福建省被子植物分布新记录

在闽东地区的植被调查中,发现福建省被子植物地理分布新记录属1个:虉草属(Phalaris Linn.);新记录种4个,分别是虉草(Phalaris arundinacea Linn.)、浙江虎耳草(Saxifraga zhejiangensis Z. Wei. et Y. B. Chang)、莼菜(Brasenia schreberi J. P. Gmel.)和斑地锦(Euphorbia maculate Linn.)。标本存放于宁德师范学院植物标本室(NDTC)。     

重庆市种子植物区系新资料

在调查重庆市野生植物资源的过程中,发现了棕榈科Arecaceae石山棕Guihaia argyrata、玄参科Scrophulariaceae鹿茸草Monochasma sheareri、大戟科Euphorbiaceae棒柄花Cleidion brevipetiolatum、苦苣苔科Gesneriaceae紫花苣苔Loxostigma griffithii、杜鹃花科Ericaceae红粉白珠Gaultheria hookeri、虎耳草科Saxifragaceae双喙虎耳草Saxifraga davidii等6种重庆市新记录植物。其中,石山棕属Guihaia、鹿茸草属Monochasma、棒柄花属Cleidion和紫花苣苔属Loxostigma也是重庆市新记录属。凭证标本存放于重庆市药物种植研究所标本馆(IMC)。     

西藏被子植物分布新记录

首次报道了西藏被子植物8个新记录种：虎耳草科(Saxifragaceae)虎耳草属(Saxifraga Linn.)的阿墩子虎耳草(Saxifraga atuntsiensis W. W. Smith)、橙黄虎耳草(Saxifraga aurantiaca Franchet),罂粟科(Papaveraceae)紫堇属(Corydalis DC.)的雅曲距紫堇(Corydalis dolichocentra Z. Y. Su & Lidén),龙胆科(Gentianaceae)龙胆属(Gentiana Linn.)的圆萼龙胆(Gentiana suborbisepala C. Marquand),报春花科(Primulaceae)点地梅属(Androsace Linn.)的小点地梅［Androsace gmelinii (Linn.) Roemer & Schultes］,忍冬科(Caprifoliaceae)忍冬属(Lonicera Linn.)的垫状忍冬(Lonicera oreodoxa H. Smith ex Rehder J.),毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)毛茛属(Ranunculus Linn.)的川青毛茛(Ranunculus chuanchingensis L. Liou),玄参科(Scrophulariaceae)马先蒿属(Pedicularis Linn.)鹬形马先蒿(Pedicularis scolopax Maximowicz)。并提供其形态描述和照片,凭证标本保存于西藏高原生态研究所标本室(XZE)。     

新疆虎耳草属-新变型

描述了虎耳草属—变型:白花挪威虎耳草(Saxifraga oppositifolia Linn.form.albiflora Y.H.Wu).该变型系昆仑山和喀喇昆仑山地区综合科学考察"工作期间于新疆策勒县的奴尔亚门采集到,与原变型的区别在于植物花冠为白色.     

鄂西及湘西武陵山区金腰属植物新记录

报道了鄂西湘西武陵山区区域内虎耳草科金腰属植物新记录种7种,其中湖北省新记录种有3种,分别为:天胡荽金腰(Chrysosplenium hydrocotylifolium Levl.et Vaniot.)、陕甘金腰(Chrysosplenium qinlingense Jien ex J.T.Pan)、毛金腰(Chrysosplenium pilosum Maxim.);湖南省新记录种4种,分别为:微子金腰(Chrysosplenium microspermum Franch)、中华金腰(Chrysosplenium sinicum Maxim)、山溪金腰(Chrysospleniumnepalense D.Don.)和绵毛金腰(Chr ysos plenium lanu gino-sum Hook.f.et Thoms.).上述金腰属植物均提供了经纬度、海拔及植物照片,引证标本存放于中南民族大学植物标本馆(HSN).     

