濒危植物长序榆(Ulmus elongata)幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的初步研究

用Li-6400XT便携式光合作用仪对濒危植物长序榆幼苗的各叶绿素荧光参数的日变化和快速光响应曲线进行了测定。结果发现,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)在整个白天阶段较稳定,下午18:00显著下降。光化学淬灭(qP)先增大后减小。非光化学淬灭(NPQ)呈现出与光化学淬灭(qP)相反的变化趋势,中午最低,说明长序榆幼苗光能利用率较高。快速光曲线表明实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学淬灭(qP)随着光合有效辐射(PAR)的增大而减小,电子传递速率(ETR)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)随着光合有效辐射(PAR)的增大而增大。使用幂函数能够很好的拟合实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和电子传递速率(ETR)随光强的变化,而对数函数能较好的拟合实际光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)随光强的变化。     

复苏被子植物牛耳草脱水和复水期间叶黄素循环的保护作用

研究了复苏被子植物牛耳草(Boea hygrometrica (Bunge) R.Br.)离体叶片在微弱光强下(3 μmol photons*m-2*s-1)和黑暗中叶黄素循环组分及叶绿素荧光随脱水复水的变化.结果发现:脱水期间随着光系统Ⅱ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际量子产率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)值的降低,微弱光强下的对照叶片玉米黄素含量显著增加,而微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片都没有玉米黄素的积累.经过3 d复水后,微弱光强下对照叶片的Fv/Fm, ΦPSⅡ, qP 和 NPQ值能完全恢复,但是微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片其Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP 和 NPQ值只有部分恢复.说明脱水的牛耳草离体叶片光系统Ⅱ的光化学活性的恢复明显受到DTT处理和黑暗的影响,因此玉米黄素可能对微弱光强下脱水的牛耳草叶片具有重要的保护作用.     

复苏被子植物牛耳草脱水和复水期间叶黄素循环的保护作用

研究了复苏被子植物牛耳草（Boea hygrometrica(Bunge)R.Br.)离体叶片在微弱光强下（3μmol photons.m^-2.s^-1)和黑暗中叶黄素循环组分及叶绿素荧光随脱水复水的变化,结果发现：脱水期间随着光系统Ⅱ光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、实际量子产率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学淬灭（qP）和非光化学淬灭（NPQ）值的降低,微弱光强下的对照叶片玉米黄素含量显著增加,而微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片都没有玉米黄素的积累,经过3d复水后,微弱光强下对照叶片的Fv/Fm,ΦPSⅡ,qP和NPQ值能完全恢复,但是微弱光强下DTT处理的叶片和黑暗中的叶片其Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP和NPQ值能完全恢复。说明脱水的牛耳草主体叶片光系统Ⅱ的光化学活性的恢复明显受到DTT处理和黑暗的影响,因此玉米黄素可能对微弱光强下脱水的牛耳草叶片具有重要的保护作用。     

青藏高原3个地方春小麦品种旗叶PSⅡ光化学效率的光响应分析

采用叶绿素荧光分析方法,以高原春小麦(‘互助红’、‘互麦12’和‘互麦13’)为材料,研究了孕穗期旗叶的PSⅡ光化学效率以及光化学和非光化学猝灭的光响应特性。结果显示:(1)3个春小麦品种旗叶的光合色素有差异,最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)无显著差异。(2)随着光强增加,3个品种旗叶有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ反应中心开放比率(qL)均呈降低趋势;低光强范围内,叶片Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ、qP、qL值均依次按‘互麦12’>‘互助红’>‘互麦13’的顺序降低;中高光强范围内,3个品种的Fv′/Fm′趋于一致,而‘互助红’的ΦPSⅡ、qP、qL较其他两个品种略高。(3)随着光强增加,各品种非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)、调节性能量耗散量子产量(ΦNPQ)、非调节性能量耗散量子产量(ΦNO)均呈升高趋势;中低光强范围内,NPQ、ΦNPQ值均依‘互麦13’>‘互助红’>‘互麦12’的顺序降低,而‘互助红’和‘互麦12’的ETR变化较为一致且‘互麦13’的最低;中高光强范围内,NPQ、ΦNPQ值均依次按‘互助红’>‘互麦13’>‘互麦12’的顺序降低,而ETR值按‘互助红’>‘互麦12’>‘互麦13’的顺序降低;在整个光强变化过程中,ΦNO表现为按‘互麦13’>‘互麦12’>‘互助红’的顺序依次降低。研究认为,3个高原春小麦品种中‘互助红’最适应高光强环境;‘互麦12’光能利用能力强于‘互麦13’,但略弱于‘互助红’;‘互麦13’对光强变化较为敏感,热耗散能力略强于‘互麦12’,在低光环境下有较高的热耗散能力。     

