不同CO2浓度升高和氮肥水平对水稻叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为研究不同CO₂浓度升高和氮肥水平对水稻叶绿素荧光特性的影响,利用由开顶式气室（OTC）组成的CO₂浓度自动调控平台开展田间试验。以粳稻9108为试验材料,CO₂浓度设置CK（对照,环境大气CO₂浓度）、C₁（CO₂浓度比CK增加160 μmol/mol）和C₂（CO₂浓度比CK增加200 μmol/mol）3个水平;氮肥设置低氮（N₁：10 g/m²）、中氮（N₂：20 g/m²）和高氮（N₃：30 g/m²）3个水平。结果表明,在低氮条件下,与CK相比,C₁处理使拔节期的F_o上升4.8%（P=0.031）;C₂处理使拔节期的F_o上升6.3%（P=0.015）,F_v/F_m下降4.8%（P=0.003）,使孕穗期的F_o上升12.7%（P=0.039）,F_v/F_o下降18.2%（P=0.039）。在高氮条件下,与CK相比,C₂处理使灌浆期的F_m、F_v和F_v/F_m分别下降3.6%（P=0.039）、4.9%（P=0.013）和1.3%（P=0.039）。在中氮条件下,与CK相比,C₁和C₂处理的影响不明显。在整个生育期内,CO₂浓度升高与施氮处理交互作用对水稻叶绿素荧光特性的影响未到达显著水平。研究表明,大气CO₂浓度升高使水稻叶片光系统Ⅱ受损,抑制其电子传递能力、电子受体Q_A氧化还原情况、最大光化学效率和潜在活性,通过适量施氮可以有效地缓解其负面效应。     

紫云英还田对黄泥田土壤理化和微生物特性及水稻产量的影响

为探明紫云英连年还田化肥减施单季稻田土壤性质及水稻产量的变化规律,依托位于福建省东部12年黄泥田紫云英-单季稻轮作定位试验,研究了不施肥（C₀）、单施化肥（C₁₀₀）、紫云英还田（M）、紫云英还田+全量化肥（MC₁₀₀）及紫云英还田+减量20%化肥（MC₈₀）处理的土壤理化性状、微生物群落结构和功能及稻谷产量的变化。结果表明：C₁₀₀、M、MC₁₀₀、MC₈₀处理土壤有机碳含量比C₀分别提高6.97%、15.05%、10.38%、11.15%,全氮分别提高9.52%、18.25%、15.87%、15.87%,硝态氮分别提高6.51%、69.52%、66.87%、78.19%（P < 0.05）。冗余分析表明,土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮含量对细菌和古菌群落结构和功能有显著的影响。与C₀相比,C₁₀₀、M、MC₁₀₀和MC₈₀处理土壤慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）丰度分别增加0.52%、24.30%、7.59%、11.93%,其中M处理增加达显著水平（P<0.05）;分枝杆菌属（Mycobacterium）分别增加5.51%、21.58%、10.00%、14.74%,其中M处理增加显著（P<0.05）;亚硝化杆菌属（Candidatus_Nitrosotalea）分别增加22.93%、17.21%、65.39%、89.89%,其中MC₁₀₀和MC₈₀处理增加均达显著水平（P<0.05）。相比C₀,M、MC₁₀₀和MC₈₀处理土壤链霉菌属（Streptomyces）分别增加6.76%、16.89%、12.16%,其中MC₁₀₀处理增加显著（P < 0.05）,而C₁₀₀却减少2.50%。物种贡献度分析发现,土壤碳代谢和氨基酸合成的主要功能微生物为细菌慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）、分枝杆菌属（Mycobacterium）、链霉菌属（Streptomyces）和古菌亚硝化杆菌属（Candidatus_Nitrosotalea）。M、MC₁₀₀、MC₈₀处理稻谷产量比C₀分别增加9.68%、19.16%、18.72%。阐明紫云英培肥处理能提升单季稻黄泥田土壤肥力水平,调节土壤微生物群落结构,促进土壤碳水化合物和氨基酸代谢。     

