回放雄虫第二种鸣声对稻褐飞虱生殖过程的抑制作用

结果表明：1. 回放稻褐飞虱雄虫第二种鸣声 (SMVS) 1～12 h可以显著降低雌雄虫的成功交配率,而回放SMVS 24 h则对此无明显影响;2. 回放SMVS对交配率的影响主要在于对试虫相遇前的求偶过程,表现为雌虫鸣叫率显著下降,对雄虫求偶声 (FMVS) 的反应延迟;雄虫对雌虫求偶声 (FVS) 的反应程度有所降低;雌雄虫的相遇前期显著延长;3. 回放SMVS不影响交配试虫的授精率和产卵量,但影响授精的质量, 表现在精包明显变小,卵的发育率下降。     

小翅稻蝗的精子竞争及交配行为的适应意义

许多昆虫有多次交配行为 ,因多次交配而引起不同雄虫的精子竞争 ,提供雌虫一种有效的性选择方式。小翅稻蝗 (Oxyayezoensis Shiraki)具多次交配行为 ,雌雄交配时间长 ,且交配后常伴有长时间的抱对行为。利用近缘种的种间交配 ,对小翅稻蝗的精子竞争、交配后抱对行为的适应意义进行了探讨。结果表明 ,小翅稻蝗的 P2 值 (最后交配雄虫子代的比例 )达 94 .3%±5 .3% ,说明最后交配雄虫的精子优先用于卵子的受精 ,交配时存在着精子置换。长时间的交配后抱对行为是为了阻止雌虫与不同雄虫个体的再交配 ,保护精子免被置换。     

高温对稻褐飞虱发育与生殖的影响

通过高温处理及交配产卵实验,探讨了高温对稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)发育与生殖的影响。研究了不同高温条件对褐飞虱若虫发育历期、产卵量、产卵前期、寿命等生物学特性的影响。34℃以上高温导致褐飞虱若虫发育历期延长。高温处理4龄若虫使羽化后的雌成虫产卵量减少。高温处理不同日龄雌成虫也致使其产卵量减少,其中以1日龄短翅型、3日龄长翅型的产卵量影响最大。高温处理后褐飞虱寿命缩短。高温恒温处理,对短翅型雌成虫的产卵前期影响不大,但能延长长翅型雌成虫的产卵前期;而高温变温处理致使短、长翅型雌成虫的产卵前期均延长。高温变温对褐飞虱生殖的影响程度大于高温恒温。高温处理组雌、雄成虫与对照组相应的成虫交配试验表明,高温对雌性的影响大于雄性。实验初步确定34℃为对褐飞虱发育与生殖产生影响的临界温度。     

褐飞虱的迁人和翅型分化规律的研究

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)属迁飞性水稻害虫,其成虫有短翅和长翅两种翅型。 褐飞虱迁入雌虫均未经过交配,其短翅型由一对显性等位基因控制。翅型分化同时受到遗传和内分泌系统的协调控制,外界条件如密度和寄主等因子通过内分泌系统来影响翅型的分化。褐飞虱翅型分化的敏感龄期雌虫为1～3龄,而雄虫为1-5龄;不同若虫蜜度处理对褐飞虱成虫的前翅形成有一定的影响。分蘖期水稻饲养的褐飞虱短翅型比例明显高于孕穗期水稻饲养的褐飞虱。不同密度下各生物型间的翅型分化差异不显著。迁入地的浙江各种群属温带型,其雌虫短翅率低且与密度呈显著负相关;菲律宾热带种群雌虫在不同密度下均为短翅型,而雄虫的短翅率随密度增加而上升。广西种群接近热带型,其雌虫短翅率高但不随密度而变化。试验各种群的雄虫在中等密度甚至高密度时其短翅率出现最高。     

