首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
寄生蜂是重要且种类最为丰富的膜翅目昆虫类群之一,也是极具价值的害虫生物控制因子。寄生蜂携带有不同类型的活性因子,包括毒液、多分DNA病毒类病毒颗粒、卵巢蛋白、畸形细胞及幼虫分泌物等,用于调控寄主害虫的免疫反应、发育等重要生理过程,以确保成功寄生并确保其子代在寄主害虫体内(内寄生蜂)或体表(外寄生蜂)正常发育,最终可导致寄主害虫死亡,从而有效控制寄主害虫种群数量。目前已有诸多与寄生蜂调控寄主害虫内在机理相关的研究报道,该领域也已成为昆虫寄生学与生理学的研究热点之一。本文仅从寄生蜂寄生因子多样性、寄生蜂调控寄主害虫免疫及发育的机理等方面,对相关的最新研究进展作一概述。  相似文献   

2.
寄生蜂是寄生在寄主体内或体外的一类重要天敌昆虫,在农林害虫生物防治中具有重要作用.寄生蜂对寄主的确定主要依靠触角敲打和产卵器刺探共同完成,作为寄生蜂的重要感觉器官,触角和产卵器上着生有不同种类的感受器,在其寄主搜寻和产卵识别等过程中起着感受外界信息的关键作用.本文综述了国内外有关寄生蜂触角和产卵器上感受器的研究进展,包括感受器的类群划分、超微结构和生理功能等方面,并对该领域中尚待解决的问题和研究展望进行了探讨,以期为深入研究寄生蜂的寄生行为,揭示其对外界信息的感受机制以及将来利用寄生蜂进行害虫的生物防治提供理论基础.  相似文献   

3.
一、卵寄生蜂繁殖利用的过去与现在 膜翅目中有十科昆虫,可寄生于各种昆虫的卵,但能作繁殖利用的种类为数不多。昆虫卵被寄生后,如正在发育的胚胎遭受到致命的影响,就引起胎死卵中,幼虫不能孵化。科学家们利用这一类物种间的斗争现象,将卵寄生蜂加以繁殖散放,以增加卵寄  相似文献   

4.
赤眼蜂是赤眼蜂属昆虫的通称,体形微小,复眼都呈赤红色,故名。目前世界上已知的赤眼蜂达六十多种,我国已知十几种,其中有些种类已应用于防治农林害虫,取得了一定成效,是农业上重要的益虫。下面着重介绍赤眼蜂的简易采集方法和稻田中几种常见赤眼蜂的识别。 (一)采集赤眼蜂是许多昆虫的卵寄生蜂,寄主范围十分广泛。能寄生于鳞翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目和双翅目等24科151种昆虫的卵中,其中以鳞翅目寄主种类最多,约133种。同一种赤眼蜂可寄生于数十种寄主,同一种寄主又可能有数种赤眼蜂寄生。因此,采集赤眼蜂时,首先要了解其寄主范围和分布。如稻田中最常见的鳞翅目昆虫卵寄生蜂是稻螟赤眼蜂(Trichogramma joponicum Ashmead),其次为拟澳洲赤眼蜂(T.confusum Viggiani),松毛虫赤眼蜂(T.dendrolimi Matsumura)仅在松林附近的稻田内发现较多。采集时间应根据寄主昆虫的种类及其各代虫卵的寄生率而定。如稻螟赤眼蜂,据1977年  相似文献   

5.
赤眼蜂的个体发育   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
赤眼蜂Trichogramma devderolimi Matsumura属膜翅目、小蜂总科、赤眼蜂科、赤眼蜂属,是一种寄生在昆虫卵内的寄生蜂.赤眼蜂在农业、林业中是应用价值很大的一种益虫,其不仅分布很广,而且广性寄生.赤眼蜂成虫将卵产在害虫(寄主)卵内,使害虫的卵不能孵化,从而达到消灭害虫的目的.由于用它来防治农林害虫具有饲养方便、繁殖快、省劳力、无公害、效果好等特点,已成为综合防治虫害的一项重要内容.  相似文献   