遮荫和全光下生长的棉花光合作用和叶绿素荧光特征

 遮荫条件下（遮荫下光强相当于自然光强的40％左右）棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)叶片光合速率明显降低,仅为自然光强下生长叶片的30%～40％,叶片中RuBP羧化酶活性降低,而表观量子效率(AQY)较高。不同光照条件下生长的棉花叶片对短时间持续光强的光合诱导过程有明显的差异,由弱光转到强光下,自然光强下生长的叶片的Pn、Gs、ΦPSⅡ及非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)都能在较短的时间内达到最大值,而遮荫叶片需要的时间较长;遮荫下生长的棉花叶片的实际光化学效率,随光强的增加下降幅度较大,而自然光照下生长的叶片下降幅度较小;自然光照下生长的叶片的NPQ随光强的升高达到较高水平,而遮荫叶片在较低的光强下即达到最大值,此时NPQ较低,遮荫叶片依赖于叶黄素循环的能量耗散水平较低。遮荫叶片较低的光合速率以及过剩光能耗散能力是其转入自然强光后光抑制严重的主要原因。     

植物叶片和冠层光化学反射指数与叶黄素循环的关系

以一串红(Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl.)和白车轴草(Trifolium repens Linn.)为材料,使用光谱反射技术测定了这两种植物叶片水平和冠层水平的光化学反射指数(PRI)的日变化,同时使用高效液相色谱分析法测定了这两种植物叶黄素循环的日变化,分析了单叶、群体冠层的PRI与叶黄素循环和叶片实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)之间的关系.结果表明,不论是叶片水平还是冠层水平,两种植物PRI的变化均与叶黄素的脱环氧化程度和NPQ之间呈显著的负相关、与ΦPSⅡ呈显著的正相关.研究结果表明无论叶片水平还是冠层水平上的光谱反射指数均能非常好地反映植物光合机构对光能的利用效率.     

不同遮阴条件下麦冬光合和叶绿素荧光特性研究

不同植物具有不同的生理特征,其对光照的应激性也不相同。因此,在进化过程中植物形成了特有光照需求量来适应自身生长。利用LI-6400XT型便携式光合作用测定仪测定5种光强处理(透光率分别为95%、72%、48%、24%和8%)下麦冬叶片的光合指标及叶绿素荧光参数指标。随相对光强的增加,表观量子效率(AQE)随着光照强度的增大表现出先升高后减小的趋势,麦冬叶片的色素含量和初始荧光强度(F0)增加,叶绿素ab值呈现先增加后减小的趋势;荧光参数PSⅡ最大光能转化效率升高,作用光下实际的PSⅡ光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、PSⅡ有效光化学量子效率(Fv'/Fm')、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(q P)在相对光强72%-48%处理下呈现升高趋势。在相对光强72%-48%的条件下,麦冬的PSⅡ反应抗逆性更加强大,该条件有利于麦冬的生长发育,大规模种植中应对麦冬采取适当遮阴措施。     

夜间低温后日间光照对海桐和榕树叶片的光抑制以及光系统Ⅱ功能的影响

夜间低温导致海桐和榕树叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ光合电子传递量子效率(φPSⅡ)、天线转化效率(F'v'/Fm')、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)降低,其后日间光照先引起海桐叶片Fv//Fm、ΦPSⅡ、F'v'/Fm'稍微降低,其后又逐渐得到恢复,但NPQ却表现出相反趋势;夜间低温及随后的日间光照并未对海桐叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)和初始荧光强度(Fo)产生影响.夜间低温后日间光照进一步引起榕树叶片Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、Fv'/F'm、qp、NPQ下降,在午后光照减弱后仍不能得到恢复.     