稻虱缨小蜂对褐飞虱和白背飞虱卵的识别机制

研究了室内条件下信息化合物及稻飞虱卵的形态特征在稻虱缨小蜂识别2种卵寄主褐飞虱和白背飞虱中的作用。结果表明,褐飞虱和白背飞虱雌成虫诱导的水稻挥发物对稻虱缨小蜂的引诱作用无显著差异,各自的引诱比例(头数)分别为57.50%(23头)和42.50%(17头)。稻虱缨小蜂对2种飞虱4组材料,完整卵、磨碎卵、带卵叶鞘和若虫为害叶鞘的行为反应,除了在褐飞虱完整卵上的搜索时间极显著地长于在白背飞虱完整卵上的以外,其余的均不存在差异。挥发物捕集结果表明,褐飞虱和白背飞虱雌成虫诱导的水稻挥发物组成相非常一致。上述结果表明水稻挥发物、稻飞虱利它素及飞虱卵的形态特征在稻虱缨小蜂识别褐飞虱和白背飞虱卵中的作用不明显。文中就稻虱缨小蜂识别2种寄主的机制进行了讨论。     

捕虱管蓟马的捕食、交配和产卵行为

观察了捕虱管蓟马的多种行为,认为该虫的日常行为为取食、行走、搜索、休息、交配和产卵;对所试验的5种害虫的喜好程度依次为椭圆蚧卵,柑桔木虱卵、褐圆蚧卵、柑桔粉虱卵、桔全爪螨若虫,褐圆蚧若虫、桔全爪螨卵、椭圆蚧若虫、柑桔木虱一龄 若虫,除柑桔木虱一龄若虫外,取食差异不显;捕虱管蓟马取食卵的量比若虫多,经T－检验分析,两无明显差异;室内饲养蓟马和田间采获蓟马的行为,及各行行为间差异,通过二因素方差分析显示不显;不同虫态蓟马取食时间长短依次为雌成虫、雄成虫、若虫、在食物充足的情况下,不同虫态之间几乎没有竞争,偶有成虫捕食幼虫现象发生。对该虫的交配行为及产卵行为作了详细的观察,发现雌蓟马成虫和雄蓟马成虫都多次交配;雄虫之间的性竞争十分激烈,而雌虫之间几乎没有竞争。     

褐飞虱遇险释放挥发性物质的提取及成分分析

利用Y型嗅觉仪测定不同试验条件下褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)对同类昆虫遭遇草间小黑蛛Erigonidium graminicolum Sundvall捕食时挥发性物质的行为反应,并利用固相微萃取、气相色谱与质谱技术分离鉴定挥发性物质。目的明确褐飞虱遇险释放挥发性物质的最佳提取条件,并分析该挥发性物质的成分。结果表明,用乙酸乙酯、甲醇和正己烷分别提取"褐飞虱2³龄若虫+草间小黑蛛成蛛"共存体释放的挥发性物质,发现乙酸乙酯提取物能引起褐飞虱极显著的逃避行为。用不同褐飞虱虫量(100、300、600头/500 mL瓶)、不同提取时间(1、3、6 h)和不同溶剂温度(15、25、35℃)分别提取"褐飞虱23龄若虫+草间小黑蛛成蛛"共存体释放的挥发性物质,发现乙酸乙酯提取物能引起褐飞虱极显著的逃避行为。用不同褐飞虱虫量(100、300、600头/500 mL瓶)、不同提取时间(1、3、6 h)和不同溶剂温度(15、25、35℃)分别提取"褐飞虱2³龄若虫+草间小黑蛛成蛛"共存体释放的挥发性物质,发现3003龄若虫+草间小黑蛛成蛛"共存体释放的挥发性物质,发现300⁶00头、3600头、3⁶ h和25℃下的提取物能引起褐飞虱极显著的逃避行为,明确了褐飞虱遇险释放挥发性物质的最佳提取条件。利用固相微萃取法分别萃取"褐飞虱26 h和25℃下的提取物能引起褐飞虱极显著的逃避行为,明确了褐飞虱遇险释放挥发性物质的最佳提取条件。利用固相微萃取法分别萃取"褐飞虱2³龄若虫"释放的挥发性物质和"褐飞虱23龄若虫"释放的挥发性物质和"褐飞虱2³龄若虫+草间小黑蛛成蛛"共存体释放的挥发性物质。气相色谱分析表明,保留时间16 min、21.5 min时,"褐飞虱"与"褐飞虱+草间小黑蛛"共存体释放的挥发物均出现新峰;保留时间10.94 min时,仅"褐飞虱+草间小黑蛛"共存体释放的挥发物出现新峰。推测保留时间10.94 min时出现的峰为褐飞虱被草间小黑蛛捕食时释放的示警挥发物。质谱分析进一步表明,这种挥发物具有与(E)-2-己烯醛相类似的化学结构,但其实际结构还需深入研究。     