6.
白素芬 《生物学通报》2010,45(3):15-16,F0003
寄生蜂以其他昆虫为宿主营寄生生活,是昆虫中进化程度最高的类群,更是控制农林害虫的重要物种。在长期的进化中,寄生蜂产生了许多克敌制胜的秘密武器,如多分DNA病毒、毒液和畸形细胞等。这些寄生因子在抑制宿主免疫系统的攻击、调节宿主的生长发育、保证寄生蜂成功寄生的过程中发挥重要作用。  相似文献   

7.
橘小实蝇是一种世界性的检疫害虫,危害多种蔬菜和水果的重要害虫。寄生蜂作为橘小实蝇的重要天敌,对其防治起着重要的作用。本文归纳整理了橘小实蝇寄生蜂主要种类及生物学、生态学特性,并对主要寄生蜂的寄生选择偏好性、寄生能力评价、种群消长影响因素以及其保护利用、人工大量繁育技术研究等进行总结,旨在为更好的开展橘小实蝇寄生蜂的研究及最终实现其大规模应用提供一定的参考。  相似文献   

8.
王小艺  杨忠岐 《生态学报》2006,26(4):1251-1260
膜翅目昆虫利用高效的毒素进行自身防卫、攻击猎物和调节寄主生长发育.从寄生性膜翅目昆虫毒素的产生、类别、组份、性质、毒素的生态功能以及毒素的作用机制等方面综述了寄生性膜翅目昆虫毒素的研究概况.膜翅目的泌毒器官起源于外胚层,由生殖系统的附腺演化而来.毒液由成熟雌蜂的毒腺或酸腺所分泌,并贮于毒囊中.昆虫毒素是成分复杂的混合物,已知膜翅目昆虫毒素中含有烃类、醇类、醛类、酮类、羧酸类、酯类、内酯类、酶类等多种化合物.寄生性膜翅目昆虫的毒素在提高自身适应能力方面的作用是巨大的,如通过麻痹寄主提高产卵成功的概率、通过抑制寄主的生长发育和免疫功能提高后代的存活率、通过干扰寄主的生理活动改善后代的营养需求等.体外寄生蜂毒素可造成寄主幼虫停止发育、永久性的麻痹甚至死亡,这类毒素常为抑性的、广谱的,一般作用于中枢神经系统或神经-肌肉连接点.而体内寄生蜂多为容性寄生,其毒液中含有多分DNA病毒(PDV),PDV通过抑制寄主免疫系统而巧妙地调节寄主的生理活动和发育,影响寄主的正常变态,大多数种类直到寄主结茧或做好蛹室时才将其杀死在安全的场所,从而使寄生蜂后代能够顺利完成发育.容性寄生蜂毒素对PDV的功能具有显著的增效或协同作用,而不会使寄主产生永久性麻痹.PDV对寄生蜂本身是非致病性的,与寄生蜂是一种分子水平上的共生或依生关系.寄生性膜翅目昆虫毒素显示了良好的应用前景,特别是在开发人类医药和特异性生物杀虫剂方面.但分离和纯化毒液中各个活性成分是应用的前提,也是生化和毒理研究的需要.  相似文献   

9.
寄生蜂取食寄主特性及其在害虫生物防治中的作用   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
许多寄生性天敌昆虫的雌虫不仅寄生寄主, 而且还能取食寄主。在卵育型(synovigenic)寄生蜂类群中, 取食寄主行为是较为普遍的现象。本文综合近20年相关研究进展, 从寄生蜂类群、取食类型、生态学意义及影响因子等方面对寄生蜂的取食寄主行为进行了归纳总结。寄生蜂通过取食不仅可以杀死寄主, 直接起到控制害虫种群数量的作用, 还能通过取食策略为卵的成熟和再生提供营养来源, 对延长雌虫的寿命也有一定的帮助。对取食寄主行为的了解可为筛选优势寄生性天敌种类、评估寄生蜂在害虫生物防治中的作用提供重要信息。  相似文献   

