFLP、16S-23S IGS PCR-RFLP和16S rRNA基因序列分析方法对分离自我国黄土高原地区4个省的15个地区的130株大豆根瘤菌及部分参比菌株进行了遗传多样性和系统发育分析。【结果】BOX-PCR反映的菌株多样性最丰富,形成的遗传群最多,16S rDNA PCR-RFLP方法在属、种水平上聚群较好,16S-23S IGSPCR RFLP反映的多样性介于BOX-PCR和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP之间,能够较好地反映出属、种和亲缘关系很近的菌株间的差异,3种方法聚类分析结果基本一致,可将所有供试菌株分为两大类群,中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)和慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)。从系统发育来看,供试的快生大豆根瘤菌为费氏中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium fredii),慢生大豆根瘤菌为日本慢生大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)和辽宁慢生根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium liaoningense)。【结论】我国黄土高原地区大豆根瘤菌具有较丰富的遗传多样性,S.fredii优势种,慢生大豆根瘤菌仅占10%,同时,分离到2株B.liaoningense。     

花生根瘤菌群体遗传多样性和系统发育研究

利用16S rRNA RFLP,16S rRNA序列分析和16S－23S IGS PCR RFLP技术对43株花生根瘤菌和来自其他种属的15个参比菌株进行了群体遗传多样性和系统分析。16S rRNA PCR RFLP分析结果表明,所有供试花生根瘤菌均属于慢生根瘤菌属,在系统发育上与B.japonicum的亲缘关系最近,具有相同的16S rRNA RFLP基因型,而与B.elkanii相对较远。16S rRNA 序列分析结果表明,供试花生根瘤菌在系统发育上更接近于B.liaoningense,序列间差异小于1％,而B.liaoningense在系统发育上与B.japonicum相距很近,其序列间差异小于1％,16S－23S rRNA IGS RFLP分析结果表明,尽管花生根瘤菌与B.japonicum和B.elkanii的亲缘关系很近,但在71％的相似性水平上供试花生根瘤菌仍各自聚为一群,并可进一步分为A、B、C和D4个亚群,该分群还明显反映了地理因素对群体遗传多样性和系统发育的影响。     

黄芪根瘤菌的分类研究

采用数值分类方法研究了分离自不同地区的黄氏属根瘤菌36株,发现在80％的相似性水平上,8株菌形成了亚群8,7株菌形成了亚群9。DNA同源性测定结果表明,这两个亚群是不同于已知根瘤菌种的新的DNA同源群。其中心菌株CA8561和JL84的部分16S rRNA基因序列分析发现,CA8561菌株与所有已知根瘤菌远缘,形成了一个独立的系统发育分支。JL84菌株在快生型根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)和土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)形成的系统发育分支中占据了一个独立的系统发育地位。     

基于16S rRNA和rpoB基因的分子系统发育分析在铜绿假单胞菌鉴定中的应用

为对比16S rRNA和rpo B基因分子系统发育分析与传统表型分类法对铜绿假单胞菌的鉴定,评估16S rRNA和rpo B基因序列分析在铜绿假单胞菌鉴定中的应用,用表型分类方法对临床自动微生物鉴定系统鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌的23株分离株进行再鉴定,PCR扩增23株分离株16S rRNA和rpo B基因片段,并测序进行系统发育分析。结果表明,表型再鉴定结果与自动微生物鉴定系统鉴定结果一致。基于两个基因的系统发育分析均显示分离株p22与不动杆菌属序列聚为一枝,其余22株分离株与铜绿假单胞菌序列聚为一枝。因此p22应鉴定为不动杆菌,16S rRNA和rpo B基因序列分析均能准确鉴定铜绿假单胞菌并能较好建立假单胞菌属内种间关系。     

川中丘陵地区大豆根瘤菌遗传多样性与系统发育关系

【目的】研究分离自川中丘陵地区大豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性和系统发育。【方法】采用16S rDNA PCR-RFLP和16S rRNA基因、glnII、共生基因(nodC)系统发育分析的方法进行研究。【结果】供试未知菌的16S rDNA用4种限制性内切酶(HaeⅢ、HinfⅠ、MspⅠ及TaqⅠ)酶切后获得5种16S遗传图谱类型。16S rDNA PCR-RFLP结果表明,所有供试菌株在83%水平分为慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)和中华根瘤菌属(Sinonrhizobium)两大类群,而75%的菌株为中华根瘤菌。6个代表菌株的16S rDNA、glnII和nodC三个位点基因的系统发育结果基本一致,4株与S.fredii USDA205T相似度最高;有2株分别与B.yuanmingense CCBAU10071T、B.diazoefficiens USDA110T相似度最高。4个Sinonrhizobium代表菌株16S rDNA、glnII序列相似度分别为98.3%-99.9%、98.2%-100%,但它们的nodC基因序列完全相同。【结论】川中丘陵地区大豆根瘤菌具有较丰富的遗传多样性,S.fredii为优势种。     