绿僵菌及其与dsRNA混合使用对褐飞虱的防治效果

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stl是我国重要的迁飞性水稻害虫,本文研究了金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae及其与dsRNA混合使用对褐飞虱的防治效果。绿僵菌悬浮液1.6×108孢子/m L至8×106孢子/m L对褐飞虱2龄、4龄和成虫进行喷药,发现1.6×107孢子/m L对各个虫态虫龄均有良好致死效果,并且成虫和4龄若虫均好于2龄若虫。在交配行为上来看,绿僵菌处理过的褐飞虱成虫活跃度非常低,从配对开始一直到交配结束的各个阶段都受到明显影响,处理组3 h的交配率只有3.70%,而对照组的交配率为24.44%。还把褐飞虱几丁质合成酶基因A的dsRNA与绿僵菌混合使用防治褐飞虱2龄和4龄若虫,结果表明0.5μg/μL ds CHSA与绿僵菌混合使用的防治效果最好,2龄若虫的死亡率为89.63%,4龄若虫的死亡率达到93.94%。而0.2μg/μL ds CHSA与绿僵菌的混合,对2龄和4龄若虫的致死率为65.56%-76.52%。研究结果为褐飞虱的生物防治提供了新的思路。     

影响稻褐飞虱声诱集的若干因素(同翅目：飞虱科)

稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(stal)雌、雄成虫均能发出由固体介质(寄主植株)传递的鸣声(振动)信号,用于交尾前的个体间通讯。雄虫对雌虫鸣声或重放鸣声录音具有强趋性。由此研制的声诱集器有可能首先用于改进褐飞虱测报的田间采样技术。 声诱集效果受若干因素的影响。实验室试验结果表明,声诱集具有种的选择性;诱集率随雄虫虫龄变化,对羽化后4一5日龄雄虫的诱集率最高;异性干扰对诱集效果有明显影响;一天中,中午前后诱集率最高,9：00-18：00的诱集量占总诱集量的54.0%±10.8%;诱集率随气温变化,26℃-28℃诱集效果最好;而室外晴、阴、雨等天气差异对诱集串无显著影响;另外,随诱集信号播放时间的延续,诱集率下降;间断信号的诱集效果高于连续信号。     

灰飞虱取食行为刺吸电位波形的初步研究

利用刺吸电位技术(EPG)研究了灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)EPG波形与其取食行为之间的对应关系,并对不同虫龄、性别灰飞虱的取食行为进行EPG特征参数的比较。结果表明,灰飞虱取食行为的EPG波形可分为NP、N1、N2-a、N2-b、N3、N4和N5 7种类型,波谱的形状和频率与已报道的褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)的EPG取食波形基本相同。首次发现灰飞虱在口针刺探水稻维管束进行唾液分泌时可明显分为两个阶段即N2-a和N2-b。N2-a波表示口针移动并伴随唾液的分泌;N2-b波与灰飞虱持续分泌唾液的行为有关。经对比,不同虫龄、性别灰飞虱的EPG取食波形基本相同,但EPG特征参数存在差异。雌虫刺探次数显著多于雄虫和低龄若虫;成虫口针在临近韧皮部细胞外移动的时间显著长于若虫。     

