应用于家畜育种试验中的组内常相关方差分析

在家畜育种中,不同杂交组合试验的比较,如果采用常规的方差分析方法,由于遗传相关的存在,来自同一家系内的样本,个体之间具有相关性,会产生第一类错误．为此,本文从理论上讨论具有组内常相关性样本的方差分析,导出了新的F检验统计量．并举例在家畜育种试验中的应用．     

运动想象脑-机接口中的ICA滤波器设计

围绕独立分量分析(independent component analysis,ICA)在运动想象脑-机接口(brain computer interface,BCI)中的应用,作者重点研究了ICA空域滤波器的设计新方法。基于在不同时间采集的两位受试者的6组运动想象EEG数据集,分析和验证了ICA在BCI系统实现中的特点和优势,并与共同空间模式(common spatial pattern:CSP)空域滤波方法进行了比较。针对运动相关独立分量(motor-related independent components,MRICs)的自动检测,提出了ICA滤波器的有效设计概念,给出了基于不同时段连续EEG样本的ICA滤波器的设计和优化新思路,并建立了相应的ICA-BCI离线测试系统。在此基础上,研究了ICA滤波器的性能与其设计样本之间的关系,比较了ICA-BCI和CSP-BCI对三类运动想象的识别和分类效果。实验结果表明,针对具有相同长度和采集质量的不同时段EEG样本,均可设计出性能基本一致的ICA滤波器。在对不同EEG数据集的组内和组间交叉测试实验中,作者建立的ICA-BCI系统表现出了比CSP-BCI系统更好的稳定性。综上,ICA在BCI系统实现中具有独特的优势和应用潜力。文中所得结论对实用ICA-BCI系统的建立具有一定的参考价值。     

应用微核技术对北京三海水域污染状况的研究

2003和2004年于北京三海（西海、后海和前海）分别采集21、22个样品,利用蚕豆根尖微核技术对水体的污染状况进行了遗传毒性分析。结果表明,水体总体显示出不同程度的遗传毒性特征。2003、2004两年中,微核相对率〈1．5的样本分别占4．7619％、18．1818％,主要分布于前海和后海湖心区域;微核相对率为1．5～2．0的样本分别占28．5714％和13．6364％;微核相对率为2．0～3．5的样本分别占28．5714％和45．4545％;微核相对率〉3．5的样本分别占38．0952％和22．7273％。其中。在民居密集的西海区域,两年重度污染率均达到40％。结果表明,水体污染程度与人为因素具有显著相关。本文对试验方法亦进行了讨论。     

基于药物毒性反应等级的Up-and-Down设计

Ⅰ期临床试验主要关心毒性,通常划分毒性为五个水平．简单起见,同时兼顾伦理问题,Ⅰ期临床试验通常采用up-and-down序贯设计(例如BCDⅠ,BCDⅡ,K-in-a-row,Narayana,Improved Narayana)．然而,在分配剂量水平时,该设计没有区分已经试验了的病人的严重毒性水平等级,从而有可能分配给病人更高毒性的剂量水平．因此,本文提出了基于药物毒性等级确定最大耐受剂量的up-and-down设计方法,并进一步研究了该设计方法在各种变化的剂量—毒性关系下的运作特征,并且和标准的up-and-down设计作模拟比较,结果表明该设计方法对Ⅰ期临床试验设计的剂量建议具有重要意义．     

应用物元评判识别模型预测农业害虫种群动态

论述了物元评判识别模型的建模方法,并探讨了该模型在预测农业害虫种群动态方面的应用．结果表明,其历史拟合率高达 ９２．３１％,将 １９９５年作为独立样本进行试报,其预报结果与实际发生一致．并指出物元评判模型是预测农业害虫种群动态的一种优良模型．     

杂交试验中的最佳样本含量

杂交试验是一项费时费钱的工作,因此在进行试验之前如能进行严密的设计,给出试验所需的样本大小是十分必要的,统计学中常见的估计样本容理的公式不宜应用于杂交试验,本文分两种情况给出了杂交试验中样本容量的估计公式,据此估计出的样本容量安排杂交试验,可在满足试验者要求的条件下,使试验的总成本最低或使试畜的总头数最少。     

