南京中山植物园秋冬季鸟类对植物种子的传播作用

1999年10月20日－2000年1月20日,在南京中山植物园内随机收集鸟粪样品160份,共分离出874粒结构完整的种子和果核、3块鞘翅目昆虫残体和1块鸟类羽毛残块。已鉴定出842粒种子和果核,分属于16科20属26种（变种）。在鸟粪样品中出现频率较高的种子依次分别属于冬青（Ilex purpurea)(22.22%)、圆柏（Sabina chinensis)(11.11%)、盐肤木（Rhus chinensis)(10.63%)、朴树（Celtis sinensis)(9．18％）、爬山虎（Parthenocissus tricuspidata)(7.73%)、龙柏（S.chinensis cv.kaizuca)(7.25%)等;种子数量相对较多的植物种类主要有冬青（23．52％）、盐肤木（16．15％）、圆柏（13．54％）、爬山虎（7．96％）、龙柏（7．96％）、小果蔷薇（Rosa cymosa)(5.34%)等。除经鸟粪传播外,鸟类还通过衔取果实以及在吞食果实后将种子呕出的方式传播种子。初步发芽试验表明,鸟粪样品中的爬山虎、盐肤木的种子,以及被鸟呕出的樟树（Cinnamomum camphora)、楝树（Melia azedarach)的种子均可发芽出苗。鸟类传播种子使南京中山植物园内樟树、冬青、海桐（Pittosporum tobira)和红豆杉（Taxus chinensis)等栽培树种成功地侵入到位于植物园北缘的虎山山坡黑松（Pinus thunbergii)、枫香（Liquidambar formosana)群落、以及植物园内山溪边的枫杨（Pterocarya stenoptera)、朴树群落等生境中。鸟类对种子的传播作用扩大了南京中山植物园内那些具有肉质果实、种子具有坚硬种皮或种子包被于坚硬果核中的植物种类的分布范围,促进了它们的自然更新。     

南京中山植物园鸟类对香樟 果实（种子）的取食

香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)是亚热带地区广泛分布的常绿阔叶树种,其果实数量多、果期长,可为鸟类提供大量食物资源。2018年11月至2019年2月,借助Safari 10×26变焦双筒望远镜,采用焦点扫描法对南京中山植物园内访问香樟果实(种子)的鸟类行为进行观察,详细记录鸟类的种类、取食基质、取食次数、取食时间、取食数量和取食方式等信息。研究期间有效记录达48d,累计记录到27种鸟类1021次取食香樟果实(种子)行为,存在2种取食基质(地面和树上)和3种取食方式(整吞果实、啄食果肉和取食种子)。T检验显示,不同鸟类对香樟果实(种子)的取食次数存在显著差异(t=3.096,df=26,P 0.01);不同月份间鸟类对香樟香樟果实(种子)的平均访问只数、平均取食次数、平均取食时间和取食数量均存在极显著差异(P0.001)。白头鹎(Pycnonotussinensis)、乌鸫(Turdusmendarinus)和灰喜鹊(Cyanopicacyanus)是访问次数及取食量最多的3种鸟类。单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)表明,上述这3种鸟类的取食数量存在极显著差异(F3, 598=25.219,P 0.001)。按照时间统计,11月份访问的鸟类种类和数量最多,1月份鸟类的取食次数、时间和数量最多。鸟类的形态特征(体重、体长和嘴峰长)与取食数量呈显著正相关,其中,体重和体长对取食数量的影响比嘴峰长的影响更显著,但嘴峰长影响鸟类对果实的取食方式。在鸟类常活动和停歇的树木下方地面往往散落着较多表面洁净、无果肉包裹的香樟种子,且园内人工林和自然更新林地可见许多香樟幼苗,表明鸟类对香樟具有潜在传播作用。     