16S rRNA及rpoC1基因用于螺旋藻、节旋藻系统发育的比较北大核心CSCD

【目的】利用16S rRNA和rpoC1基因分子标记研究螺旋藻、节旋藻的系统发育关系,并对其区分能力进行比较。【方法】以84株螺旋藻、节旋藻为研究对象,对其进行16S rRNA、rpoC1基因序列的扩增、测序及分析,并对构建的系统发育树进行对比。【结果】rpoC1基因序列保守位点所占比例49.7%、平均G+C百分含量47.7%和序列相似度76%–100%明显低于16S rRNA基因序列的79.4%、55.6%和91%–100%,其变异程度高于16S rRNA基因;基于16S rRNA、rpoC1基因构建的系统发育NJ树拓扑结构基本一致,84株实验藻株分为2个属3个类群,其中仅F-351、F-904-2、F-1070和TJBC14-1藻株为螺旋藻,其余均为节旋藻;虽然2个基因都不能区分形态种和地理种,但rpoC1基因NJ树的置信度(100%)高于16S rRNA基因(99%),属内分群效果也明显优于16S rRNA基因。【结论】支持了螺旋藻、节旋藻为两个不同属的结论,且在属内分类时rpoC1基因比16S rRNA基因具有更高的区分度。     

Phylogenetic clusters of rhizobia revealed by genome structures

Rhizobia, bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen, are important agricultural resources. In order to establish the evolutionary relationships among rhizobia isolated from different geographic regions and different plant hosts for systematic studies, we evaluated the use of physical structure of the rhizobial genomes as a phylogenetic marker to categorize these bacteria. In this work, we analyzed the features of genome structures of 64 rhizobial strains. These rhizobial strains were divided into 21 phylogenetic clusters according to the features of genome structures evaluated by the endonuclease I-Ceul. These clusters were supported by 16S rRNA comparisons and genomic sequences of four rhizobial strains, but they are largely different from those based on the current taxonomic scheme (except 16S rRNA).     

Phylogenetic clusters of rhizobia revealed by genome structures

Rhizobiaareagriculturallyandenvironmentallyimportantbacteria.Theirsymbiosiswithleguminousplantsisresponsibleformostoftheatmosphericni-trogenfixedonland.Classificationofthesebacteriabasedontheirnaturalrelationshipswillpromotetheirapplication.Thisresearchemploysanewphylogeneticmethod,i.e.,revelationandcomparisonofgenomestructure,tocategorizerhizobia.Phylogenyisthestudyoftheevolutionaryrelationshipsamongorgan-isms[1].Currentlyphylogeneticrelationshipsamongrhizobiaaremostlyinferredfromcomparisons…     

Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of rhizobia isolated from Lathyrus japonicus indigenous to Japan

Sixty-one rhizobial strains from Lathyrus japonicus nodules growing on the seashore in Japan were characterized and compared to two strains from Canada. The PCR-based method was used to identify test strains with novel taxonomic markers that were designed to discriminate between all known Lathyrus rhizobia. Three genomic groups (I, II, and III) were finally identified using RAPD, RFLP, and phylogenetic analyses. Strains in genomic group I (related to Rhizobium leguminosarum) were divided into two subgroups (Ia and Ib) and subgroup Ia was related to biovar viciae. Strains in subgroup Ib, which were all isolated from Japanese sea pea, belonged to a distinct group from other rhizobial groups in the recA phylogeny and PCR-based grouping, and were more tolerant to salt than the isolate from an inland legume. Test strains in genomic groups II and III belonged to a single clade with the reference strains of R. pisi, R. etli, and R. phaseoli in the 16S rRNA phylogeny. The PCR-based method and phylogenetic analysis of recA revealed that genomic group II was related to R. pisi. The analyses also showed that genomic group III harbored a mixed chromosomal sequence of different genomic groups, suggesting a recent horizontal gene transfer between diverse rhizobia. Although two Canadian strains belonged to subgroup Ia, molecular and physiological analyses showed the divergence between Canadian and Japanese strains. Phylogenetic analysis of nod genes divided the rhizobial strains into several groups that reflected the host range of rhizobia. Symbiosis between dispersing legumes and rhizobia at seashore is discussed.     