Effects of multiple mating and male eye span on female reproductive output in the stalk-eyed fly, Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni

Females of the stalk-eyed fly, Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni, mate repeatedly during their lifetime and exhibit mating preferencefor males with large eye span. How these mating decisions affectfemale fitness is not fully understood. In this study, we examinedthe effects of multiple mating and male eye span on short-termreproductive output in this species. Experiments that manipulatedthe number of copulations and partners a female received suggested that obtaining a sufficient sperm supply is an important benefitassociated with multiple mating. The average percentage offertile eggs laid by females increased as a function of matingfrequency and ranged from 40% for females mated once, to 80%for females mated continuously. In addition, a high proportionof copulations in this species appeared to be unsuccessful. One-third of all females mated once laid less than 10% fertileeggs. There was no significant difference in reproductive performancebetween females mated to multiple partners and females matedto a single partner. There was also no indication that femalesreceived any short-term reproductive benefits from mating withmales with large eye span. In fact, females mated to males with short eye span laid a higher percentage of fertile eggs thanfemales mated to large eye span males.     

Polyandry in grain beetles, Tenebrio molitor, leads to greater reproductive success: material or genetic benefits?

Females that mate with more than one male may derive both materialand genetic benefits, and differentiating between the two benefitsis often difficult. We tested for both material and geneticeffects associated with multiple mating in the highly promiscuousyellow mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Females that matedfour times to the same male laid more eggs and produced morelarvae than females that mated only once. Whether copulationsoccurred on the same day or over several days, the result wasan immediate increase in the production of eggs by females.Some females were kept on a restricted diet to test whethernutrients in the spermatophore disproportionately benefittedfood-deprived females. Although females on poor diets producedfewer and smaller offspring, diet did not significantly affect the proportional benefit of mating treatment on female fecundity.By controlling for male mating history, we were able to separatethe effects of mating with different males from the effectsof receiving multiple spermatophores from the same male. Femalesthat mated with four different males achieved substantial gainsin numbers of eggs produced (32% increase) beyond those offemales that mated an identical number of times with the same male. We found no evidence that males allocate fewer sperm toprevious mates. Egg hatchability was unaffected by mating behavior,suggesting that genetic incompatibility at that stage is notresponsible for the low reproductive success of females matedwith a single male. These results suggest that females maydelay or reduce oviposition or may be incapable of achieving maximal fecundity until they have gained the material and/orgenetic benefits of mating with multiple males.     

Male Seminal Fluid Substances Affect Sperm Competition Success and Female Reproductive Behavior in a Seed Beetle

Male seminal fluid proteins are known to affect female reproductive behavior and physiology by reducing mating receptivity and by increasing egg production rates. Such substances are also though to increase the competitive fertilization success of males, but the empirical foundation for this tenet is restricted. Here, we examined the effects of injections of size-fractioned protein extracts from male reproductive organs on both male competitive fertilization success (i.e., P2 in double mating experiments) and female reproduction in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. We found that extracts of male seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts increased competitive fertilization success when males mated with females 1 day after the females’ initial mating, while extracts from accessory glands and testes increased competitive fertilization success when males mated with females 2 days after the females’ initial mating. Moreover, different size fractions of seminal fluid proteins had distinct and partly antagonistic effects on male competitive fertilization success. Collectively, our experiments show that several different seminal fluid proteins, deriving from different parts in the male reproductive tract and of different molecular weight, affect male competitive fertilization success in C. maculatus. Our results highlight the diverse effects of seminal fluid proteins and show that the function of such proteins can be contingent upon female mating status. We also document effects of different size fractions on female mating receptivity and egg laying rates, which can serve as a basis for future efforts to identify the molecular identity of seminal fluid proteins and their function in this model species.     

