东亚砂藓(Rhacomitrum canescens)RNA提取方法的比较和改进

方法:以东亚砂藓为材料,用CTAB法、热硼酸盐法和改良的SDS/酸酚法提取东亚砂藓总RNA,并采用3种方法进行沉淀,从提取RNA的纯度、完整性、产量、耗时和RT-PCR效果等分析确定适用于东亚砂藓总RNA提取的方法。结果:研究表明:CTAB法提取的RNA 28S rRNA明显缺失,泳道模糊不清,杂质多,热硼酸法和改良的SDS/酸酚法提取RNA 28S rRNA,18S rRNA条带清晰,OD260/OD280都在1.7以上,纯度高,但热硼酸法提取出的RNA有DNA污染,RNA的含量(15.68~35.2μg.g-1)低于SDS/酸酚法提取RNA的含量(46.5~51.9μg.g-1)3种沉淀方法比较认为无水乙醇配合LiCl沉淀RNA节省时间,反转录和RT-PCR效果好。结论:改良的SDS/酸酚法适合东亚砂藓RNA的提取。     

Phenotypic inheritance induced by hairpin RNA in Drosophila

Phenotypic inheritance induced by RNA has been documented in mouse and Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we report a similar inheritance in Drosophila. Mutant phenotypes of eye defects and antenna duplication generated from the crossing of one RNA interference （RNAi） transgenic line harboring one hairpin RNA transgene with a GAL4 driver line were inherited independently of the GAL4 driver. Hairpin RNA injection experiments demonstrated that the hairpin RNA could induce heritable mutant-like phenotypes on the eye and antenna. The penetrance of mutant phenotypes was reduced when the mutants were crossed to agol and piwi mutants. Our data suggest that hairpin RNA can induce phenotypic inheritance in Drosophila.     

一种适用范围广的总RNA提取方法

介绍一种RNA提取方法,该方法以SDS、氯仿和Tris苯酚为主要提取试剂,以LiCl和乙醇为RNA沉淀试剂。分别以柽柳(木本植物)、星星草(草本植物)、天牛（昆虫）、酿酒酵母和白腐菌（真菌）为RNA提取材料,用该方法成功地提取出了它们的总RNA。获得的RNA条带清晰,A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀ 在1.8以上。通过对LiCl和乙醇沉淀RNA的效果分析表明,该方法可在10 min内完全沉淀RNA,同时也可以同时获得纯度较高的DNA。提取的RNA质量可满足cDNA文库构建,基因芯片探针标定和RT-PCR等对RNA质量要求较高的分子生物学操作,说明这是一种应用范围广的RNA提取方法。     

Leafy head2, which encodes a putative RNA-binding protein, regulates shoot development of rice

During vegetative development, higher plants continuously form new leaves in regular spatial and temporal patterns. Mutants with abnormal leaf developmental patterns not only provide a great insight into understanding the regulatory mechanism of plant architecture, but also enrich the ways to its modification by which crop yield could be improved. Here, we reported the characterization of the rice leafy-head2 （lhd2） mutant that exhibits shortened plastochron, dwarfism, reduced tiller number, and failure of phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. Anatomical and histological study revealed that the rapid emergence of leaves in lhd2 was resulted from the rapid initiation of leaf primordia whereas the reduced tiller number was a consequence of the suppression of the tiller bud outgrowth. The molecular and genetic analysis showed that LHD2 encodes a putative RNA binding protein with 67% similarity to maize TEl. Comparison of genome-scale expression profiles between wild-type and lhd2 plants suggested that LHD2 may regulate rice shoot development through KNOXand hormone-related genes. The similar phenotypes caused by LHD2 mutation and the conserved expression pattern of LHD2 indicated a conserved mechanism in controlling the temporal leaf initiation in grass.     