Diverse rhizobia that nodulate two species of Kummerowia in China

A total of 63 bacterial strains were isolated from root nodules of Kummerowia striata and K. stipulacea grown in different geographic regions of China. These bacteria could be divided into fast-growing (FG) rhizobia and slow-growing (SG) rhizobia according to their growth rate. Genetic diversity and taxonomic relationships among these rhizobia were revealed by PCR-based 16 S rDNA RFLP and sequencing, 16 S-IGS RFLP, SDS-PAGE of whole cell soluble proteins, BOX-PCR and symbiotic gene (nifH/nodC) analyses. The symbiotic FG strains were mainly isolated from temperate regions and they were identified as four genomic species in Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium meliloti based on the consensus of grouping results. The SG strains were classified as five genomic species within Bradyrhizobium and they were mainly isolated fron the subtropic and tropical regions. The phylogenetic analyses of nifH and nodC genes showed relationships similar to that of 16 S rDNA but the symbiotic genes of Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from Kummerowia were distinct from those isolated from Arachis and soybean. These results offered evidence for rhizobial biogeography and demonstrated that the Kummerowia-nodulating ability might have evolved independently in different regions in association with distinctive genomic species of rhizobia.     

Characterization of rhizobia isolated from Albizia spp. in comparison with microsymbionts of Acacia spp. and Leucaena leucocephala grown in China

This is the first systematic study of rhizobia associated with Albizia trees. The analyses of PCR-RFLP and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes, SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins and clustering of phenotypic characters grouped the 31 rhizobial strains isolated from Albizia into eight putative species within the genera Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Among these eight rhizobial species, five were unique to Albizia and the remaining three were shared with Acacia and Leucaena, two legume trees coexisting with Albizia in China. These results indicated that Albizia species nodulate with a wide range of rhizobial species and had preference of microsymbionts different from Acacia and Leucaena. The definition of four novel groups, Mesorhizobium sp., Rhizobium sp. I, Rhizobium sp. II and "R. giardinii", indicates that further studies with enlarged rhizobial population are necessary to better understand the diversity and to clarify the taxonomic relationships of Albizia-associated rhizobia.     

Phylogenetic analysis reveals gene conversions in multigene families of rhizobia

Gene families are an important and intrinsic trait of rhizobial species. These gene copies can participate in non-reciprocal recombination events, also called gene conversions. Gene conversion has diverse roles, but it is usually implicated in the evolution of multigene families. Here, we searched for gene conversions in multigene families of six representative rhizobial genomes. We identified 11 gene families with different numbers of copies, genome location and function in CFN42 and CIAT652 strains of Rhizobium etli, Rhizobium sp NGR234, Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099, Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021, and Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110. Gene conversions were detected by phylogenetic inference in the nifD and nifK gene families in R. etli. Sequence analysis confirmed multiple gene conversions in these two gene families. We suggest that gene conversion events have an important role in homogenizing multigene families in rhizobia.     

斜茎黄芪根瘤菌结瘤基因nodA PCR扩增及PCR-RFLP分析

对采自我国北方地区的16株斜茎黄芪根瘤菌代表菌株的共同结瘤基因nodA进行了PCR扩增及PCR-RFLP分析研究。来自Mesorhizobium和Rhizobium系统发育分支的代表菌株都得到了nodA PCR扩增产物;而来自Agrobacterium系统发育分支的代表菌株都没有得到nodA PCR扩增产物。进一步的nodAPCR-RFLP分析结果表明斜茎黄芪根瘤菌具有很大的nodA基因遗传多样性,具有4种不同的16S rDNAPCR-RFLP遗传图谱类型的12株斜茎黄芪根瘤菌具有8种不同的nodA PCR-RFLP遗传图谱类型。但是斜茎黄芪根瘤菌nodA基因遗传多样性随种群而变化,来自M.septentrionale的具有相同的16S rDNA PCR-RFLP遗传图谱类型的4个代表菌株具有4种不同的nodA PCR-RFLP遗传图谱类型;而来自M.tempera-tum的具有相同的16S rDNA PCR-RFLP遗传图谱类型3个代表菌株则具有相同的nodA PCR-RFLP遗传图谱类型。此外,来自不同种的具有不同16S rDNA PCR-RFLP遗传图谱类型的菌株却具有相同的nodA PCR-RFLP遗传图谱类型,说明nodA基因可能在根瘤菌的不同种间发生了水平转移。     