10.
《环境昆虫学报》2014,(6):1033-1039
半翅目粉虱和蚜虫是农业上两类最重要的害虫之一,可为害多种农作物、蔬菜、经济作物等,并在全球范围内对农业生产造成严重的经济损失。寄生蜂作为一类种类繁多、寄生率高且对环境无威胁的天敌昆虫,在以生物防治为主的粉虱、蚜虫的绿色防控中发挥了极为重要的控害作用。近年来,随着对寄生蜂研究的不断深入,人们更加迫切了解寄生蜂对寄主的作用机制。目前,对以果蝇为代表的模式物种以及鳞翅目昆虫及其寄生蜂的研究较为完善,而对其他目害虫寄生蜂的调控机制认识较少。文章以半翅目害虫粉虱、蚜虫和其寄生蜂为研究对象,从免疫系统、生长发育以及能量代谢3个方面对寄生蜂调控寄主的生理机制进行了综述,以期为半翅目害虫的寄生蜂研究提供一定的建议和参考。  相似文献   

11.
生物因子对寄生蜂滞育的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在影响寄生蜂滞育的生物因子中,寄主及亲代是主要影响因子。寄主可以从种类、类型、生理状态及丰富度等方面影响寄生蜂的滞育:寄生不同种类的寄主,寄生蜂的滞育反应、滞育进度、滞育比例以及光周期反应表现等均有不同;寄主类型的影响在蚜茧蜂类群中表现最为突出,不同寄主类型能对蚜茧蜂的滞育诱导产生不同影响;此外,寄主生理状态和寄主丰富度也是影响寄生蜂滞育的重要因子。亲代对寄生蜂滞育的影响则通过其所经历的环境条件以及自身因素等方面来表现:亲代经历的光周期和温度等能显著影响子代的滞育,甚至起完全决定作用;在亲代自身因素的影响中,亲代虫龄差异是主要因素。本文同时对寄生蜂滞育的研究及应用前景也一并作了展望。  相似文献   

12.
寄生蜂寻找隐蔽性寄主害虫的行为机制   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
王小艺  杨忠岐 《生态学报》2008,28(3):1257-1269
林木蛀干类害虫具有高度的隐蔽性,是林业上的一类重要害虫,也是目前世界上最难防治的害虫类群之一.寄生蜂在与寄主长期的协同进化过程中,形成了搜索、发现和攻击寄主害虫的独特机制,能够有效地找到并寄生它们.总结了寄生性天敌寻找、发现并成功定位隐蔽性寄主害虫的行为学机制.寄生蜂可以利用来自嗅觉的化学信息物质(如寄主、寄主粪便、虫道共生菌的挥发性气味)、寄主成虫的化学通讯物质、来自视觉的植物表面色差信息、来自触觉的寄主保护物性状特征、来自寄主取食和运动所产生的介质振动信号以及来自寄主活动和代谢的红外辐射等多种途径有效地发现隐蔽性害虫的位置,从而完成寄生行为.有些寄生蜂还能综合利用来源不同的多种信息,从而提高寄主定位的可靠性和准确性.本文还对寄生蜂寻找寄主的这些线索在生物防治上可能的利用途径和前景进行了讨论.这对促进我国在该领域的研究,充分利用天敌昆虫,提高生物防治效率具有参考价值.  相似文献   

13.
Wang X Y  Yang Z Q 《农业工程》2008,28(3):1257-1269
Wood borers are important forest insect pests and difficult to be controlled owing to their concealed behavior. However, parasitic wasps can effectively ascertain and parasitize wood borers as well as other concealed pests by using special searching, finding and attacking mechanisms, which have been developed during the course of long-term coevolution with their hosts. The present paper summarizes the behavioral mechanisms of parasitic wasps involved in searching and locating their concealed hosts. Parasitic wasps can accurately find the location of their hidden hosts and then parasitize them, usually by using olfactory semiochemicals from hosts (lavare and adults), host frass and symbiotic microorganisms in host galleries; visual signals from color contrast of plant surface; contact stimuli from characters of host physical defense; substrate vibrations produced by host feeding and movement; infrared radiation from host activities and metabolizability. Some parasitic wasps may integrate the information of several stimuli from different sources to enhance the reliability and accuracy of host locations. In addition, the potentials for utilizing the host location signals of parasitoids in biological control are discussed.  相似文献   