血液因素对龈下菌斑BANA试验结果的影响

目的检测血液因素对慢性牙周炎龈下菌斑BANA试验敏感性、稳定性的影响。方法将不同血液成分及混有健康人血的牙龈卟咻菌菌液分别进行BANA试验。结果各检测稀释滴度的全血、冻融全血、血浆样本BANA试验反应均为阴性;当全血各稀释梯度中牙龈卟啉菌菌量大于10^5时反映结果呈现为BANA试验阳性,胰蛋白酶样酶A600nm值均大于0．20。结论BANA试验的敏感度并不受血液成分混入的影响而降低,证实试验具有较好的稳定性。     

二化螟种群密度的克力格估值及其模拟抽样

为设计可靠合理的二化螟幼虫种群密度抽样方案,从二化螟幼虫空间分布原始总体出发,另构建了一个随机总体和一个顺序总体,采用无放回随机抽样、间隔变程以上无放回随机抽样和基于克力格估值且初始点随机的顺序抽样对3总体进行了模拟抽样比较．结果表明,间隔变程以上随机抽样对原始总体平均数的估计优于随机抽样,且随总体聚集程度增加,间隔变程以上随机抽样愈优;正确识别种群空间格局极为重要,对聚集分布总体采用随机抽样和对随机分布总体采用间隔变程以上随机抽样均将降低抽样估计精度．针对随机抽样在应用上的局限性,提出了一种基于地统计学克力格估值、初始点随机的顺序抽样方案：它以初始点随机保证随机性,以顺序抽样保证可操作性,以二化螟种群空间分布的区域变量属性保证克力格样本较调查样本对局域样本和总体的平均数估计为优;且聚集范围一定时,总体聚集强度愈大,克力格样本局域估计和全局估计愈优于调查样本;取样间隔(以变程为标准)极为重要,样方的空间布局要平衡考虑相互独立的样方对数和变程范围内的样方对数。     

三因素条裂区试验设计和分析

本文根据重复、随机排列、局部控制原理提出三因素条裂区试验设计,并作了实例分析．该设计全面实施,既满足同一试验中有较多处理组合,又可使各因素有较大的小区面积,便于农事操作管理,具有良好的实用性．     

核酸定量检测试验应用于HIV-1感染实验室诊断的探讨

目的:探讨核酸定量检测在HIV-1感染实验室诊断中的应用。方法:选取145例第四代抗原/抗体联合诊断筛查试验为阳性反应的血浆样本,分别用Western印迹和HIV-1核酸定量方法进行检测,综合对比分析2种方法检测结果。结果:Western印迹检出阳性样本120例,不确定样本17例,阴性样本8例;HIV-1核酸定量试验检出结果大于检测限样本131例,其中包括12例Western印迹不确定样本、2例Western印迹阴性样本;有3例Western印迹阳性样本用HIV-1核酸定量检测试验未能检出。结论:核酸定量检测试验对于HIV-1感染阳性样本是一种有效的实验室诊断方法;对HIV-1核酸定量检测结果为"TND"的样本,建议加做Western印迹或结合其他补充试验结果进行综合诊断。     

Urinary C-peptide of insulin as a non-invasive marker of energy balance in wild orangutans

Assessment of energetic condition is a critical tool for behavioral and reproductive ecologists. However, accurate quantification of energy intake and expenditure is labor-intensive, and it can be problematic for field scientists to obtain regular data on individual animals. C-peptide, a polypeptide segment of the proinsulin molecule that is secreted along with insulin in an equimolar relationship, can be measured in urine, and thus offers a potential means for the non-invasive assessment of energy balance in wild animals. Here, we validate C-peptide for the quantification of energetic condition, with specific application to wild orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). We determined that application of urine to filter paper results in significantly lower C-peptide recoveries versus fresh samples. However, concentrations in filter paper samples were significantly correlated with fresh urine and were stable over various storage conditions and durations. We compared the C-peptide concentrations from wild orangutan urine samples with three independent measures of energetic condition: ketone bodies (urinalysis), caloric intake (nutritional biochemistry), and food availability (phenology). As expected, C-peptide concentrations were significantly lower in samples that tested positive for ketones in the field. Monthly average C-peptide concentrations of both male and female orangutans were significantly correlated with monthly determinations of energy intake and food availability. Therefore, we conclude that the collection and preservation of urine samples for C-peptide analysis are feasible under most field conditions and, in this species, presents a useful tool for assessing changes in energy balance.     