槭叶铁线莲(Clematis acerifolia Maxim.)群落物种生态位研究

槭叶铁线莲（Clematis acerifolia）为太行山特有植物,但数量稀少且分布零散,其生存状况受到学者和政府部门的高度关注。本文通过对河北省易县葫芦峪沟谷新发现的槭叶铁线莲群落的典型样地调查,以物种重要值作为生态位计量指标,对各物种生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位相似性进行了定量分析,对槭叶铁线莲的生存安全状况进行了评估。结果表明：在调查样地中共记录到14科15属17种植物,群落物种组成较为简单,槭叶铁线莲在大部分调查样地中的重要值最大,占据优势地位,其他物种重要值相对较低;群落内所有物种中,槭叶铁线莲的生态位宽度最大（B_i=6.264）,绒毛绣线菊（Spiraea dasyantha）次之（B_i=5.144）,其他种类较小;所有物种组成的136个种对中,生态位完全重叠（Q_ik=1）、重叠程度较高（0.5≤Q_ik<1）和重叠程度较低（Q_ik<0.5）的种对比例分别为8.09%、16.91%和75.00%,生态位完全相似（C_ik=1）、相似程度较高（0.5≤C_ik<1）和相似程度较低（C_ik<0.5）的种对比例分别为8.09%、5.88%和86.03%,大部分物种之间生态位重叠程度和相似性都处于较低水平;槭叶铁线莲与其他物种构成的16个种对中,62.50%的种对生态位重叠程度较低（Q_ik<0.5）,81.25%的种对生态位相似性程度较低（C_ik<0.5）,反映出群落内各物种间对资源和空间的竞争较为温和,群落较为稳定,槭叶铁线莲在其分布生境中生存状况相对安全;本文研究表明,利用生态位分析方法可以作为珍稀濒危物种生存状态和安全风险评估的一种方法。     

What is the usual internal carbon dioxide concentration in C<Subscript>4</Subscript> species under midday field conditions?

The carbon dioxide concentrating system in C₄ photosynthesis allows high net photosynthetic rates (P _N) at low internal carbon dioxide concentrations (C _i), permitting higher P _N relative to stomatal conductance (g _s) than in C₃ plants. This relation would be reflected in the ratio of C _i to external ambient (C _a) carbon dioxide concentration, which is often given as 0.3 or 0.4 for C₄ plants. For a C _a of 360 μmol mol⁻¹ that would mean a C _i about 110–140 μmol mol⁻¹. Our field observations made near midday on three weedy C₄ species, Amaranthus retroflexus, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Setaria faberi, and the C₄ crop Sorghum bicolor indicated mean values of C _i of 183–212 μ mol mol⁻¹ at C _a = 360 μmol mol⁻¹. Measurements in two other C₄ crop species grown with three levels of N fertilizer indicated that while midday values of C _i at high photon flux were higher at limiting N, even at high nitrogen C _i averaged 212 and 196 μmol mol⁻¹ for Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Zea mays, respectively. In these two crops midday C _i decreased with increasing leaf to air water vapor pressure difference. Averaged over all measurement days, the mean C _i across all C₄ species was 198 μmol mol⁻¹, for a C _i/C _a ratio of 0.55. Prior measurements on four herbaceous C₃ species using the same instrument indicated an average C _i/C _a ratio of 0.69. Hence midday C _i values in C ₄ species under field conditions may often be considerably higher and more similar to those of C₃ species than expected from measurements made on plants in controlled environments. Reducing g _s in C₄ crops at low water vapor pressure differences could potentially improve their water use efficiency without decreasing P _N.     

垂丝海棠应对盐碱复合胁迫的生理响应

盐碱复合胁迫是影响植物生长的主要环境因子。为了探究垂丝海棠（Malus halliana Koehen）响应盐碱复合胁迫的生理特性,利用主成分分析法明确耐盐碱阈值,以2年生垂丝海棠苗为试材,将NaCl与NaHCO₃按1：1的比例混合,通过盆栽浇灌Hogland营养液的方法,模拟5种不同浓度（0、50、100、150、200 mmol/L）盐碱复合胁迫对其光合色素、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数及渗透调节物质的影响,并对其相关指标进行相关性和主成分分析。结果表明,随着胁迫强度的增大,叶绿素（Chl T）合成受阻,净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、叶片含水量（WC）下降,最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）、PSⅡ实际化学效率（φPSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）被抑制;类胡萝卜素（Car）含量、水分利用效率（WUE）、电解质外渗率、非调节性能量耗散（Y（NO））升高;胁迫40 d时,初始荧光（F₀）显著升高,而调节性能量耗散Y（NPQ）、非光化学荧光淬灭系数（qN）急剧降低;脯氨酸、可溶性糖、有机酸显著积累,并在100 mmol/L浓度下达到峰值。植株的P_n与G_s、C_i、ETR、φPSⅡ呈极显著正相关,与T_r、WC、qP、Chl T呈显著正相关,与电导率、脯氨酸、Y（NO）呈显著负相关。因此,盐碱复合胁迫下,垂丝海棠叶片主要通过降低G_s、C_i、T_r、WC,提高WUE、大量积累渗透调节物质、启动热耗散机制来保持光合系统伤害与修复的动态平衡。根据主成分分析法,浓度100 mmol/L为耐盐碱阈值,同时G_s、C_i、T_r、Chl T、ETR、φPSⅡ、Y（NO）、WC、qP、电解质渗透率、脯氨酸可作为评价垂丝海棠耐盐碱能力的有效指标。     