鸢尾兰属(兰科)植物省级分布新记录

报道了兰科(Orchidaceae)鸢尾兰属(Oberonia Lindl.)共5种植物在中国3个省区的分布新记录,其中广西分布新记录有短耳鸢尾兰(O.falconeri J.D.Hooker)和小叶鸢尾兰[O.japonica(Maxim.)Makino],海南分布新记录有狭叶鸢尾兰(O.caulescens Lindl.)和勐腊鸢尾兰(O.menglaensis S.C.ChenZ.H.Tsi),西藏分布新记录有拟阔瓣鸢尾兰(O.langbianensis Gagnep.)。凭证标本存放于中国科学院华南植物园标本馆(IBSC)和中国科学院广西植物研究所标本馆(IBK)。     

福建被子植物分布新记录Ⅸ

报道福建省新记录植物4种,即四籽野豌豆[Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreber]、朝天委陵菜(Potentilla supina L.)、常绿悬钩子(Rubus jianensis Yu et Lu)、南岭白丝草(Chionographis nanlingensis L. Wu, Y. Tong & Q. R. Liu)。凭证标本存放于福建中医药大学标本馆和上海辰山植物标本馆(CSH)。     

福建被子植物分布新记录Ⅷ

在福建省中药资源普查及本土植物全覆盖调查过程中,发现福建植物2个新记录属——金瓜属(Gymnopetalum Arn.)、穿心草属(Canscora Lam.),4个新记录种——金瓜[Gymnopetalum chinense(Lour.)Merr.]、罗星草(Canscora andrographioides Griff.ex C.B.Clarke)、长毛野扁豆[Dunbaria crinita(Dunn)Maesen]、针齿铁仔(Myrsine semiserrata Wall.)。4种均为华东地区新记录。凭证标本存放于福建中医药大学标本馆和上海辰山植物标本馆(CSH)。     

贵州省被子植物新记录

报道贵州省2个新记录属——假婆婆纳属(Stimpsonia Wright ex A. Gray)和山涧草属(Chikusichloa Koidz.),以及3个新记录种假婆婆纳(Stimpsonia chamaedryoides Wright ex A. Gray)、山涧草(Chikusichloa aquatica Koidz.)和广东西番莲(Passiflora kwangtungensis Merr.)。三种植物均发现于贵州黎平太平山州级自然保护区,凭证标本存放于中国科学院华南植物园标本馆(IBSC)和中国科学院植物研究所标本馆(PE)。文中描述3种植物的主要特征,并讨论了新发现的广东西番莲叶片变异情况。     

虎耳草属的资源分类及育种进展

虎耳草属(Saxifraga Tourn. ex L.)资源丰富且分布广泛,全球有440～500个种,其分类一直受到植物学家的关注。该属具有重要的观赏和药用价值,欧洲多国非常重视其观赏资源的开发利用。虎耳草属的品种培育距今已有150多年的历史,到2022年国际虎耳草协会(The Saxifrage Society)网站收录了1 692个品种,但只有1个品种来自中国。可见,我国虽然是虎耳草属的多样性中心之一,但对其观赏资源的开发利用远远落后于欧美甚至日本。该文从虎耳草属的种质资源、分类概况、育种进展等方面进行综述,并简要介绍该属资源的利用现状,为今后我国虎耳草属的分类、育种及应用提供借鉴。结果表明：(1)虎耳草种质资源丰富,但属下系统演化关系仍存在诸多问题,有待整合形态和系统发育学手段开展系统而深入的研究。(2)该属品种主要通过杂交育种和变异筛选的方式育成,英国、捷克共和国、德国、荷兰为培育品种最多的国家。(3)我国对该属的品种选育工作起步晚,育成品种少且育种方式单一。     

Comparison of Herbarium Label Data and Published Medicinal Use: Herbaria as an Underutilized Source of Ethnobotanical Information

