螺类牧食与沉积物类型对苦草生长的影响

在室外实验条件下,研究了螺类牧食与沉积物类型对苦草生长的影响。结果表明:椭圆萝卜螺的牧食对苦草生长有显著影响,牧食损害使苦草的相对生长率明显降低、块茎数量及重量下降。沉积物类型对苦草生长也有明显影响,苦草的相对生长率在营养盐相对丰富的湖泥处理组中要远高于岸泥处理组,而根须数与块茎重量在湖泥处理组中显著低于岸泥处理组。螺类牧食与沉积物类型对苦草的各项生长指标无明显交互作用。     

纹沼螺对苦草生长的影响

在室外受控实验条件下,研究了不同密度(0,150,450个/m2)纹沼螺(Parafossarulus striatulus)对沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)生长的影响。结果表明,螺类牧食活动促进了苦草生长,与无螺对照组相比,低密度螺处理组中苦草的相对生长率、株高均增加了20%;高密度组中苦草的相对生长率、叶片数和株高分别增加了28%、15%和27%。分析表明,纹沼螺通过牧食活动降低植物叶片上附着生物干重,从而促进了苦草生长。丰富了螺-草互利关系的研究内容,有助于加深理解水生态系统中生物之间的生态关系。     

酸性水对淡水螺类存活,生长与繁殖的影响

研究了酸性水对椭圆萝卜螺和铜锈环棱螺等淡水螺类存活、生长及繁殖的影响。结果表明,椭圆萝卜螺对低pH值的耐受能力,96小时LC_(50)值为pH3.96。pH值低于5.0时,淡水肺螺类产的卵袋数量较少,卵孵化时间较长,幼螺生长较缓慢。铜锈环棱螺仔螺在低pH(对照组)下生长到第35和45天时,其体长生长率分别为1.21和1.07％,而pH5.0组则仅有0.18和0.29％。pH5.5对淡水肺螺类无明显影响,pH3.0则不能生存。     

不同初始螺类密度对沉水植物刺苦草Vallisneria spinulosa Yan及其附着藻类的影响

大型水生植物及其附着藻类是浅水湖泊中的重要初级生产者。淡水螺类作为重要的初级消费者,其密度对沉水植物及其附着藻类的影响存在争议。本研究设置4种初始螺类密度（0、40、80、240 ind·m^-2）,研究淡水螺类（椭圆萝卜螺Radix swinhoei H.Adams）对刺苦草（Vallisneria spinulosa Yan）及其附着藻类的直接牧食作用和螺类种群的变化。结果显示,在添加螺处理中,刺苦草和人工基质表面附着藻类的生物量显著降低,同时沉水植物的生长显著增加,在较高初始密度螺类处理中刺苦草产生更多的分株。到实验结束时,螺类的死亡率较高,但3个有螺处理间螺类鲜重无显著差异,而高初始密度螺类条件下的最终密度仍较高,同时个体重量（均重）也较小。在中富营养条件下淡水螺类可以直接牧食沉水植物叶片,但对植物生长的抑制作用不显著,有可能是因为沉水植物并不能作为唯一的食物来源维持螺类种群,同时螺类的种群结构受到水体营养水平等因素的制约。     

椭圆萝卜螺Radix swinhoei (H. Adams) 对三种沉水植物的牧食选择

报道了2005年7～9月在太湖试验基地进行的椭圆萝卜螺对沉水植物牧食的实验结果.结果表明,椭圆萝卜螺对3种沉水植物的平均牧食率为7.87mg·g-1·d-1,其中对苦草的牧食率最高(13.63 mg·g-1·d-1),马来眼子菜次之(9.66mg·g-1·d-1),轮叶黑藻最低(0.31mg·g-1·d-1),且牧食率与螺规格呈显著负相关.椭圆萝卜螺对沉水植物的牧食具有选择性,喜食苦草而较少选食其他两种沉水植物.椭圆萝卜螺的食物选择性能力与其规格有关,随着生长对沉水植物的选择性加强.探讨了椭圆萝卜螺对沉水植物的选食机理.     

螺类牧食对伊乐藻与苦草种间关系的影响

动物牧食可以调节植物种间的相对竞争能力,从而改变物种在群落中的竞争地位.外来植物伊乐藻生长迅速、具有较强的光竞争能力,土著种苦草根系发达、具有较强的地下资源竞争能力.选择这两种各具竞争特色的沉水植物为模式生物,通过室外受控实验研究了螺类牧食对两种沉水植物种间关系的影响.结果表明:不管有无螺类牧食,伊乐藻的相对生长率为苦草的2～5倍,伊乐藻具有明显的竞争优势.苦草低密度种植时,螺类牧食与种间竞争对其生长没有显著影响;高密度种植时,螺类牧食活动促进了苦草的生长,种间竞争则使苦草的生长率明显降低.无论伊乐藻种植密度如何,螺类牧食均使其生长率明显降低,混栽高密度的苦草也能抑制伊乐藻生长.探讨了螺类牧食对沉水植物的种间竞争关系的作用机理.     