川西亚高山天然次生林不同演替阶段土壤-微生物生物量及其化学计量特征

开展不同恢复演替阶段天然次生林土壤-微生物生物量及其化学计量特征关系的研究,可为有效和持续管理川西亚高山次生林提供科学依据。以川西亚高山米亚罗林区20世纪60、70、80年代3种采伐迹地经自然恢复演替形成的次生林（SF60、SF70和SF80）和岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）原始林（PF）为研究对象,探讨了表层（0-20 cm）土壤有机碳（C_soil）、全氮（N_soil）、全磷（P_soil）含量及微生物生物量碳（C_mic）、氮（N_mic）、磷（P_mic）含量随自然恢复演替的变化特征,分析了它们的化学计量比与微生物熵（qMB）之间的相互关系。结果表明：（1）随着恢复演替年限的增加,C_soil和N_mic含量显著降低,N_soil和P_soil及C_mic和P_mic含量呈现先升后降的显著变化趋势,且3种次生林的表层土壤碳、氮、磷及其微生物生物量的含量均低于PF。（2）次生林恢复年限对土壤微生物熵C（qMBC）和P（qMBP）没有显著影响,但对土壤微生物熵N（qMBN）存在显著影响。（3）土壤-微生物化学计量不平衡性C_imb：N_imb随自然恢复演替进程呈先降后升的显著变化趋势,C_imb：P_imb呈不显著的降低趋势,N_imb：P_imb呈现显著降低趋势。冗余分析显示,N_imb：P_imb和C_mic：N_mic是影响qMB变化的主导因子,其中N_imb：P_imb解释了qMB变化的62.6%,说明土壤氮磷及其活性组分（N_mic和P_mic）含量变化可能会影响到qMB变化。综上可知,次生林近60 年的自然恢复演替引起了土壤碳氮磷含量的显著变化;天然次生林土壤-微生物生物量碳氮磷化学计量比主要受到氮磷的协同影响,且SF60土壤质量状况较差,为此,对SF60林分可适当增加氮素供给以促进其林木生长,进而提升土壤质量。     

转OvDREB2B基因陆地棉鉴定及其对水分渗透胁迫的分析

通过花粉管通道技术,以该实验室自育陆地棉品系TH₁和TH₂为材料,将诸葛菜(Orychophragmus vidaceus)抗逆转录因子OvDREB2B基因构建到植物表达载体后,导入棉花基因组,经卡那霉素筛选和分子鉴定表明目的基因已整合到棉花基因组中并表达。将T₁代转基因植株和受体对照在温室中栽培,待植株生长至四叶一心时,用不同渗透势的PEG-6000水溶液进行渗透胁迫处理,分析探讨转基因植株的抗旱效果及其抗旱机理。结果显示:当渗透势为0和0.5 MPa处理时,转基因植株和对照无明显差异;当渗透势为0.8 MPa和1.1 MPa处理时转基因植株较对照抗旱性明显提高。当渗透势为1.1 MPa处理96 h时,对照植株F_v/F_m降至0.2左右,而转基因植株仍正常生长,F_v/F_m值约为0.51,而且初始荧光（F₀）值、净光合速率（P_n）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、蒸腾速率（T_r）等一系列参数转基因植株都明显优于对照,表明DREB2B基因能够提高棉花对水分胁迫的耐受性。     

内蒙古草原常见植物叶片δ13C和δ15N对环境因子的响应

在中国东北样带沿线的内蒙古草原地区采集了一些常见植物的叶片样品,并测定其δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值,分析了其统计学特征以及对环境因子(年平均降雨量和温度)的响应模式。发现东北样带草原区同时存在C₃和C₄两种不同光合途径的植物,但是C₃植物占主导地位,C₄植物数量有限。C₃植物叶片δ¹³C随着年平均降雨量和年平均温度的升高而显著降低,反映了此区域C₃植物δ¹³C受控于降水量和温度。C₄植物的叶片δ¹³C值随着降雨量的增多而有轻微升高的趋势,但是C₄植物的叶片δ¹³C值对年平均温度的响应不敏感。不论对C₃植物还是C₄植物而言,叶片δ¹⁵N都随降雨量增加而显著降低,即干旱区的植物叶片δ¹⁵N大于湿润地区,这说明降水是影响植物叶片δ¹⁵N的一个重要因素。然而两者叶片δ¹⁵N对温度的响应不敏感。     