胸窗萤的生殖习性

研究胸窗萤Pyrocoelia pectoralis Olivier雌、雄成虫生殖系统、交配和产卵行为。描述雌雄成虫在求偶过程中的多种行为:寻找、竞争、抱对、交配、受精。雌雄交配时间可持续(82.5±34.8)min(n=15),雌雄均有多次交配现象。雌虫羽化后可立即交配产卵。在(25±2)℃室温下,雌虫寿命8.87±2.06d(n=30),雌萤平均产卵量为72.03±34.38粒(n=30),产卵量与雌虫体重呈正相关关系(y=235.28x-20.38,R2=0.7283,df=43,P<0.01);而产卵日龄与每日产出率呈指数函数关系(y=1.5339e-0.9148x,R2=0.9987,df=5,P<0.01)。因子分析结果显示,影响雌虫生殖力的因子可以归为外部形态因子和内在生理因子。     

Reproductive behavior of the honeydew moth,Cryptoblabes gnidiella

Summary

The reproductive behavior of the honeydew moth, Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Millière) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was studied in the laboratory. The sex ratio was 1.1:1, males to females, in both laboratory and field stocks. Most of the females that mated did so during the first night after emergence; males began mating on the following night. Mating occurred 1–2 h before dawn and averaged 100 min. Both sexes mated only once in one night. Most females mated only once in their lifetime, a few mated 2–4 times, whereas males mated up to six times per lifetime. Insects that lived longer also mated more times. When the sex ratio was altered from 3:1 to 1:3, males to females, the percentage of females that mated in one night dropped from 90 to 65, whereas the number of matings per male rose from 0.32 to 2.25. When fresh one-day-old females were provided daily at a ratio of three per male, the males averaged 1.4 matings per lifetime vs. 2.6 with 2- to 3-day-old females. A delay in mating did not affect the percentages of males and females that mated; highest percentages were obtained with 2- to 4-day-old males and females, but a delay in mating resulted in egg fertility dropping from 91 % to 73 %. The preoviposition period lasted a full day after mating, and then most of the eggs were laid during the first night. Average fecundity was 105 eggs per female (maximum: 230).     

Proteomic analysis of insecticide triazophos-induced mating-responsive proteins of Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (St?l) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a classic example of a resurgent pest induced by insecticides. It has been demonstrated that triazophos treatment causes an increase in the content of male accessory gland proteins (Acps) that can be transferred to females via mating, influencing female reproduction. However, the mechanism of this type of insecticide-induced Acps in males and the subsequent stimulation of reproduction in females are not well understood. To identify changes in the types of Acps and reproductive proteins in mated females, we conducted a comparative proteomic analysis. Six samples were categorized into four different groups: (1) untreated unmated males compared to treated unmated males (UUM vs TUM); (2) treated unmated males compared to treated mated males (TUM vs TMM); (3) untreated unmated females compared to treated unmated females (UUF vs TUF); (4) treated unmated females compared to treated mated females (TUF vs TMF). Protein expression changes among the four different groups were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Of the 500-600 reproducibly detected protein spots on each gel, 107 protein spots were differentially expressed between the four different groups. Of the 63 proteins identified by LC-MS/MS analysis, 38 were up-regulated and 25 were down-regulated in the four different groups. Some novel proteins related to fecundity were observed including spermatogenesis-associated protein 5, testis development protein NYD-SP6, arginine kinase, actin-5C, vitellogenin, and ovarian serine protease nudel. The elevated expression of novel fecundity proteins in six samples of N. lugens females and males due to exposure to triazophos was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results suggest that these proteins may participate in the reproductive process of N. lugens adult females and males. Our findings fill a gap in understanding the relationship between insecticide-treated males and the stimulated reproduction of N. lugens females.     