14.
《Journal of Asia》2006,9(3):287-292
Kairomonal activities of silk extracts of host Plodia interpunctella were determined by measuring the rates of behavioral responses of two parasitic wasps, Venturia canescens and Bracon hebetor. Silk of P. interpunctella larvae attracted both parasitic wasps but the cocoon silk of silkworm, Bombyx mori and the web silk of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae did not. Silk components of P. interpunctella were extracted by using either hexane or methanol, and tested the rates of three serial responses of wasps; host location, antennal drumming and ovipositor probing behaviors. The patterns of each behavioral response were similar in two wasps. The rates of each response were increased at the higher concentrations of both extracts. Antennal drumming behavior was much more responsive to lower concentrations of both extracts than ovipositor probing behavior was. Furthermore, the rate of antennal drumming response was higher in hexane-extracts rather than methanol-extract in both wasps; V. canescens and B. hebetor for 20 and 17 times, respectively. However, ovipositor probing response was similar in two different extracts. Both extracts elicited 100% of antennal drumming response but ovipositor probing response was only 60 to 80% of all tested individuals. Our results were shown that silk extracts of host larvae elicited strong behavioral responses of two parasitic wasps and could be applied for practical application of parasitoids attraction in the biological control of agricultural pests.  相似文献   

15.
Host acceptance decision in parasitic wasps strongly depends on the parasitism status of the encountered host. In solitary species, a host only allows the development of a single parasitic larva and then, any oviposition in an already parasitised host leads to larval competition and loss of offspring. Females of many parasitoid species are able to discriminate between parasitised hosts and healthy ones. However, the host discrimination process may require more time than oviposition, exposing the wasp to high risks when the host has efficient defences. Consequently, depending on the degree of success of the host defence, the cost of host inspection for discrimination can outweigh the benefit of superparasitism avoidance. In the present paper, a theoretical approach was developed for determining how host defences may affect optimal host acceptance behaviour in parasitoids. The present model compares the lifetime reproductive success over the strategy used, discrimination and no-discrimination: a discriminating wasp sets a relatively greater value in its current oviposition, while a non-discriminating female sets a greater value in its own survival and future reproduction. The model predicts that depending on physiological state variables and environmental state variables, the optimal policy is not discriminating. Our results suggest that the low discriminating ability observed in some parasitic wasps could probably be an evolutionary response to host defences pressure.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract.  Several parasitic wasps of the Pimplinae (Ichneumonidae) use self-produced vibrations transmitted through plant substrate to locate their concealed immobile hosts (lepidopteran pupae) by reflected signals. This mechanosensory mechanism of host location, called vibrational sounding, depends on the physical characteristics of the plant substrate and the wasp's body and is postulated to depend on ambient temperature. Adaptations of two parasitoid species to thermal conditions of their habitats and the influence of temperature on the trophic interaction during host location are investigated in the tropical Xanthopimpla stemmator (Thunberg) and compared with the temperate Pimpla turionellae (L.). Plant-stem models with hidden host mimics are offered to individual wasps under defined temperature treatments and scored for the number and location of ovipositor insertions. Significant effects of temperature are found on host-location activity and its success. The tropical species possesses an optimum temperature range for vibrational sounding between 26 and 32 °C, whereas the performance decreases both at low and high temperatures. The temperate species reveals substantial differences with respect to performance at the same thermal conditions. With increasing temperature, P. turionellae shows a reduced response to the host mimic, reduced numbers of ovipositor insertions, and decreased precision of mechanosensory host location. In the tropical X. stemmator , the female wasps are able to locate their host with high precision over a broad range of ambient temperatures, which suggests endothermic thermoregulation during vibrational sounding. Environmental physiology may therefore play a key role in adaptation of the host location mechanism to climatic conditions of the species' origin.  相似文献   