南京中山植物园食果鸟类对宜昌润楠果实的取食和传播

鸟类是植物种子的重要传播媒介, 它们的形态和取食行为特征是影响种子传播的主要因素。宜昌润楠(Machilus ichangensis)属樟科(Lauraceae)润楠属的常绿阔叶乔木, 依赖鸟类取食传播种子。2019年6—8月于南京中山植物园, 开展了鸟类对宜昌润楠果实的取食和传播作用研究。结果表明: 共有14种鸟类取食宜昌润楠果实, 乌鸫(Turdus mandarinus)和红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythroryncha)是主要取食鸟类, 两者取食频次分别占43.8%和17.9%; 总取食量较高的鸟类依次为乌鸫、红嘴蓝鹊、黑脸噪鹛(Garrulax perspicillatus)、灰树鹊(Dendrocitta formosae)和灰喜鹊(Cyanopica cyanus), 这5种鸟类的取食量存在明显差异, 乌鸫的平均取食量(6.1±0.3颗/次)显著大于其他鸟类; 不同鸟类取食后的飞行距离存在显著差异, 体型较大的鸦科、鸫科鸟类具有相对较大的飞行距离; 鸟类取食后停栖生境类型主要包括乔木林、灌木丛和草地, 以乔木林中停栖的鸟类种数最多, 占总利用频次的54.6%。研究表明食果鸟类对宜昌润楠种子具有潜在传播作用。     

城市绿地中鸟类对海南蒲桃的取食和传播作用

海南蒲桃(Syzygium cumini)是亚热带地区城市绿地中常见的绿化植物, 其果实数量多、果期长, 可为鸟类提供大量食物资源。2020年6月—8月借助 Safari 10×26 变焦双筒望远镜, 采用焦点扫描法对访问海南蒲桃果实(种子)的鸟类行为进行观察, 详细记录鸟类的种类、取食基质、访问频次、取食时间、取食数量和取食方式等信息, 探讨鸟类在海南蒲桃种子传播及种群更新中的生态作用。结果表明: 成熟的海南蒲桃能吸引7种食果鸟类对其种子进行取食,其中白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、红耳鹎(Pycnonotus jocosus)、白喉红臀鹎(Pycnonotus aurigaster)和黄臀鹎(Pycnonotus xanthorrhous)4种鸟类以整吞的方式取食海南蒲桃的种子, 属于种子潜在传播者。不同种鸟类对海南蒲桃果实的取食频次间存在显著差异(t=4.310, df=6, P < 0.01), 平均访问只数、平均取食时间和平均取食量间存在极显著差异(P < 0.001)。食果鸟类的形态特征(体长、体重和嘴峰大小)与取食数量间均呈正相关。鸟类主要以呕吐的方式传播海南蒲桃的种子, 观察期间在鸟类取食后停歇的树木下方地面上常散落着较多表面洁净、无果肉包裹的裸露种子, 且有大量的海南蒲桃幼苗成功更新, 说明城市绿地中的植物是可以借助鸟类的取食和传播来实现其种群的更新。     

福建梅花山自然保护区鸟类种子传播网络

鸟类与植物的种子传播网络是影响生物多样性维系和生态系统功能的关键因素,同时也是当代生态学研究的热点。于2021年10—12月采用样线法在福建梅花山国家级自然保护区南部地区调查取食鸟类多样性,并分析其与植物特征之间的关系,收集鸟类对果实(种子)的取食数据并以此构建鸟类种子传播网络,探讨鸟类特征对网络结构的影响。结果表明：取食鸟类多样性与植物特征之间存在一定相关性,取食鸟类种类、数量、均匀度指数与植物高度、结实量和郁闭度呈显著相关(P<0.05);种子传播网络由21种取食鸟类和15种植物构成,具有嵌套性和模块性,但连接度和专业化程度较低;鸟类特征与物种水平网络参数存在一定相关性,取食鸟类数量与取食鸟类物种度、物种强度和连接多样性均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),取食鸟类体重、体长、嘴峰长与取食鸟类物种度和连接多样性呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。研究显示,鸟类特征对种子传播网络结构的构建和维持具有影响,研究结果为分析森林动植物关系的动态变化和稳定性提供现实参考。     

四川大学望江校区5种常见留鸟的食性及其季节差异

为揭示四川大学望江校区常见鸟类食性的季节性动态,2014年8月—2015年8月观察记录了常见鸟类的组成、食物种类及取食频率,统计分析了其食物的种类组成。采用Levins指数和相似性百分率指数计算了5种常见留鸟的食性宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明:1)出现频率最高的5种鸟类均为留鸟,分别是白颊噪鹛Garrulax sannio、白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis、麻雀Passer montanus、乌鸫Turdus merula和珠颈斑鸠Streptopelia chinensis;2)5种鸟类对植物性食物种子的取食频率最大,为55.33%;3)白颊噪鹛的食性受季节影响最小,白颊噪鹛与乌鸫在夏季的食性最专一,白头鹎、麻雀与珠颈斑鸠在春季的食性最专一;4)5种鸟类的生态位重叠较高,生态位重叠值最高的为乌鸫和麻雀(79.9%)。     