The use of herbarium specimens as vouchers to support ethnobotanical surveys is well established. However, herbaria may be underutilized resources for ethnobotanical research that depends on the analysis of large datasets compiled across multiple sites. Here, we compare two medicinal use datasets, one sourced from published papers and the other from online herbaria to determine whether herbarium and published data are comparable and to what extent herbarium specimens add new data and fill gaps in our knowledge of geographical extent of plant use. Using Brazilian legumes as a case study, we compiled 1400 use reports from 105 publications and 15 Brazilian herbaria. Of the 319 species in 107 genera with cited medicinal uses, 165 (51%) were recorded only in the literature and 55 (17%) only on herbarium labels. Mode of application, plant part used, or therapeutic use was less often documented by herbarium specimen labels (17% with information) than publications (70%). However, medicinal use of 21 of the 128 species known from only one report in the literature was substantiated from independently collected herbarium specimens, and 58 new therapeutic applications, 25 new plant parts, and 16 new modes of application were added for species known from the literature. Thus, when literature reports are few or information-poor, herbarium data can both validate and augment these reports. Herbarium data can also provide insights into the history and geographical extent of use that are not captured in publications.     

DNA damage in plant herbarium tissue

Dried plant herbarium specimens are potentially a valuable source of DNA. Efforts to obtain genetic information from this source are often hindered by an inability to obtain amplifiable DNA as herbarium DNA is typically highly degraded. DNA post-mortem damage may not only reduce the number of amplifiable template molecules, but may also lead to the generation of erroneous sequence information. A qualitative and quantitative assessment of DNA post-mortem damage is essential to determine the accuracy of molecular data from herbarium specimens. In this study we present an assessment of DNA damage as miscoding lesions in herbarium specimens using 454-sequencing of amplicons derived from plastid, mitochondrial, and nuclear DNA. In addition, we assess DNA degradation as a result of strand breaks and other types of polymerase non-bypassable damage by quantitative real-time PCR. Comparing four pairs of fresh and herbarium specimens of the same individuals we quantitatively assess post-mortem DNA damage, directly after specimen preparation, as well as after long-term herbarium storage. After specimen preparation we estimate the proportion of gene copy numbers of plastid, mitochondrial, and nuclear DNA to be 2.4-3.8% of fresh control DNA and 1.0-1.3% after long-term herbarium storage, indicating that nearly all DNA damage occurs on specimen preparation. In addition, there is no evidence of preferential degradation of organelle versus nuclear genomes. Increased levels of C→T/G→A transitions were observed in old herbarium plastid DNA, representing 21.8% of observed miscoding lesions. We interpret this type of post-mortem DNA damage-derived modification to have arisen from the hydrolytic deamination of cytosine during long-term herbarium storage. Our results suggest that reliable sequence data can be obtained from herbarium specimens.     

凤仙花属两种植物花粉的扫描电镜制样研究

采用腊叶标本花粉直接制样法、烘干法、FAA固定液复原法(酒精梯度脱水、自然干燥)和FAA固定新鲜花药法(脱水、干燥处理同前)四种不同处理方法对凤仙花属(Impatiens L.)植物红纹凤仙花(I.rubro-striata Hook.f.)和长角凤仙花(I.longicornut Y.L.Chen)的花粉进行了制样研究。结果表明:经后两种方法处理的花粉形状不变,且外壁网纹清晰,可获得质量较高的照片,观察时间也不受季节和产地的影响,既可在野外固定保存新鲜花蕾备用,又可利用标本馆现有的腊叶标本花粉经固定液复原后制样观察,操作简便,是进行花粉形态研究的一种较理想的方法。     

Metagenomic analysis of historical herbarium specimens reveals a postmortem microbial community