17.
Parasitic wasps use a broad spectrum of different stimuli for host location and host acceptance. Here we review the published evidence for the use of mechanical stimuli, i.e. substrate born vibrations which are invariably regarded as vibrotaxis. We propose a set of criteria to class behavioural reactions as vibrotaxis or vibrokinesis and characterize 14 studies reporting the use of host-associated vibrations by parasitoids. The studies are compared concerning (i) experimental design; (ii) characterisation of vibrational signals; and (iii) progress of the parasitoid towards the host.The recent experimental development based on new measurement techniques shows the growing body of evidence that host-associated vibrations are exploited by parasitic wasps. Nevertheless a definite proof for vibrotaxis is still lacking. To assess the exact mechanisms by which parasitoids use vibrations bioassays comparing reactions to natural and artificially generated signals are needed. Vibrotaxis as well as vibrokinesis are both helpful host location strategies for parasitoids foraging in a multimodal environment. At the community level they may lead to niche differentiation.  相似文献   

18.
周剑  尹丽红  王琛柱 《生命科学》2001,13(5):205-208
多分DNA病毒(PDV)是在膜翅目姬蜂科和茧蜂科寄生蜂体内的一类很独特的病毒,寄生蜂产卵时,PDV随同卵和萼液一起被注射入寄主体内,能干扰寄主的细胞免疫和体液免疫,该病毒直接侵染或间接作用于血细胞,主要是浆细胞和颗粒细胞,导致血细胞变圆或凋亡,PDV也能抑制血淋巴酚氧化酶活性,诱导抗菌因子的大量合成,最近有关研究主要集中在病毒基因的表达和伴随寄主血细胞功能失常的分子事件上,一些寄主蜂的PDV与其他因子,如卵巢蛋白,畸形细胞或蜂毒等协同发挥作用。  相似文献   

19.
Certain parasitic wasps (Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) use self-produced vibrations transmitted on plant substrate to locate their immobile concealed hosts (i.e. lepidopteran pupae). This mechanosensory mechanism, called the vibrational sounding, depends both on physical cues of the environment and physical activity of the parasitoid and is postulated to depend on ambient temperature. We analysed the influences of temperature on vibrational sounding by choice experiments using plant-stem models with hidden host mimics in the temperate species Pimpla turionellae. The results show a significant effect of temperature on host-location activity and on the success of this process. Outside an optimum range, the performance of the wasps decreased both at low and high temperatures. Below 10°C and beyond 24°C, the wasps displayed (1) substantial reduction in responsiveness, i.e. proportion of females showing ovipositor insertions, (2) reduction of quantitative activity with ovipositor insertions in the individuals, and (3) reduced precision of mechanosensory host location. Nevertheless, female wasps were able to locate their host over a surprisingly broad range of ambient temperatures which indicates that the wasps are able to compensate for temperature effects on vibrational sounding.  相似文献   

20.
《Journal of Asia》2006,9(4):353-360
Abilities of host search, oviposition and progeny development of both endoparasitoid, Venturia canescens, and ectoparasitoid, Bracon hebetor, were compared from four different abnormal host conditions of Plodia interpunctella. Wasps were allowed to parasitize normal, granulovirus-infected, frozen, tebufenozide-treated or multi-parasitized host larvae. Both wasps delayed at various times to locate most hosts that conditioned abnormally. The rates of antennal drumming and ovipositor probing of both wasps were reduced in frozen and multi-parasitized hosts. Particularly, V. canescens strongly avoided these behaviors in a host that previously parasitized by B. hebetor. Oviposition of V. canescens was completely absent in frozen and multi-parasitized hosts but suppressed in a tebufenozide-treated host. B. hebetor suppressed its oviposition only in a frozen host. In addition, the progeny development of both wasps was greatly reduced or absent in most abnormal conditions. However, B. hebetor successfully developed in a host that previously parasitized by V. canescens. Our results in overall indicate that each parasitic behaviors and progeny development are greatly dependent on different host conditions and provides a basis for studies on the mechanism underlying host-parasitoid interactions.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号