食果鸟类对红楠种子的传播作用

肉质果植物通常依赖食果鸟类等取食果实后经消化道过程传播种子, 以完成种群的更新。红楠(Machilus thunbergii)是亚热带森林的代表性种类, 其果实具有依赖鸟类等动物取食后传播的特点。2012 年、2013 年在梅花山国家级自然保护区,研究了鸟类对红楠果实的取食及种子的传播作用。结果如下: 取食红楠种实的鸟类共计18 种, 其中整吞果实的鸟类12 种,啄取果肉的鸟类5 种, 啄食种子的鸟类1 种。整吞果实鸟类中4 种鹎科和2 种鸦科鸟类访问频次和取食量较大, 是主要的种子传播者。鸟类主要以呕吐方式传播种子。取食后初停栖点与母树距离及地面种子散布地点的分析结果表明, 鸟类可以远距离扩散种子。地面种实可被啮齿动物或蚁类再次捕食或搬运。研究表明, 红楠可以借助鸟类实现种子传播和种群更新。     

食果鸟类在红豆杉天然种群形成中的作用

2005年10月初至2006年2月,在南京中山植物园研究了红豆杉(Taxus chinensis)天然更新种群的分布格局,野外定点观察了鸟类对红豆杉种子的取食行为,记录了红豆杉落果的命运,分析了食果鸟类在红豆杉种群形成中的作用。结果表明:红豆杉天然更新种群集中分布于距母树群10m以外面积约0.5hm2的山坡上,全部红豆杉幼苗、幼树共213株,主要分布在中下坡;幼苗和幼树的空间水平格局符合聚集分布特征。"果实"成熟后,一部分被鸟类直接在树上取食,一部分掉落母树下地面。经过对结实母树的定点、连续观察,记录到4种鸟类取食红豆杉"果实",其中红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythrorhyncha)和白头鹎(Pyc-nonotus sinensis)为主要的取食者和传播者。食果鸟类整吞"果实",消化果肉(假种皮)后,种子经消化道随粪便排出,以此过程传播种子。在取食完红豆杉"果实"后,食果鸟类多飞向坡上。坡上排水良好,有适量的荫蔽,生境适宜红豆杉种子萌发和幼苗的成长。因此,食果鸟类将种子传播至适宜萌发和生长的环境中,对该红豆杉种群的天然更新起主要作用。同时,鸟类传播对于红豆杉种群扩散、占据新的生境也有着特殊的意义。     

北京城市鸟类对食源植物利用规律

园林植物为城市生活的鸟类提供重要食物资源,园林中的植物配置会影响城市中鸟类的种类、数量和群落结构。研究城市鸟类与食源植物的关系,可明确鸟类对食源植物的取食关系,为提高城市鸟类多样性提供技术支撑。2017至2019年,在北京市范围内,以直接观察法和野外照片识别法记录鸟类取食的食源植物种类和数量。共选取6个研究地点,每个研究地设一条样线,圆明园样线长度为2.52km、颐和园为3.12 km、北京植物园为3.02 km、奥林匹克森林公园为2.76 km、北京林业大学为1.38 km和北京语言大学为1.6km。共记录取食植物鸟类49种,食源植物56种。吸引鸟类物种最多的植物为金银木(Lonicera maackii),之后依次为圆柏(Sabina chinensis)、柿树(Diospyros kaki)、油松(Pinus tabuliformis)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)等。取食植物种类最多的鸟类为灰喜鹊(Cyanopica cyana),之后依次为白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、麻雀(Passer montanus)、燕雀(Fringilla montifringilla)、喜鹊(Pica pica)等。吸引鸟类多样性最高的园林植物为金银木、柿树、油松、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)、毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)等。取食植物多样性最高的鸟类为灰喜鹊、白头鹎、麻雀、燕雀、喜鹊等。鸟类取食食源植物集中在10月至翌年5月,高峰期在11和12月,其中,取食浆果的高峰期在11和12月,取食坚果的高峰期在11月至翌年1月,取食叶芽的高峰期在3和4月以及11和12月,取食花的高峰期在3和4月。北京市鸟类取食食源植物季节性明显,为提高北京城市鸟类的数量,园林建设中可加大圆柏、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)等冬季可以长时间为鸟类提供食物的园林植物比例,为鸟类在食物资源最为短缺的冬末春初季节提供充足食物资源。     