Advances in DNA extraction and next‐generation sequencing have made a vast number of historical herbarium specimens available for genomic investigation. These specimens contain not only genomic information from the individual plants themselves, but also from associated microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. These microorganisms may have colonized the living plant (e.g., pathogens or host‐associated commensal taxa) or may result from postmortem colonization that may include decomposition processes or contamination during sample handling. Here we characterize the metagenomic profile from shotgun sequencing data from herbarium specimens of two widespread plant species (Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Arabidopsis thaliana) collected up to 180 years ago. We used blast searching in combination with megan and were able to infer the metagenomic community even from the oldest herbarium sample. Through comparison with contemporary plant collections, we identify three microbial species that are nearly exclusive to herbarium specimens, including the fungus Alternaria alternata, which can comprise up to 7% of the total sequencing reads. This species probably colonizes the herbarium specimens during preparation for mounting or during storage. By removing the probable contaminating taxa, we observe a temporal shift in the metagenomic composition of the invasive weed Am. artemisiifolia. Our findings demonstrate that it is generally possible to use herbarium specimens for metagenomic analyses, but that the results should be treated with caution, as some of the identified species may be herbarium contaminants rather than representing the natural metagenomic community of the host plant.     

Biological collections in an ever changing world: Herbaria as tools for biogeographical and environmental studies

Plant specimens stored in herbaria are being used as never before to document the impacts of global change on humans and nature. However, published statistics on the use of biological collections are rare, and ecologists lack quantitative data demonstrating the relevance to science of herbarium specimens. I found 382 studies with original data that used herbarium specimens to document biogeographical patterns or environmental changes. Most studies are less than 10 years old, and only 1.4% of the herbarium specimens worldwide have been used to answer biogeographical or environmental questions. The vast majority (82%) of papers dealt with vascular plants, but some studies also used bryophytes, lichens, seaweeds and fungi. The herbarium specimens were collected from all continents, but most of the studies used specimens from North America (40% of studies) or Europe (28%). Many types of researches (conservation, plant disease, plant invasion, pollution, etc.) can be conducted using herbarium specimens. Climate change, and especially phenological reconstructions, are clearly emerging research topics. By group, small herbaria (<100,000 specimens) are consulted as often as very large herbaria (>1,000,000 specimens) for biogeographical and environmental research, but in most cases, only large facilities provide specimens collected worldwide. The median number of specimens per study in papers using computerized collections (15,295) was much higher than for papers that did not include electronic data (226). The use of molecular analyses to investigate herbarium specimens is still relatively unexplored, at least from biogeographical and environmental points of view. Combined with recently developed procedures to correct biases, herbarium specimens might provide in the near future exciting additional spatio-temporal insights that are currently unimaginable.     

Reconstructing the spread of invasive plants: taking into account biases associated with herbarium specimens

Aim To reconstruct the spread of invasive wetland species using herbarium specimens and to develop a method that accounts for the biases associated with this type of historical record. Location Southern Québec. Methods The temporal and spatial distribution of herbarium specimens of vascular plants was examined. Six invasive species that are mainly found in wetlands were compared with five native, non‐expanding hydrophytes. The cumulative number of locations was plotted against time to construct invasion curves. For native species, this ‘invasion curve’ indicates the spatiotemporal distribution of the sampling for herbarium specimens of wetland plants. It also represents the history of the state of knowledge of the distribution of native species. Deviation from the native species invasion curve can be used to describe the spread of invasive species. For every year on record, the cumulative number of locations of each exotic species was divided by the cumulative number of locations of all native species, and the proportions obtained were plotted against time. Periods of invasiveness were then delineated. Results During the twentieth century, two periods of intensive herbarium specimen collection in Québec can be clearly distinguished, i.e. from 1930 to 1940 and from 1950 to 1985. Several periods of invasiveness were delineated for Butomus umbellatus L. (1922–35), Hydrocharis morsus‐ranae L. (1957–96), Lycopus europaeus L. (1963–2000), Lythrum salicaria L. (1890–1905, 1923–46), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel (1963–84) and Rorippa amphibia (L.) Bess. (1929–34, 1943–52, 1971–79). Main conclusions Accounting for sampling biases associated with herbarium specimens is important in order to objectively delineate periods of invasiveness for exotic species. The spread of wetland vascular plant species can be reconstructed using herbarium specimens, even when the phenomenon is rapid, but the reconstruction is certainly more accurate when the invasion occurred during an active sampling period. The highly variable sampling effort for herbarium specimens in Québec and in other regions strongly cautions against using herbarium data without correction procedures.     

Historical herbarium specimens in plant molecular systematics — an example from the fern genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lindsaea</Emphasis> (Lindsaeaceae)

We extracted, amplified and sequenced DNA from historical herbarium specimens and silica-dried samples of the fern genus Lindsaea in order to study the sequencing success between the two kinds of samples. High quality sequences were obtained from 57% of the herbarium samples. The specimens age was found to be of little importance for sequencing success when less than 75 years, but the colour of a specimen was found more indicative of sequencing success. Shorter DNA fragments were sequenced successfully twice as often as longer fragments from the herbarium material; in relatively recently collected silica-dried material longer sequences were obtained almost as frequently as short ones. No obvious differences in sequencing success between material originating from different herbaria was observed. We conclude that by using specifically designed DNA extraction protocols and by sequencing short DNA fragments from carefully selected specimens, herbarium material and type specimens can be successfully used in molecular systematics. Typical material or specimens from the type locality (topotypes) should be preferred, when placing a species in a phylogeny.     

The use of herbarium specimens in DNA phylogenetics: Evaluation and improvement

During the last few years we have been confronted with the need to use herbarium specimens in the molecular phylogeny studies, since it is generally difficult to obtain living material of some rare species. Ancient DNA has been sequenced, and there are also reports on successful DNA amplification from herbarium specimens. However, it is not easy to obtain amplified DNA from the first herbarium sample tested. In this paper, experiments are described about trials of DNA amplification from two to 151-year-old herbarium specimens of plant species we needed for our projects. Of the 17 herbarium samples tested only two allowed DNA amplification under standard DNA isolation conditions. Different types of PCR inhibiting activities were demonstrated in DNA extracts. In some of the extracts there was extremely low concentration of template with satisfactory quality. In some instances, PCR inhibiting activities were successfully removed by treating them either with insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone or by adding bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the amplification mixture. However, some PCR-inhibiting activities were resistant to the treatments described above. When the concentration of template was very low, a second PCR amplification with internal primers was necessary to increase the amount of DNA for sequencing. Nevertheless, contamination of either DNA extract or amplification mixture were sometimes observed, and consequently precautions were taken to minimize them. Finally, successful amplification was obtained in eight samples out of the 17 examined.     

Changes in plant collection practices from the 16th to 21st centuries: implications for the use of herbarium specimens in global change research

Background and AimsHerbaria were recently advertised as reliable sources of information regarding historical changes in plant traits and biotic interactions. To justify the use of herbaria in global change research, we asked whether the characteristics of herbarium specimens have changed during the past centuries and whether these changes were due to shifts in plant collection practices.MethodsWe measured nine characteristics from 515 herbarium specimens of common European trees and large shrubs collected from 1558 to 2016. We asked botanists to rank these specimens by their scientific quality, and asked artists to rank these specimens by their beauty.Key ResultsEight of 11 assessed characteristics of herbarium specimens changed significantly during the study period. The average number of leaves in plant specimens increased 3-fold, whereas the quality of specimen preparation decreased. Leaf size negatively correlated with leaf number in specimens in both among-species and within-species analyses. The proportion of herbarium sheets containing plant reproductive structures peaked in the 1850s. The scientific value of herbarium specimens increased until the 1700s, but then did not change, whereas their aesthetic value showed no systematic trends.ConclusionsOur findings strongly support the hypothesis that many characteristics of herbarium specimens have changed systematically and substantially from the 16th to 21st centuries due to changes in plant collection and preservation practices. These changes may both create patterns which could be erroneously attributed to environmental changes and obscure historical trends in plant traits. The utmost care ought to be taken to guard against the possibility of misinterpretation of data obtained from herbarium specimens. We recommend that directional changes in characters of herbarium specimens which occurred during the past 150‒200 years, primarily in specimen size and in the presence of reproductive structures, are accounted for when searching for the effects of past environmental changes on plant traits.