Relation between pH and the strong ion difference (SID) in body fluids

Acid-base balance evaluation according to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation enable us to assess the contribution of respiratory (pCO2) and/or non-respiratory (metabolic, HCO3(-)) components to the acid-base balance status. A new approach to acid-base balance evaluation according to Stewart-Fencl, which is based on a detailed physical-chemical analysis of body fluids shows that metabolic acid-base balance disorders are characterized not only by [HCO3(-)]. According to this concept independent variables must be taken into an account. The abnormality of concentration of one or more of the independent variable(s) determines the pH of a solution. The independent variables are: 1. strong ion difference (SID); 2. total concentration of nonvolatile weak acids [A(tot)]; 3. in agreement with the Henderson-Hasselbalch concept also pCO2. Traditional evaluation of acid-base balance disorders is based on the pH of body fluids (though pH may be within normal range if several acid-base balance disturbances are present). In order to maintain this view and simultaneously to respect the Stewart-Fencl principle, we invented a new equation, which uses only the independent variables to define the pH of body fluids. This analysis shows that for a given value of pCO2, the pH of body fluids is determined by a difference between SID and [A(tot)-]. pH = 6.1 + log((SID - [A(tot)-])/(0.03pCO2)) or in itemized form: pH = 6.1 + log((([Na+] + [K+] + [Ca2+] + [Mg2+] - [Cl-] - [UA-]) - (k1[Alb] + k2[P(i)]))/(0.03 x pCO2)). Evaluation of the individual components of this equation enables us to detect, which of the independent variable (or a combination of independent variables) deviates from the normal range and therefore which one or ones is a cause of the acid-base balance disorder. At the end of this paper we give examples of a practical application of this equation.     

Relationship between measures of balance and strength in middle-aged adults

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between variables of static and dynamic postural control as well as between isometric and dynamic muscle strength. A single-group design was used. Thirty-two middle-aged healthy adults (mean age: 56 ± 4 years) performed measurements of static (unperturbed)/dynamic (perturbed) balance and of isometric (i.e., maximal isometric torque [MIT]; rate of torque development [RTD] of the plantar flexor)/dynamic (i.e., countermovement jump [CMJ] height and power) lower extremity muscle strength. No significant associations were observed between variables of static and dynamic postural control (r = +0.128-0.341, p > 0.05) and between measures of balance and strength (r = -0.189 to +0.316, p > 0.05). Significant positive correlations were detected between variables of isometric and dynamic strength ranging from r = +0.361 to +0.501 (p < 0.05). Further, simple regression analyses revealed that a 10% increase in the mean CMJ height (3.1 cm) was associated with 44.4 N·m and 118.4 N·m·s better MIT and RTD, respectively. The nonsignificant correlations between static and dynamic balance measures and between balance and strength variables imply that static and dynamic postural control and balance and strength are independent of each other and may have to be tested and trained complementarily.     

The design and analysis of case-control studies with biased sampling

A design is proposed for case-control studies in which selection of subjects for full variable ascertainment is based jointly on disease status and on easily obtained "screening" variables that may be related to the disease. Recruitment of subjects follows an independent Bernoulli sampling scheme, with recruitment probabilities set by the investigator in advance. In particular, the sampling can be set up to achieve, on average, frequency matching, provided prior estimates of the disease rates or odds ratios associated with screening variables such as age and sex are available. Alternatively--for example, when studying a rare exposure--one can enrich the sample with certain categories of subject. Following such a design, there are two valid approaches to logistic regression analysis, both of which allow for efficient estimation of effects associated with the screening variables that were allowed to bias the recruitment. The statistical properties of the estimators are compared, both for large samples, based on asymptotics, and for small samples, based on simulations.     