高温胁迫下苋菜的叶绿素荧光特性

为了探明高温胁迫对苋菜(Amaranthus tricolor L.)光合过程的影响,用不同温度(25、30、35、40、45℃)处理苋菜植株1h后,随即测定了其叶绿素荧光动力学参数和快速光响应曲线特征参数的变化.结果表明:40℃以上高温胁迫下,苋菜叶片的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降;最大荧光(Fm)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Yield)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)也均有所下降;而初始荧光(F.)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)在40℃以上高温胁迫下显著上升.叶绿素荧光快速光响应曲线测定结果表明,初始斜率α、最大相对电子传递速率ETRmax和半饱和光强Ik在40℃以上高温胁迫下有所下降.研究表明,40℃以上高温胁迫对苋菜的光能的吸收、转换、光合电子传递和强光耐受能力等均有一定的影响.     

短期UV-B辐射对青藏高原美丽风毛菊PS Ⅱ光化学效率的影响

通过短期增补UV-B辐射模拟试验,研究了青藏高原典型天气(晴天、多云、阴天)下高山植物美丽风毛菊叶片的叶绿素荧光参数变化.结果表明:随天气由晴变阴,美丽风毛菊叶片暗适应3 min的PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)显著升高,实际PSⅡ光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qp)也升高,而非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)则降低,可见光辐射(PAR)是影响PSⅡ光能转化效率的主要因素.增补UV-B辐射后,3种典型天气下,美丽风毛菊叶片的Fv/Fm和NPQ略有降低,ФPSⅡ和qp略微增加,但对光合气体交换过程没有产生负影响.叶片净光合速率Pn和ФPSⅡ的增高趋势与增补UV-B辐射下相对较多的UV-A成分有关,同时也得益于叶片厚度的增加.UV-B辐射对叶片光合机构具有潜在负影响.     

Diurnal changes in chlorophyll fluorescence and light utilization in Colocasia esculenta leaves grown in marshy waterlogged area

Diurnal cycle of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters was done in Colocasia esculenta L. (swamp taro) grown in marshy land under sun or under shade. The sun leaves maintained higher electron transport rate (ETR) and steady state to initial fluorescence ratio (F_s/F₀) than shade leaves. In spite of lower ETR, higher photochemical quenching (PQ), and effective quantum yield of photosystem 2 (Φ_PS2) was evident in shade plants compared to plants exposed to higher irradiance. ETR increased linearly with increase in irradiance more under low irradiance (r ² = 0.84) compared to higher irradiance (r ² = 0.62). The maximum quantum yield of PS 2 (F_v/F_m) did not differ much in sun and shade leaves with the exception of midday when excess of light energy absorbed by plants under sun was thermally dissipated. Hence swamp taro plants adopted different strategies to utilize radiation under different irradiances. At higher irradiance, there was faster decline in proportion of open PS 2 centers (PQ) and excess light energy was dissipated through non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Under shade, absorbed energy was effectively utilized resulting in higher Φ_PS2.     

Up-regulation of cyclic electron flow and down-regulation of linear electron flow in antisense-<Emphasis Type="Italic">rca</Emphasis> mutant rice

To investigate how excess excitation energy is dissipated in a ribulose-1,5-bisphospate carboxylase/oxygenase activase antisense transgenic rice with net photosynthetic rate (P _N) half of that of wild type parent, we measured the response curve of P _N to intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i), electron transport rate (ETR), quantum yield of open photosystem 2 (PS2) reaction centres under irradiation (F_v′/F_m′), efficiency of total PS2 centres (Φ_PS2), photochemical (q_P) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), post-irradiation transient increase in chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence (PITICF), and P700⁺ re-reduction. Carboxylation efficiency dependence on C _i, ETR at saturation irradiance, and F_v′/F_m′, Φ_PS2, and q_P under the irradiation were significantly lower in the mutant. However, NPQ, energy-dependent quenching (q_E), PITICF, and P700⁺ re-reduction were significantly higher in the mutant. Hence the mutant down-regulates linear ETR and stimulates cyclic electron flow around PS1, which may generate the ΔpH to support NPQ and q_E for dissipation of excess excitation energy.     