Exosome and Exosomal MicroRNA:Trafficking,Sorting, and Function

Exosomes are 40–100 nm nano-sized vesicles that are released from many cell types into the extracellular space. Such vesicles are widely distributed in various body fluids. Recently,m RNAs and micro RNAs(mi RNAs) have been identified in exosomes, which can be taken up by neighboring or distant cells and subsequently modulate recipient cells. This suggests an active sorting mechanism of exosomal mi RNAs, since the mi RNA profiles of exosomes may differ from those of the parent cells. Exosomal mi RNAs play an important role in disease progression, and can stimulate angiogenesis and facilitate metastasis in cancers. In this review, we will introduce the origin and the trafficking of exosomes between cells, display current research on the sorting mechanism of exosomal mi RNAs, and briefly describe how exosomes and their mi RNAs function in recipient cells.Finally, we will discuss the potential applications of these mi RNA-containing vesicles in clinical settings.     

一种适用于RT-PCR的石榴籽粒总RNA提取方法

为从石榴籽粒中提取高质量的RNA,以便进行后续分子生物学研究,针对石榴籽粒富含次生代谢物的特点,采用CTAB法并进行了改良,利用氯仿/异戊醇替代其他方法中的"异硫氰酸胍"和"Trizol试剂"进行反复抽提去除蛋白,无水乙醇去除多糖,LiCl消化DNA。结果显示:改良CTAB法提取的石榴籽粒总RNA的28S rRNA、18SrRNA条带清晰,完整性较好;OD260 nm/OD280 nm比值为1.9960,纯度较高。在此基础上通过反转录、PCR扩增出符合预期大小的Actin基因片段,表明该方法提取的RNA可满足后续RT-PCR等分子生物学试验研究。     

水母雪莲两种再生系统的建立

Two kinds of regeneration system on Saussurea medusa Maxim. have been established. The shoots can be induced from cotyledons, leaf segments and somatic embryos at 25℃. The regeneration system by organic have advantages such as shorter period, higher efficiency, better synchronism and bigger average number of shoot than the others.The content of total flavonoids in shoots is 4%, which is 3-4 times of it in wild type.     

红果人参叶片RNA的提取

提取高质量的RNA是进行人参植物分子生物学研究的必要前提.利用CTAB法、Trizol法、Bizol法和SDS法,从红果人参叶片中提取了总RNA,通过紫外分光光度法和凝胶电泳检测,结果显示:四种方法得到的纯度都比较高,OD260/OD280值都在1.7～2.0之间;SDS法提取的RNA,凝胶电泳显示28S条带是18S条带亮度两倍,而且无污染,好于其他三种方法.通过KT-PCK,ds cDNA片段条带弥散分布大小在0.2～3.0kb,从而进一步验证了SDS法提取的RNA质量,完全可以进行下一步的分子生物学研究     

Identification of fodrin as a major calmodulin-binding protein in postsynaptic density preparations

A major protein of postsynaptic densities (PSDs), a doublet of 230,000 and 235,000 Mr that becomes enriched in PSDs after treatment of synaptic membranes with 0.5% Triton X-100, has been found to be identical to fodrin (Levine, J., and M. Willard, 1981, J. Cell Biol. 90:631) by the following criteria. The upper bands of the PSD doublet and purified fodrin (alpha-fodrin) were found to be identical since both bands (a) co-migrated on SDS gels, (b) reacted with antifodrin, (c) bound calmodulin, and (d) had identical peptide maps after Staphylococcus aureus protease digestion. The lower bands of the PSD doublet and of purified fodrin (beta-fodrin) were found to be identical since both bands co-migrated on SDS gels and both had identical peptide maps after S. aureus protease digestion. The binding of calmodulin to alpha-fodrin was confirmed by cross-linking azido-125I-calmodulin to fodrin before running the protein on SDS gels. No binding of calmodulin to beta-fodrin was observed with either the gel overlay or azido- calmodulin techniques. A second calmodulin binding protein in the PSD has been found to be the proteolytic product of alpha-fodrin. This band (140,000 Mr), which can be created by treating fodrin with chymotrypsin, both binds calmodulin and reacts with antifodrin.     