帽儿山地区秋季食果实鸟类的食性与迁徙

野外研究于2002和2003年秋季在帽儿山地区进行。帽儿山地区秋季可供鸟类取食的肉质果植物种类繁多,黄檗(Phellodendronamurense)和山荆子(Malusbaccata)是最主要的两种植物。帽儿山地区迁徙性食果实鸟类共9种,包括夏候鸟和旅鸟5种,冬候鸟4种。主要的食果实鸟类是斑鸫(Turdusnaumanni)、灰背鸫(T.hortulorum)和北朱雀(Carpodacusroseus),前两种为食果肉鸟类,后一种是食种子鸟类。斑鸫主要取食黄檗果实,灰背鸫主要取食山荆子果实,北朱雀主要取食黄檗种子。食果实鸟类在秋季也捕食一些动物性食物。3种主要食果实鸟类的迁徙日期不同。灰背鸫最先迁离,斑鸫稍晚,北朱雀最后到此越冬。果实丰歉年对鸟类的迁徙有一定的影响。     

鸟类传播种子对几种树篱中侵入植物多样性的影响

2001年4月至2003年11月,在南京中山植物园内调查了冬青卫矛(Euonymus japonicus)、日本珊瑚树(Viburnum awabuki)和溲疏(Deutzia scabra)3种树篱,以及位于不同生境的2个黄杨(Buxus microphyllavar.sinica)树篱中侵入生长的杂草及杂树种类,并选择3 km外南京农业大学实验楼周围的冬青卫茅树篱作为参照。在6个树篱类型中调查到侵入生长的种子植物共计1230株,分隶于42科57属70种植物。其中适应于鸟类传播的植物有55种1047株植物;适应于风力传播的植物有10种161株植物;传播媒介不明的植物有5种22株植物。各树篱类型中,适应于鸟类传播种子的侵入植物种类数目显著多于风力传播的植物种类(t=5.086,df=10,p<0.0001)和种子传播媒介不明的植物种类(t=8.446,df=10,p<0.0001),但各树篱中适应于风力传播的侵入植物与种子传播媒介不明的植物在种类数目上无显著差异(t=1.977,df=10,p=0.076)。南京中山植物园的5个树篱类型中,适应于鸟类传播的侵入植物物种多样性的Shannon-Wiener指数都较高,为2.151至2.917,平均2.671±0.306,并且种类数目也较多,为15~36种,平均25.6±8.1种。而南京农业大学内冬青卫茅树篱的物种多样性指数最低,为1.679,并且种类数目也最少,为12种。Bray-Curtis相似性指数的聚类分析结果显示,不同树篱类型中适应于鸟类传播种子的侵入植物组成的相似性主要受到树篱周围的种子源及其距离、食果鸟类、人为干扰活动等生境因子的影响,而非简单取决于树篱种类本身。鸟类传播种子增加了单一树种构成的树篱中的种子植物多样性,同时也对树篱的景观产生了一定的不利影响,不过人工对树篱的日常修剪等管护措施严格限制了这些侵入植物实生苗及小树的正常生长。研究结果反映出种子源、鸟类传播种子和灌丛在促进植物群落的发展和演替过程中具有重要的生态意义。     

金秀大瑶山瑶民“鸟盆”狩猎区鸟类食物源植物及生态保育

2003年7月～2008年12月,对金秀大瑶山茶山瑶民"鸟盆"狩猎活动区域的鸟类食物源植物进行了调查,录得"鸟盆"狩猎区秋冬季鸟类取食果实、种子的植物有28科71种,当地称为"鸟果"树。此外,瑶民"鸟盆"狩猎活动所需的"鸟漆"(粘捕鸟类的粘胶)是用9种冬青科植物的树皮制作,其果实、种子亦是"鸟盆"狩猎活动区鸟类的主要食物。     

Effects of bird seed dispersal on diversity of the invaded plants in several hedge types