Differential inhibition of photosynthesis under drought stress in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Flaveria</Emphasis> species with different degrees of development of the C<Subscript>4</Subscript> syndrome

The effect of drought stress (DS) on photosynthesis and photosynthesis-related enzyme activities was investigated in F. pringlei (C₃), F. floridana (C₃–C₄), F. brownii (C₄-like), and F. trinervia (C₄) species. Stomatal closure was observed in all species, probably being the main cause for the decline in photosynthesis in the C₃ species under ambient conditions. In vitro ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) and stromal fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (sFBP) activities were sufficient to interpret the net photosynthetic rates (P _N), but, from the decreases in P _N values under high CO₂ (C _a = 700 μmol mol^{− 1}) it is concluded that a decrease in the in vivo rate of the RuBPCO reaction may be an additional limiting factor under DS in the C₃ species. The observed decline in the photosynthesis capacity of the C₃–C₄ species is suggested to be associated both to in vivo decreases of RuBPCO activity and of the RuBP regeneration rate. The decline of the maximum P _N observed in the C₄-like species under DS was probably attributed to a decrease in maximum RuBPCO activity and/or to decrease of enzyme substrate (RuBP or PEP) regeneration rates. In the C₄ species, the decline of both in vivo photosynthesis and photosynthetic capacity could be due to in vivo inhibition of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) by a twofold increase of the malate concentration observed in mesophyll cell extracts from DS plants.     

中华绒螯蟹眼柄MTXO细胞GABA受体通道研究

采用全细胞膜片钳技术测定了中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）眼柄视神经节端髓X器官（MTXO）三种类型神经内分泌细胞对0.01～5mmol/L γ氨基丁酸（γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA）的反应,并结合选择性拮抗剂和激动剂的使用进行了GABA受体研究.在电流钳模式下,依据不同Nernst Cl^－电位,三种类型细胞均对GABA产生去极化或超级化反应.在电压钳模式下,GABA激活Cl^－通道电流（I_GABA）.I_GABA在灌流GABA后约1 200 ms内激活,800 ms内达到峰值,没有明显的脱敏反应,反转电位接近Nernst Cl^－电位.I_GABA幅值呈浓度依赖性,激活阈值为0.01 mmol/L,约在0.5 mmol/L达到饱和.药理学实验结果表明,中华绒螯蟹眼柄神经内分泌细胞GABA受体是Cl^－通道蛋白,对Cl^－离子通道阻断剂Picrotoxin和Niflumic acid敏感,但是对GABA_A受体拮抗剂Bicuculline和GABA_C受体激动剂cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (CACA)和trans-4-aminocrotonic (TACA)均不敏感.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Similar aerosol emission rates and viral loads in upper respiratory tracts for COVID-19 patients with Delta and Omicron variant infection

Highlights
1 Aerosol emission rates of Delta or Omicron patients were similar.
2 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of Alpha, Delta and Omicron patients were similar.
3 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of vaccinated or unvaccinated Delta patients had no difference.     

Recombinant human interferon-α1b inhibits SARS-CoV-2 better than interferon-α2b in vitro

Highlights
1) A comprehensive evaluation method for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs was established based on RT-qPCR, TCID₅₀ method, and immunofluorescence.
2) A significant antiviral effect of rHuIFN-α1b was shown with EC₅₀=0.12 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=0.52 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells, which was better than rHuIFN-α2b (EC₅₀=0.25 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=2.48 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells).
3) rHuIFN-α1b has a good potential in the application of anti-COVID-19 therapy.     

Continued antigenic variation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in laying hens in China, 2020–2021

Highlights
1. 13 strains of H7N9 viruses from laying hens in 2020 and 2021 were identified.
2. H7N9 viruses in China comprised at least 11 genotypes.
3. H7N9 viruses are high pathogenic in chickens, not in ducks.
4. The most H7N9 viruses cross-reacted poorly with H7-Re3 antiserum.
5. The H7-Re3 vaccine was unable to prevent H7N9 infection.