甜菜夜蛾交配行为和能力

在(27±1)℃,光周期L14∶D10的条件下对甜菜夜蛾I>Spodoptera exigua的交配行为及能力进行了研究。结果表明：成虫在羽化当晚即可进行交配,交配率以羽化后头三个晚上的较高(>82%),但从第4天起则显著下降。成虫一天中的交配时间出现于23:30～05:30之间,交配高峰出现在01:30～02:30和03:00～04:00 之间, 其中以第1高峰的发生频率较高。成虫交配持续时间从22～191 min不等,但以30～60 min的为多(40.8%, n=97), 60～90 min的次之(19.4%),超过180 min的较少(10.2 %)。另外,交配持续时间与蛾龄紧密相关。蛾龄越大,交配持续的时间越长,且差异显著。雄蛾一生的交配能力由1～11次不等,但受性比的影响显著：在性比为1∶1的条件下,雄蛾平均交配次数仅为3.0 次,而在2♀∶1♂至5♀∶1♂时,则增加到5.1～6.0 次。雌蛾交配比例及次数受性比的影响也很大：没有交配的雌蛾比例从1∶1时的8.3%增加到5♀∶1♂时的32%,仅交配一次的比例从16.7%增加到38.7%,而交配≥5 次的比例则从 25%下降到0。最后,对这些结果在甜菜夜蛾防治中应用的可能性进行了讨论。     

The reproductive pattern of male dusky salamanders (genus Desmognathus) is neither associated nor dissociated

Many seasonally breeding vertebrate species have an associated reproductive pattern: mating behavior, gonadal activity, and peak circulating androgen levels occur simultaneously. In these species, androgens influence the expression of male mating behavior. Other species have a dissociated reproductive pattern: mating behavior occurs at a different time than peak gonadal activity. In such species, it is hypothesized that mating behavior is not dependent on androgen levels [Crews, D., 1984. Gamete production, sex hormone secretion, and mating behavior uncoupled. Horm. Behav. 18, 22-28]. The salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus mates in the spring and fall while spermatogenesis occurs during the summer, suggesting that it has a dissociated reproductive pattern and that androgens do not mediate mating behavior. To assess whether mating behavior is regulated by gonadal androgens, we castrated males to reduce endogenous androgens and implanted testosterone propionate (TP) to restore androgen levels. Castrated males mated significantly less than did control males. Castrated males given TP mated as much as control males. Compared to controls, circulating androgen levels (both testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)) were reduced in castrated males and elevated in castrated males given TP implants. We also found that plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels were strongly and positively correlated with T levels. Together, these data indicate that, although spermatogenesis is dissociated in time from mating behavior, androgens are associated with the expression of mating. Thus, the associated-dissociated dichotomy does not adequately describe the reproductive pattern of D. ochrophaeus. We discuss the limitations of the associated-dissociated framework in clarifying hormone-behavior relationships in reptiles and amphibians.     

Postcopulatory vocalizations of fallow bucks: who is listening?

Fallow bucks (Dama dama) produce a postcopulatory vocalization (PCV), consisting of an increase in the short-term groaningrate during the first min after mating. In this article, weconsider two main hypotheses to assess the possible functionof the postcopulatory vocalization. First, the PCV could bedirected at females, and used to advertise the current fertility status of the male. Second, the PCV could be directed at males,and used to transmit an intrasexual threat signal. We foundthat during days when a male gained many matings, his PCVsdid not decline, and males with larger intervals between matingsdid not produce higher PCVs. Lower PCVs were not associated with infertile matings, and for females that mated twice withinthe same estrus, the PCVs of their first matings were not lowerthan other PCVs. In addition, higher PCVs were not associatedwith shorter intervals to a male's next mating. Thus, therewas no evidence to suggest that the PCV was involved in transmittinga signal of fertility assurance, either to females that had mated, or to those that were about to mate. We found that PCVsdeclined as males reached the end of their mating success,therefore suggesting that PCVs are more likely to be involvedin transmitting an intrasexual threat signal related to currentcondition and/or motivation. We suggest that this signal is probably involved in mate guarding.