Evolutionary history shapes patterns of mutualistic benefit in Acacia–rhizobial interactions

The ecological and evolutionary factors that drive the emergence and maintenance of variation in mutualistic benefit (i.e., the benefits provided by one partner to another) in mutualistic symbioses are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the role that host and symbiont phylogeny might play in determining patterns of mutualistic benefit for interactions among nine species of Acacia and 31 strains of nitrogen‐fixing rhizobial bacteria. Using phylogenetic comparative methods we compared patterns of variation in mutualistic benefit (host response to inoculation) to rhizobial phylogenies constructed from housekeeping and symbiosis genes; and a multigene host phylogeny. We found widespread genotype‐by‐genotype variation in patterns of plant growth. A relatively large component of this variation (21–28%) was strongly influenced by the interacting evolutionary histories of both partners, such that phylogenetically similar host species had similar growth responses when inoculated with phylogenetically similar rhizobia. We also found a relatively large nonphylogenetic effect for the average mutualistic benefit provided by rhizobia to plants, such that phylogenetic relatedness did not predict the overall benefit provided by rhizobia across all hosts. We conclude that phylogenetic relatedness should frequently predict patterns of mutualistic benefit in acacia‐rhizobial mutualistic interactions; but that some mutualistic traits also evolve independently of the phylogenies.     

Competition between rhizobia under different environmental conditions affects the nodulation of a legume

Mutualistic symbiosis and nitrogen fixation of legume rhizobia play a key role in ecological environments. Although many different rhizobial species can form nodules with a specific legume, there is often a dominant microsymbiont, which has the highest nodule occupancy rates, and they are often known as the “most favorable rhizobia”. Shifts in the most favorable rhizobia for a legume in different geographical regions or soil types are not well understood. Therefore, in order to explore the shift model, an experiment was designed using successive inoculations of rhizobia on one legume. The plants were grown in either sterile vermiculite or a sandy soil. Results showed that, depending on the environment, a legume could select its preferential rhizobial partner in order to establish symbiosis. For perennial legumes, nodulation is a continuous and sequential process. In this study, when the most favorable rhizobial strain was available to infect the plant first, it was dominant in the nodules, regardless of the existence of other rhizobial strains in the rhizosphere. Other rhizobial strains had an opportunity to establish symbiosis with the plant when the most favorable rhizobial strain was not present in the rhizosphere. Nodule occupancy rates of the most favorable rhizobial strain depended on the competitiveness of other rhizobial strains in the rhizosphere and the environmental adaptability of the favorable rhizobial strain (in this case, to mild vermiculite or hostile sandy soil). To produce high nodulation and efficient nitrogen fixation, the most favorable rhizobial strain should be selected and inoculated into the rhizosphere of legume plants under optimum environmental conditions.     

Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of rhizobia isolated from pasture legumes native of Sardinia and Asinara Island

Thirty-five rhizobial strains were isolated from nodules of Lotus edulis, L. ornithopodioides, L. cytisoides, Hedysarum coronarium, Ornithopus compressus and Scorpiurus muricatus growing in Sardinia and Asinara Island. Basic characteristics applied to identification of rhizobia such as symbiotic properties, antibiotic- and salt-resistance, temperate-sensitivities, utilization of different sources of carbon and nitrogen were studied. The results from the 74 metabolic tests were used for cluster analysis of the new rhizobial isolates and 28 reference strains, belonging to previously classified and unclassified fast-, intermediate- and slow-growing rhizobia. All strains examined were divided into two large groups at a linkage distance of 0.58. None of the reference strains clustered with the new rhizobial isolates, which formed five subgroups almost respective of their plant origin. RFLP analysis of PCR-amplified 16S-23S rDNA IGS showed that the levels of similarity between rhizobial isolates from Ornithopus, Hedysarum and Scorpiurus, and the type strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum, Mesorhizobium loti, M. ciceri, M. mediterraneum, Sinorhizobium meliloti and Bradyrhizobium japonicum were not more than 30%. Thus, it can be assumed that these groups of new rhizobial isolates are not closely related to the validly described rhizobial species.