A Robust Test for Two‐Stage Design in Genome‐Wide Association Studies

Summary A two‐stage design is cost‐effective for genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) testing hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In this design, each SNP is genotyped in stage 1 using a fraction of case–control samples. Top‐ranked SNPs are selected and genotyped in stage 2 using additional samples. A joint analysis, combining statistics from both stages, is applied in the second stage. Follow‐up studies can be regarded as a two‐stage design. Once some potential SNPs are identified, independent samples are further genotyped and analyzed separately or jointly with previous data to confirm the findings. When the underlying genetic model is known, an asymptotically optimal trend test (TT) can be used at each analysis. In practice, however, genetic models for SNPs with true associations are usually unknown. In this case, the existing methods for analysis of the two‐stage design and follow‐up studies are not robust across different genetic models. We propose a simple robust procedure with genetic model selection to the two‐stage GWAS. Our results show that, if the optimal TT has about 80% power when the genetic model is known, then the existing methods for analysis of the two‐stage design have minimum powers about 20% across the four common genetic models (when the true model is unknown), while our robust procedure has minimum powers about 70% across the same genetic models. The results can be also applied to follow‐up and replication studies with a joint analysis.     

Empirical modeling of eucalyptus wood processing

Eucalyptus globulus wood samples were treated with NaOH solutions in order to obtain substrates highly susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis. The experiments performed in the extraction and hydrolysis stages followed an incomplete factorial design. Temperature, NaOH concentration and extraction time were considered as independent variables. Their influence on five dependent variables (defined to measure the extraction yield, the chemical composition of processed samples and the enzymatic conversion) was assessed using second order, empirical models. In addition to the experimental results, other aspects related to the extraction selectivity are discussed.     

How well can fine balance work for covariate balancing

Fine balance is a matching technique to improve covariate balance in observational studies. It constrains a match to have identical distributions for some covariates without restricting who is matched to whom. However, despite its wide application and excellent performance in practice, there is very little theory indicating when the method is likely to succeed or fail and to what extent it can remove covariate imbalance. In order to answer these questions, this paper studies the limits of what is possible for covariate balancing using fine balance and near-fine balance. The investigations suggest that given the distributions of the treated and control groups, in large samples, the maximum achievable balance by using fine balance only depends on the matching ratio (ie, the ratio of the sample size of the control group to that of the treated group). In addition, the results indicate how to estimate this matching ratio threshold without knowledge of the true distributions in finite samples. The findings are also illustrated by numerical studies in this paper.     

拟自然水景的水均衡分析及水量设计研究

低影响设计和开发（LID）雨水资源,有助于水资源的保护和水景减量设计,形成具有自我调节能力的水景海绵体。将水均衡法运用于水景参数化设计中,构建拟自然水景水量平衡方程式,探寻汇水区雨水汇水量最佳值,进而为水景水量设计提供参考。由水均衡法核心思想质量守恒原理,即区域总输入水量等于总输出水量,提出拟自然水景水均衡分析方法,并以习水箐山森林公园主入口景观区为例,探讨水均衡分析在水景参数化设计中的应用。     

THE EFFECTS OF EXTENDED WORKING HOURS ON HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELL-BEING—A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOUR INDEPENDENT SAMPLES

Using structural equation modeling, it can be shown that long weekly working hours and work on weekends, nights, and in shifts have detrimental effects on psychovegetative health. Employees' reported subjective work-life balance also decreases with increasing number of hours worked/week, days worked on weekends, or at nights, and with working shifts. A decrease in work-life balance in turn increases the risk of psychovegetative impairments (PVIs). Thus, long and unusual working hours increase the risk of psychovegetative health impairments both directly and indirectly, moderated by the subjective work-life balance. In fact, the indirect effects of working time on PVIs via the work-life balance seem to be stronger than the direct effects. Results of a cross-validation study of four independent and representative samples from Germany and the European Union (N?>?50,000) indicate high structural stability of these results and thus an increased validity and range for generalization. (Author correspondence: anna.wirtz@gawo-ev.de)