The plants that invaded as weeds including woody weeds were surveyed in three hedge types, Euonymus japonicus(HEa), Viburnum awabuki (HV), and Deutzia scabra (HD), respectively, and two hedge types, Buxus microphylla var. sinica (HBa, HBb) cultivated in different habitats in Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen (NBG), Nanjing of East China, from April 2001 to November 2002. Another hedge type, Euonymus japonicus (HEb) was also investigated as a contrast, cultivated in Nanjing Agricultural University (NAU), about 3 km away from NBG, between April and November 2003. In total, 1230 plant indi-viduals were found to have invaded these six hedge types, and were identified as belonging to 70 species in 57 genera and 42 fami-lies. Among these plants, 1047 individuals of 55 species were adapted for bird seed dispersal, and 161 individuals of 10 species were adapted for wind seed dispersal, but the seed dispersal mode of the other 22 individuals of five species was uncertain. Among the six hedge types, we found a significantly higher occurrence of bird-dispersed plant species than that of wind-dispersed species ( t = 5.086, df = 10, P < 0.0001) or that of species with the unknown dispersal mode ( t = 8.446, df = 10, P < 0.0001). However, the difference of occurrence between wind-dispersed species and species with the unknown dispersal mode was not significant ( t = 1.977, df = 10, P = 0.076). The number of bird-dispersed plant species recorded in the five hedge types of NBG varied from 15 to 36, M ± SD = 25.6 ± 8.1, and the Shannon-Wiener indices were between 2.151 and 2.917, M ± SD = 2.671 ± 0.306. In contrast with NBG, only 12 species of bird-dispersed plants occurred in the hedge of NAU, with a lower Shannon-Wiener index of 1.679. As a result of cluster analysis, based on Bray-Curtis similarity indices of the invaded plant species adapted for bird seed dispersal, the similarity of species composition of bird-dispersed plants between hedges was influenced to a large extent by the surrounding habitat characteristics, e.g., locality, seed source diversity, distances from seed sources, seed dispersing birds, and frequency of human disturbance, rather than simply being dependent on the hedge tree species themselves. This research suggests that hedges could attract birds to utilize their interior shelter as habitats, and therefore, would have enhanced the deposition of bird-dispersed seeds, as well as have favored seed-ling survival under hedges. Consequently, avian seed dispersal has enriched the species composition of each of the six hedge types consisting of just a single tree species. Although survival and colonization of the migrated plants will inevitably cause some influ-ences on the aesthetic view of hedges, these invaded weeds or woody weeds could be managed and suppressed through regular arti-ficial pruning and by eradication. The results indicate the ecological significance of seed sources, bird seed dispersal, and shrub patches in promoting the successional development of woody vegetation.     

食干果鸟对种子传播的作用

食干果鸟对种子传播的作用鲁长虎袁力（东北林业大学,哈尔滨１５００４０）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＤｒｙ＿ｆｒｕｉｔＥａｔｉｎｇＢｉｒｄｓｔｏＳｅｅｄＤｉｓｐｅｒｓａｌ．Ｌｕｃｈａｎｇｈｕ,ＹｕａｎＬｉ（ＮｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,...     

Removal of vertebrate-dispersed fruits in vegetation on fertile and infertile soils

Summary The hypothesis that more plant species with vertebrate-dispersed fruits occur on fertile soils because there is a greater probability of fruit removal from the parent plant was tested at 16 sites around Sydney, Australia. Removal rates from artificial fruit spikes were two and a half times greater on fertile than infertile soil sites, although this was not quite statistically significant. High variability in removal rate between sites was evident irrespective of fertility. Most removal occurred during the day indicating that birds were important consumers, rather than nocturnal mammals. Bird abundance and diversity did not differ between soil types. More frugivorous species were found in plant communities growing on fertile soil. Two models could explain the patterns observed. Firstly, plants with vertebrate-dispersed fruits could be favoured on fertile soils because of a high abundance of frugivorous birds accomplishing seed dispersal. Alternatively, plants with vertebrate-dispersed fruits could be favoured on fertile soil sites for some other reason and frugivorous birds could be attracted to these areas of abundant food. The correlation between soil fertility and the percentage of vertebrate-dispersed fruits was stronger than the correlation between soil fertility and removal rates and suggests that the second model is more likely to be true. Frugivorous birds are unlikely to be responsible for the high percentage of species with vertebrate-dispersed fruits in fertile soil environments.     

食肉质果鸟对种子的传播作用

食肉质果鸟对种子的传播作用鲁长虎常家传（东北林业大学,哈尔滨１５００４０）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｔｈｅＦｌｅｓｈｙ＿ｆｒｕｉｔｓＥａｔｉｎｇＢｉｒｄｓｏｎＳｅｅｄＤｉｓｐｅｒｓａｌ．ＬｕＣｈａｎｇｈｕ,ＣｈａｎｇＪｉａｃｈｕａｎ（ＮｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔＦｏ...     