植原体DNA提取方法的改良

在总结多种植原体DNA提取方法的基础上 ,发展了一种提取植原体DNA新方法。用此方法提取的DNA经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测到大于 15kb的DNA主带 ,基本无DNA碎带 ,不用RNase处理 ,也无RNA干扰 ,OD2 60 / 2 80 值显示产物纯度较高 ,无需任何处理 ,即可以作为模板扩增     

An optimized method for extraction and detection of Coconut cadang-cadang viroid(CCCVd) from oil palm

Coconut cadong-cadong viroid (CCCVd) causes the Lethal cadang-cadang disease of coconut palms in the Philippines and it is recently reported to be associated with the orange spotting disease on oil palm in Malaysia. The low concentration of the viroid RNA in oil palm as well as the high content of polyphenols and polysaccharides in this plant which interfere with the purification steps makes it difficult to extract and detect this viroid from oil palm. A previously described method was modified and optimized for extraction and detection of CCCVd from infected oil palms. Briefly, 7 g of leaf material was homogenized in a mortar or a blender using liquid nitrogen. 10 ml of extraction buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM EDTA) along with 100 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and 10 ml water saturated phenol was added to the frozen powder. After centrifuging at 4 degrees C, 4000 g for 30 min, the aqueous phase was extracted once more with phenol then once with chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (24:1). After adding sodium acetate, pH 5.6 to 200 mM, the mixture was precipitated with 2.5 vol ethanol overnight in -20 freezer and then the pellet was washed with 70% ethanol and air-dried. One milliliter of 8 M LiCl was added to the dried pellet and after shaking overnight at 4 degrees C and another centrifugation step the supernatant was collected and precipitated again with ethanol and then the resulting pellet was washed and air-dried. To carry out northern blotting, samples equivalent to 40 g of plant tissue were mixed with formamide buffer and loaded onto a 12% polyacrylamide gel containing 7 M urea and after separation by electrophoresis, were electroblotted onto membrane and fixed by UV cross-linking. Pre-hybridization and hybridization using hybridization buffer (50% formamide, 25%SSPE, 0.1% Ficol and PVP, 0.1 % SDS, 0.02 % DNA (5mg/ml)) was carried out at 45 degrees C for 90 min and 16 h, respectively followed by two low stringency washes (0.5 X SSC, 0.1% SDS, at room temperature for 5 min) and one high stringency wash (0.1X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 60 degrees C for 1 hour). In vitro synthesized DIG-labeled full-length CCCVd(-) RNA probe was used in hybridization step. DIG Nucleic Acid Detection Kit (Roche) instructions were followed for detection procedure and as a result the blue bands corresponding to the position of the viroid were appeared on the membrane. The result of this study showed the ability of DIG labeled probe in detection of the viroid and also provided a suitable extraction and hybridization method for the detection of CCCVd from oil palm.     

Immunofluorescent localization of the proteins of nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes

Antibodies were raised in chickens against heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)-binding proteins from 30S ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes of mouse Taper hepatoma ascites cell nuclei. The antibody preparations were characterized for immunological specificity and purity by double- diffusion gels, binding to specific bands in SDS polyacrylamide gels, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Antibodies raised against either whole 30S RNP complexes or purified RNP core proteins had a strong selective affinity for the four 34,000- to 40,000-dalton polypeptides which comprise the major structural proteins of hnRNP. The intracellular distribution of 30S RNP antigens in mouse ascites cells was determined by indirect immunofluorescence microsacopy. In interphase cells immunofluorescent sites were restricted to the nucleus, and nucleoli were free of fluorescence. The chicken anti-mouse- RNP antibodies were also able to react with cells from many different vertebrate species, showing a similar nucleus-restricted localization of the reacting sites. The antibodies also bound chick 30S RNP-proteins and reacted with the nuclei of chick cells. An exception to this was the failure of the antibody to bind to adult chick erythrocytes, suggesting that these major hnRNA binding proteins may be found only in nuclei capable of RNA synthesis.     