Ferredoxin-quinone reductase benefits cyclic electron flow around photosystem 1 in tobacco leaves upon exposure to chilling stress under low irradiance

The function of chloroplast ferredoxin quinone reductase (FQR)-dependent flow was examined by comparing a wild type tobacco and a tobacco transformant (ΔndhB) in which the ndhB gene had been disrupted with their antimycin A (AA)-fed leaves upon exposure to chilling temperature (4 °C) under low irradiance (100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ photon flux density). During the chilling stress, the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS) 2 (F_v/F_m) decreased markedly in both the controls and AA-fed leaves, and P700⁺ was also lower in AA-fed leaves than in the controls, implying that FQR-dependent cyclic electron flow around PS1 functioned to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from chilling stress under low irradiance. Under such stress, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), particularly the fast relaxing NPQ component (q_f) and the de-epoxidized ratio of the xanthophyll cycle pigments, (A+Z)/(V+A+Z), formed the difference between AA-fed leaves and controls. The lower NPQ in AA-fed leaves might be related to an inefficient proton gradient across thylakoid membranes (ΔpH) because of inhibiting an FQR-dependent cyclic electron flow around PS1 at chilling temperature under low irradiance.     

Photoinactivation of photosystem II by cumulative exposure to short light pulses during the induction period of photosynthesis

Photoinactivation of Photosystem (PS) II in vivo was investigated by cumulative exposure of pea, rice and spinach leaves to light pulses of variable duration from 2 to 100 s, separated by dark intervals of 30 min. During each light pulse, photosynthetic induction occurred to an extent depending on the time of illumination, but steady-state photosynthesis had not been achieved. During photosynthetic induction, it is clearly demonstrated that reciprocity of irradiance and duration of illumination did not hold: hence the same cumulative photon exposure (mol m^–2) does not necessarily give the same extent of photoinactivation of PS II. This contrasts with the situation of steady-state photosynthesis where the photoinactivation of PS II exhibited reciprocity of irradiance and duration of illumination (Park et al. (1995) Planta 196: 401–411). We suggest that, for reciprocity to hold between irradiance and duration of illumination, there must be a balance between photochemical (qP) and non-photochemical (NPQ) quenching at all irradiances. The index of susceptibility to light stress, which represents an intrinsic ability of PS II to balance photochemical and non-photochemical quenching, is defined by the quotient (1-qP)/NPQ. Although constant in steady-state photosynthesis under a wide range of irradiance (Park et al. (1995). Plant Cell Physiol 36: 1163–1169), this index of susceptibility for spinach leaves declined extremely rapidly during photosynthetic induction at a given irradiance, and, at a given cumulative photon exposure, was dependent on irradiance. During photosynthetic induction, only limited photoprotective strategies are developed: while the transthylakoid pH gradient conferred some degree of photoprotection, neither D1 protein turnover nor the xanthophyll cycle was operative. Thus, PS II is more easily photoinactivated during photosynthetic induction, a phenomenon that may have relevance for understorey leaves experiencing infrequent, short sunflecks.Abbreviations D1 protein psbA gene product - DTT dithiothreitol - F_v, F_m, F_o variable, maximum, and initial (corresponding to open traps) chlorophyll fluorescence yield, respectively - NPQ non-photochemical quenching - PS Photosystem - Q_A primary quinone acceptor of PS II - qP photochemical quenching coefficient     

Increase in Resistance to Low Temperature Photoinhibition Following Ascorbate Feeding is Attributable to an Enhanced Xanthophyll Cycle Activity in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Leaves

The mechanistic basis for protection of exogenous ascorbate against photoinhibition at low temperature was examined in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Exposure of intact leaves to chilling temperature resulted in a drastic decrease in the speed of development of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ). This was related to the low temperature-imposed restriction on the formation of the fast relaxing component of NPQ (q_f). Feeding with 20 mM ascorbate markedly increased the rate of q_f development at chilling temperature due primarily to the enhanced rate of zeaxanthin (Z) formation. On the other hand, ascorbate feeding had no influence on photosystem 2 (PS2)-driven electron flow. The reduced state of the PS2 primary electron acceptor Q_A decreased in ascorbate-fed leaves exposed to high irradiance at chilling temperature owing to the increased Z-associated thermal energy dissipation in the light-harvesting antenna system of PS2. Furthermore, ascorbate feeding increased the photosynthetic apparatus of rice leaves to resist photoinhibition at low temperature. The protective effect of exogenous ascorbate was fully accounted for by the enhanced xanthophyll cycle activity.     

外源ATP对NaCl胁迫下菜豆叶片叶绿素荧光特性的调节

盐胁迫是影响植物生长的主要逆境因子之一,外源ATP被发现可作为信号分子参与植物对逆境胁迫生理反应的调节。为了探明外源ATP在植物盐胁迫响应中的作用,以增强植物对土壤盐渍化的耐性,更好地应用于土壤盐渍化修复。该研究以菜豆( Phaseolus vulgaris)为材料,通过叶绿素荧光技术探讨了外源ATP 对菜豆叶片在NaCl胁迫下叶绿素荧光特性的变化规律。结果表明：在NaCl胁迫下,叶片光系统Ⅱ( PSⅡ)潜在最大光化学量子效率( Fv/Fm)、光适应下最大光化学效率( Fv′/Fm′)、PSⅡ光适应下实际光化学效率[ Y (Ⅱ)]、光化学荧光猝灭( qP)、电子传递速率( ETR)与对照组相比均有显著性下降,而非光化学猝灭( NPQ)和( qN)较对照组有显著性增加,这表明NaCl胁迫导致菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ光化学效率的下降和光能耗散的增加。而外源ATP(eATP)的处理能有效缓解NaCl胁迫所造成的Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、Y(Ⅱ)、qP、ETR下降和NPQ、qN的上升。该研究结果表明在NaCl胁迫下外源ATP可以有效地提高菜豆幼苗光系统Ⅱ( PSⅡ)的光化学反应效率。     

田间条件下棉花幼叶光合特性及光保护机制

通过比较棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)幼叶和完全展开叶气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光特性的差异, 探讨高光强下幼叶的光抑制程度及明确光保护机制间的协调机理。在田间自然条件下, 以棉花刚展平的幼嫩叶片(幼叶)和面积已达到最大的完全展开叶片为研究对象, 通过测定不同发育阶段叶片气体交换参数及叶绿素a荧光参数的变化, 并运用Dual-PAM100对不同发育阶段的叶片进行快速光响应曲线的拟合。结果表明: 幼叶和完全展开叶片在光合、荧光特性方面表现出明显的差异。与完全展开叶相比, 较低的叶绿素(Chl)含量和气孔导度(G_s)是幼叶较低净光合速率(P_n)的限制因素, 从而直接导致其光系统II (PSII)实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)的降低。在1800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光强以下, 完全展开叶具有较强的围绕PSI循环的电子流(CEF), 有利于合成ATP, 是其具有较高光合能力的原因之一。相同光强下, 幼叶较低的光饱和点(LSP)更易受光抑制, 但其PSII原初光化学效率(F_v/F_m)的日变化幅度显著小于完全展开叶, 说明强光下幼叶通过类胡萝卜素(Car)猝灭单线态氧、光呼吸(P_r)、热耗散(NPQ)以及PSI-CEF等光保护机制能有效地耗散过剩的光能, 从而避免其光合机构发生光抑制。     

短期UV-B辐射对青藏高原美丽风毛菊PSⅡ光化学效率的影响

通过短期增补UV-B辐射模拟试验,研究了青藏高原典型天气(晴天、多云、阴天)下高山植物美丽风毛菊叶片的叶绿素荧光参数变化.结果表明: 随天气由晴变阴,美丽风毛菊叶片暗适应3 min的PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率(F_v/F_m)显著升高,实际PSⅡ光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)也升高,而非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)则降低,可见光辐射（PAR）是影响PSⅡ光能转化效率的主要因素.增补UV-B辐射后,3种典型天气下,美丽风毛菊叶片的F_v/F_m和NPQ略有降低,Φ_PSⅡ和q_P略微增加,但对光合气体交换过程没有产生负影响.叶片净光合速率P_n和Φ_PSⅡ的增高趋势与增补UV-B辐射下相对较多的UV-A成分有关,同时也得益于叶片厚度的增加. UV-B辐射对叶片光合机构具有潜在负影响.     

Studies on the Characteristics of Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Winter Wheat Flag Leaves at Different Developing Stages

The parameters of fluorescence induction kinetics and the maximal light-saturated net CO2 assimilation rate ( P sat ) of the flag leaves of four cultivars of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） were compared at three different developing stages for the first time. From the blooming stage to the milky stage, the quantum efficiency of PSⅡ photochemistry ( Fv/Fm ) declined slightly only at the milk stage. The photochemical quenching co-efficient ( qP ), actual quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ（PSⅡ）electron transport ( Φ PSⅡ) and P sat decreased substantially (>15%), while the non-photochemical quenching co-efficient ( qN ) increased significantly (>100%). There existed a linear correlation between the Φ PSⅡ and the P sat ( r =0.918). The results indicate that with the senescence of the flag leaves of winter wheat the photosynthetic efficiency including that of the energy transport and the CO2 assimilation significantly decreased.