椭圆萝卜螺Radix swinhoei (H. Adams)对三种沉水植物的牧食选择

报道了2005年7～9月在太湖试验基地进行的椭圆萝卜螺对沉水植物牧食的实验结果。结果表明,椭圆萝卜螺对3种沉水植物的平均牧食率为7.87mg•g^－１•d^－１,其中对苦草的牧食率最高（13.63 mg•g^－１•d^－１）,马来眼子菜次之（9.66mg•g^－１•d^－１）,轮叶黑藻最低（0.31mg•g^－１•d^－１）,且牧食率与螺规格呈显著负相关。椭圆萝卜螺对沉水植物的牧食具有选择性,喜食苦草而较少选食其他两种沉水植物。椭圆萝卜螺的食物选择性能力与其规格有关,随着生长对沉水植物的选择性加强。探讨了椭圆萝卜螺对沉水植物的选食机理。      

Responses of morphological and physiological traits to herbivory by snails of three invasive and native submerged plants

3种入侵和本地沉水植物形态和生理性状对螺类牧食的响应 沉水植物水盾草(Cabomba caroliniana)已成为中国太湖流域的优势入侵水生植物。与外来物种的原产地环境相比,引入地新环境中存在的专食性天敌较少。外来物种可能会逃避其原产地环境中的天敌牧食,又因为它们的适口性相对较差,从而导致在引入地外来物种通常比本地物种遭受的牧食者影响更低(天敌逃逸假说)。本研究的目的是比较水盾草与共生的本地沉水植物对本地牧食者的响应。我们进行了一个中宇宙尺度实验,研究了水盾草和两种共生的本地沉水植物黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)对两种本地广食性腹足纲螺类萝卜螺(Radix swinhoei)和环棱螺(Sinotaia quadrata)的牧食响应。记录了它们的形态性状指标(总生物量、冠根比和相对生长率)和生理性状指标(叶片总非结构性碳、木质素和纤维素)。研究结果表明,环棱螺对3种沉水植物性状指标的影响较少。随着本地广食性螺类萝卜螺数量的增加,黑藻和穗花狐尾藻大部分植物性状发生了改变,而水盾草的植物性状表现出相对稳定的趋势。水盾草对萝卜螺的牧食更具抵抗力,这与天敌逃逸假说的假设一致。这一发现说明牧食性螺类促进了水盾草的入侵,这可能会改变沉水植物群落中的物种组成。     

蓝藻堆积和螺类牧食对苦草生长的影响

设计了双因素四组处理(对照组,加螺组,加藻组,螺藻组)的室外受控实验,模拟湖泊沿岸带水华蓝藻的堆积以及底栖螺类的牧食活动对沉水植物苦草生长的影响。结果表明:蓝藻堆积(水体叶绿素a浓度为220μg/L)对苦草的生长具有明显的抑制作用,和对照组以及加螺组相比,加藻组和螺藻组中苦草的相对生长率分别下降了40.9%和36.4%,分株数也分别下降了56.4%和64.1%,分析认为蓝藻在水体表层堆积所产生的遮光可能是抑制底层苦草生长的主要原因。然而,环棱螺能在一定程度上促进苦草的生长,加螺组和螺藻组中苦草的相对生长率和分株数分别要明显高于对照组和加藻组,这可能要归因于螺类的牧食去除了沉水植物表面附着生物。实验中蓝藻堆积和螺类牧食对苦草的各项生长指标均无显著的交互作用,但蓝藻对苦草生长的抑制作用要远大于螺类对植物生长的促进作用。研究证实了在富营养浅水湖泊中,水华蓝藻在湖泊沿岸带的堆积会严重胁迫沉水植物的生长,而底栖螺类的牧食活动则能在一定程度上提高植物在不良环境下的生存能力。     

椭圆萝卜螺对两种沉水植物生长的影响

有关水生植物与淡水螺类关系的研究国内尚未见直接报道。本文研究了椭圆萝卜螺 (ＲａｄｉｘｓｗｉｎｈｏｅｉＨ .Ａｄａｍｓ)对两种常见的沉水植物———刺苦草 (ＶａｌｌｉｓｎｅｒｉａｓｐｉｎｕｌｏｓａＹａｎ)和金鱼藻 (ＣｅｒａｔｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍｄｅｍｅｒｓｕｍＬ .)生长的影响 ,以明确该种螺的存在是促进还是抑制植物的生长。1　材料与方法实验在湖北鄂州梁子湖进行。采集有 6— 8片叶、株高约 1 2ｃｍ的单株刺苦草种于底部有约 5ｃｍ厚底泥的塑料桶中 (桶口直径 30ｃｍ ,深 40ｃｍ) ,加入螺后 ,桶口用网目大小为 1ｍｍ× 1ｍｍ的…     

Density-dependent effects of snail grazing on the growth of a submerged macrophyte,Vallisneria spiralis