芍药花瓣总RNA的提取

用TRIzol法和改良的热硼酸盐法从芍药幼嫩花瓣中提取总RNA,总RNA的D260nm／D280nm值分别为1．803、1．974。琼脂糖电泳表明,用TRIzol法提取的RNA只有28S、18S2条带,带的亮度差,说明RNA有些降解;而用改良的热硼酸盐法提取的总RNA有28S、18S、5S3条带,带的亮度强,且28S是18S宽度的2倍左右,说明提取的RNA完整、未降解,可用于后续实验。改良的热硼酸盐法更适于从芍药花瓣中提取总RNA。     

Pig liver monoamine oxidase: Studies on the subunit structure

The molecular weight of pig liver MAO has previously been shown to be about 115,000 with 1 mole of covalently bound FAD per mole of enzyme. Gel filtration of purified enzyme on Sepharose 4B in 6 m guanidine and 0.1 m mercaptoethanol (MCE) and analytical ultracentrifugation in 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 0.1% MCE yielded molecular weights of 55,000 and 63,000, respectively. By polyacrylamide electrophoresis in 0.1% SDS + MCE one band of 60,000 MW appeared. These results seem to imply that the enzyme is composed of two subunits of which one carries the active site. If MCE was omitted during the gel electrophoresis two equally large bands of about 60,000 MW were formed. By using enzyme inhibited by [¹⁴C]pargyline, a MAO-inhibitor blocking the active site of the enzyme in a 1:1 molar ratio, it was found, however, that both bands contained pargyline. Furthermore, amino acid analyses yielded the same amino acid composition of the two bands. The results are interpreted that the enzyme is composed of two subunits of identical molecular size (about 60,000) of which only one contains the active site and that the enzyme preparation contained two forms of the enzyme presumably differing in the number of disulfide bonds.     

两种适用于葡萄不同组织RNA提取方法的比较

以不同葡萄组织为材料对目前常用的2种总RNA提取方法一改良SDS法和CTAB-LiCl法进行研究。2种RNA提取方法中均不使用酚。采用这两种方法从葡萄不同组织中均成功地提取到RNA,琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示28s和18SrRNA条带完整清晰。检测A260/A280 值分布在1．7-2．0之间,A260/A230值分布于1．9-2．3之间,说明RNA质量较高。管家基Actin和ACS5基因的检测表明2种方法所得RNA能够满足RT-PCR和基因克隆等研究需要。改良SDS法的RNA得率是CTAB-LiCl法的RNA得率的2～3倍,而CTAB-LiCl法获得的RNA纯度高。可以根据原料的数量和对RNA质量的要求来选取最佳提取方法。     

High performance liquid chromatography of integral glycoproteins of peripheral nerve myelin

Peripheral nerve myelin contains a large quantity of integral glycoproteins, such as PO and PASII protein. The present paper reports a fast and sensitive method for separation of these glycoproteins. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with TSK-GEL 3000 SW column in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or lithium dodecyl sulfate (LDS) was used. Whereas the separation of PO and PASII was inadequate with low concentrations of the detergent, better separation profiles were obtained with high concentrations (1–2%) of the detergent in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. The two glycoproteins were able to be purified by rechromatography. High concentration of the detergent presumably diminished hydrophobic interaction between these glycoproteins. LSD-phosphate, SDS-lithium citrate or SDS-Tris buffer as an eluent was also compared with SDS-phosphate system. This method will be applicable to the detection and purification of proteins from myelin or other organelles.     

Solubilization of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from the membrane fraction of pea leaves

The solubilization of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) from the membrane fraction was studied in whole leaf extracts and chloroplasts from pea. The amount of membrane-bound Rubisco was dependent on the pH of the chloroplastic lysate buffer. Maximum binding was found at pH 8.0, with about 8% of total leaf Rubisco being bound. The binding of Rubisco to the membranes was strong, and it was not released by repeated washing with hypotonic buffer or by changing ionic strength. Detergents such as Triton X-100, Tween 20, deoxycholate and dodecylsulfate were effective in solubilizing the membrane-bound Rubisco. Triton X-100 was most effective in the range of 0.04% to 0.2% and it solubilized Rubisco from the membrane without any decrease in enzyme activity.Abbreviations BSA bovine serum albumin - CABP carboxyarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate - DTT dithiothreitol - LDS lithium dodecylsulfate - LHC light-harvesting chlorophyll protein complex - RuBP ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate - Rubisco RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase - SDS sodium dodecylsulfate - SDS-PAGE SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis