生态保护与修复理论和技术国外研究进展

人类进入的21世纪,是一个人类真正需要进行生态反思的世纪。反思我们与自然的关系,反思我们与地球生命支持系统中植物、动物、抑或微生物的关系,反思我们与地球环境保障系统中的江河湖海、山川大地、森林草原、城镇乡村的关系。地球生物圈尚存的完整自然生态系统愈来愈少,人类未来生存、发展及适应全球变化的珍贵缓冲区（buffers）正快速萎缩,地球表面随处可见的3D系统（degraded,damaged and destroyed ecosystems）正快速增加,人类生命支撑系统中最为重要的生物多样性也正以前所未有的速度丧失,人类生存与发展之基失稳,亟待从生态保护理念出发,探索生态技术解决方案。在辨析生态、生态保护与生态修复内涵的基础上,基于文献计量学方法,以生态保护（ecological protection）和生态修复（ecological restoration）为主题词在Web of Science上检索了生态保护与生态修复近70年发文量及国际主流杂志发文量,分析了生态系统退化机制及驱动力,总结了国外生态保护与生态修复所依托的先进理论和技术方法,以期为我国生态系统保护与退化生态系统修复提供一定的理论指导。     

Sand Dune Restoration in North Brittany, France: A 10-Year Monitoring Study

Dunes, which account for 13% of the Ille et Vilaine north Brittany coast, France, were degraded by high tourist pressure, and they were restored from 1988 onward. Ten years after commencing work an assessment of the restoration was made on three dunes: Les Chevrets, L'Anse Du Guesclin, and Le Verger. Annual monitoring of the vegetation and dune morphology provided an opportunity to study the restoration process. The dune front, which is similar to a reference pioneer dune, lies in front of the mobile dune. The highest part of the dune is an advanced stage of mobile dune. The restoration of the fixed rear dune was accomplished neither in terms of vegetation composition nor in terms of species richness. The vegetation parameter study allows differentiation between the dune front, the dune summit, and the rear dune. The variation in species richness and floristic composition from one zone to another can be explained by abiotic factors such as salinity and the accretion of sand. The restoration was satisfactory in terms of the geomorphology. Marram grass is a good tool for restoring the topography, but it will take a very long time to restore the conservation value of the dune.     

Environmental policy and the greenhouse effect

Emissions, resulting from human activity, are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases. This, in turn, is causing an additional average warming of the Earth's surface. This article presents an overview of recent developments in the international discussion on climate change, taking into account the work of other organizations such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).The long term and global character of the climate change problem requires an international long term strategy based on internationally agreed principles such as sustainable development and the precautionary principle. Research is needed to further develop risk assessment and environmental quality standards, from which emission targets can be derived.As a first step, governments of many industrialized countries have already set provisional national CO₂ emission targets, aimed at stabilization at present levels by the year 2000 and, in some cases, reductions thereafter.Under the auspices of United Nations, negotiations have begun on an international framework climate convention and associated agreements, on, for example, greenhouse gas emissions, forestry and funding mechanisms. Obligations imposed on individual nations may be expected to reflect their responsibility for greenhouse warming; this paper presents some views on the equity of burden sharing.