In order to better understand the role of herbivorous snails in freshwater ecosystems, we conducted experiments investigating food preference of the snail Radix swinhoei on leaves of the submerged plant Vallisneria spiralis with and without periphyton coverage. The effects of snail grazing on the growth of V. spiralis were assessed in a no-snail control and at three snail densities (80, 160, 240 individuals m^?2). Results showed that the snails chose preferentially leaves covered by periphyton. Grazing activity at low snail density (80 individuals m^?2) was found to stimulate V. spiralis growth, but at higher snail density (240 individuals m^?2), plant growth was apparently suppressed. An increase observed in nutrient concentrations in water column with increasing snail density may be attributed to nutrient release by snails. This study suggests that the nature of the relationship between herbivorous snails and macrophytes in freshwater ecosystems depends on the abundance of the snails. At low snail density, the relationship may be a mutualistic one, but at high density snail herbivory may impact negatively on macrophyte biomass in lakes.     

An experimental investigation of interactions in snail-macrophyte-epiphyte systems

Summary An experimental investigation under field conditions of enclosures containing freshwater pulmonate snails, the macrophyteCeratophyllum demersum and epiphytes, produced evidence of beneficial interactions.Ceratophyllum growth, measured in terms of stem length, numbers of leaf-nodes and growing tips and leaf survival was significantly enhanced in the presence of snails. This effect was attributed to the increased availability of plant nutrients of snail origin, such as phosphates and ammonia, as well as to the snails' action as “cleaning symbionts” in reducing the density of bacterial and algal epiphyton potentially deleterious to macrophytes. Principal component analysis revealed both seasonal and treatment effects of snail grazing on algal epiphyton. Small adnate algal species (e.g.Cocconeis placentula) survived grazing and benefited from the removal of larger, competitor, species. Snail densities increased in all treatments, despite high (86%) juvenile mortality. It is concluded that freshwater pulmonate snails are strong interactors in lentic habitats, enhancing the growth ofCeratophyllum and producing characterisic epiphyte communities. This benefits not only the snails, but also the plants and epiphytes that are associated with them. Thus the interactions between these component parts of the community can be considered as mutualistic.     

Structure and temporal variation of trematode and gastropod communities in a freshwater ecosystem.

The infro- and component community dynamics of digenetic trematodes in a freshwater gastropod community were examined over a 33-month period. The gastropod and trematode communities were composed of 17 and 10 species respectively. A total of 9,831 snails was collected; among them, 192 belonging to 14 species were infected by larval trematodes. The size of infected snails was significantly greater than that of healthy ones, and the increase of prevalence with size/age was interpreted as related to the increased probability of ultimately becoming parasitized. The trematode community was rich in allogenic species, but the most frequent trematode (cercariaeum) was autogenic and generalist (a range of 12 snail host species). There was a significantly positive relationship between the frequency of trematode species in the community and the number of first intermediate host species. A great temporal heterogeneity occurred in the prevalence of the snails, mainly attributed to the great temporal fluctuations of snail host populations and the variability of freshwater ecological conditions. The data on the occurrence of larval trematodes in 14 host species over the 33-month study allowed indicate a significant negative correlation between the abundance of gastropods and the prevalence of trematodes.     

螺类与着生藻类的相互作用及其对沉水植物的影响

浅水湖泊的富营养化常导致水生植被的退化与浮游藻类的爆发［１０,１８,２９］。可利用光通常是决定沉水植物分布、生物量和生产力的最重要因子,因此,伴随高营养负荷的浮游藻类繁殖,极大地削弱了沉水植物的光合能力［２０］。然而,Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｓ等人［２８］认为,...     

Competition and facilitation within and between a snail and a mayfly larva and the effect on the grazing process

We studied the competitive effects within and between two taxonomically distant freshwater herbivores, a snail and a mayfly, common in Swedish lakes, Lymnaea peregra and Cloeon dipterum, respectively, and their effect on grazing in a laboratory experiment. The experimental set-up consisted of 2-l aquaria, each containing a periphyton covered tile. Intra- and interspecific effects were tested by increasing the density of one species at a time in four different treatments, (1) snails (intraspecific treatment), (2) mayflies (intraspecific treatment), (3) mixed-snails (interspecific treatments, snails kept constant) and (4) mixed-mayflies (interspecific treatments, mayflies kept constant). Intraspecific competition affected both snails and mayflies negatively, i.e. increasing mortality with increasing con-specific density. Furthermore, there was a decrease in snail growth with increasing snail density. In the mixed-species treatments both species changed their microhabitat use indicating interspecific competition. Despite this, we also found a positive effect of mayfly density on snail growth, most likely due to indirect commensalism. No density-dependent effect of grazing on periphyton was found, probably due to interference competition between grazers. However, there was a significant difference in periphyton biomass, due to species composition of grazers. Irrespective of their densities, if they co-existed, the two grazer species decreased the periphyton biomass significantly compared with both single-species treatments. We considered this as a joint action of facilitation and interaction. Our results suggest that competition can be an important structuring factor in macroinvertebrate communities and that species composition can be significant for ecosystem processes within lentic environments.