Mammalian seed dispersal in Cantabrian woodland pastures: Network structure and response to forest loss

We evaluated the role of wild large mammals as dispersers of fleshy-fruited woody plants in woodland pastures of the Cantabrian range (N Spain). By searching for seeds in mammal scats across four localities, we addressed how extensive seed dispersal was in relation to the fleshy-fruited plant community, and applied a network approach to identify the relative role of mammal species in the seed dispersal process. We also tested the response of mammalian dispersers to forest availability at increasing spatial scales. Five carnivores and three ungulates dispersed seeds of eight fleshy-fruited trees and shrubs. Mammalian seed dispersal did not mirror community-wide fruit availability, as abundant fruiting trees were scarce whereas thorny shrubs were over-represented among dispersed species. The dispersal network was dominated by bramble (Rubus ulmifolius/fruticosus), the remaining plants being rarer and showing more restricted disperser coteries. Fox (Vulpes vulpes), badger (Meles meles), and wild boar (Sus scrofa) dispersed mostly bramble, whereas martens (Martes sp.) dispersed mostly wild rose (Rosa sp.). Ungulates occasionally dispersed holly (Ilex aquifolium) and hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna). The empirical network reflected a skewed distribution of interactions and some functional complementarity (as judged from the low levels of connectance and nestedness), but also some degree of specialization. Mammals overused uncovered microsites for seed deposition, and increased their disperser activity in those landscape sectors devoid of forest. Combined with previous findings on avian seed dispersal, this study suggest a strong functional complementarity coming from the low overlap in the main plant types that mammals and birds disperse – thorny shrubs and trees, respectively – and the differential patterns of seed deposition, with mammals mostly dispersing into deforested areas, and birds into forest-rich landscapes.     

Frugivory,Post‐feeding Flights of Frugivorous Birds and the Movement of Seeds in a Brazilian Fragmented Landscape

Habitat fragmentation can break down the movement processes of frugivorous animals, thus influencing the relationship between plants and their seed dispersers by altering the number and identity of seed dispersers, and their relative contribution to seed dispersal. We studied the assemblages of frugivorous birds, their composition, species richness, and visitation rates to fruiting plants growing in the different landscape elements (forest fragments, live fences, and trees isolated in pastures) embedded in a Brazilian fragmented, agricultural landscape. By following the post‐feeding movements of frugivorous birds, we inferred the direction of seed movement from and to each of these landscape elements. Fruiting trees growing at different landscape elements were visited by frugivorous birds at similar rates. Isolated trees attracted a greater and distinct bird assemblage than trees in forest fragments or live fences. Judging by the post‐feeding flights of birds, the seeds of isolated trees were the most likely to reach all the landscape elements considered, but the contribution of isolated trees to the seeds falling in forested habitats or pastures depended on their degree of isolation. A few bird species were able to move widely, visiting fruiting plants in all landscape elements, and promoting long‐distance dispersal for plants. These few birds are of special interest because they are mobile links that connect habitats in fragmented landscapes with their seed dispersal services. Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp .     

广州海珠国家湿地公园鸟类食源植物研究

通过野外调查, 结合文献资料, 对广州海珠国家湿地公园鸟类食源植物和鸟类进行了研究。结果表明: 海珠湿地鸟类食源植物共有203种, 隶属于74科132属, 其中常见的鸟类食源植物有67种。记录到海珠湿地鸟类80种, 隶属于14目36科, 取食植物鸟类有48种。取食植物的鸟类种数与鸟类食源植物种数之间存在正相关关系, 但并不显著。为丰富海珠湿地鸟类多样性, 建议适当增加鸟类食源植物的种类和数量, 考虑食源植物开花期和结果期季节的搭配, 增加冬季开花植物和早春挂果植物的栽培, 对果林下的乡土草本植物建议不清理或适度清理。     

Traditional management of forests: plant and bird community responses to alternative restoration of oak–hazel woodland in Sweden

Species richness of vascular plants and birds were examined in relation to five types of management (including abandonment) of oak-hazel woodland in south-central Sweden. The biodiversity of this type of woodland is affected by lengthy management in contrast to present emphasis on the fragmentation of more or less pristine forests. The woodlands derive from old deciduous forests but were a source of agricultural commodities from medieval time to end of the 19th century. Vascular plants and birds were censused during spring–summer for four years. Total number of plant species, species of field layer forbs, breeding birds and migrant birds were more numerous at simulated original management with mowing of small interior grasslands than at mechanical clearing or abandonment. Summer grazing led to intermediate numbers. Exotic plants were more common at long-time abandonment. Species richness of trees and shrubs, graminoids, all spring birds, resident birds and non-passerine birds did not exhibit any difference between treatments. Inter-site variation in species richness was usually smaller at abandonment than at true management. Species richness of plants and birds showed positive correlation in the particularly large sites examined. The general findings were in accordance with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Original management would secure most potential plant and bird species but extensive cattle grazing would also retain many species.