广藿香毛状根多倍体诱导及其植株再生

为了提高药用植物广藿香的次生物质广藿香醇含量,采用秋水仙素人工诱导染色体加倍技术,进行了广藿香毛状根多倍体诱导及其植株再生、倍性鉴定和挥发油组分广藿香醇含量的测定。结果表明,广藿香毛状根多倍体诱导的最佳条件为0.05%秋水仙素处理36 h,其多倍体诱导率可达40%以上;经秋水仙素加倍的广藿香毛状根在MS+6-BA 0.2 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L培养基中培养60 d后可获得毛状根多倍体再生植株。与对照(二倍体植株)相比,广藿香毛状根多倍体再生植株根系更发达、茎更粗、节间变短、叶片的长度、宽度和厚度均较二倍体明显增大。根尖细胞染色体压片观察证实,所获得的广藿香毛状根多倍体再生植株为四倍体,其根尖细胞染色体数约为128;同时,其叶片的气孔保卫细胞体积及其叶绿体数目均约为对照的两倍;但其气孔密度则随着倍性增加而下降,二倍体植株叶片的气孔密度约为四倍体植株叶片的1.67倍。GC-MS测定结果表明,广藿香毛状根多倍体再生植株的广藿香挥发油组分广藿香醇的含量为4.25 mg/g干重,约为二倍体植株的2.30倍。该结果证实毛状根多倍体化可提高药用植物广藿香的广藿香醇含量。     

酮型广藿香MVA途径基因表达分析及与主要成分合成相关性研究

广藿香药材以广藿香酮含量较高的酮型广藿香为最优质。而广藿香酮为一种萜类成分,其生物合成途径尚未明确。MVA(甲羟戊酸)途径是萜类化合物生物合成的重要途径。为了分析MVA途经基因表达与化学成分的相关性从而获得促进广藿香酮合成的潜在基因,该文以2种酮型广藿香栽培品种(石牌广藿香、高要广藿香)为材料,通过实时定量PCR分析基因表达和主要成分含量测定,并研究了供试材料不同时期的茎、叶中与甲羟戊酸代谢途径相关的HMGR、MK、MDD基因表达及化学成分。结果表明：(1)HMGR基因在石牌广藿香嫩叶中表达更明显;MK基因在石牌广藿香和高要广藿香中表达模式相似,主要在老茎中表达;MDD基因在石牌广藿香叶中比高要广藿香表达量更高,在两种广藿香的茎中表达模式相似。(2)同属于酮型广藿香,石牌广藿香与高要广藿香的化学成分相似,老叶广藿香醇含量最高,老茎的广藿香酮含量更高。(3)MDD和MK基因与广藿香酮的合成正相关。综上结果所述,酮型广藿香两个栽培种MVA途径的基因表达模式相似,MDD和MK基因可能为酮型广藿香萜类代谢途径的关键基因。     

60Coγ射线对广藿香的辐照诱变及再生植株的RAPD分析

探讨60Coγ射线辐照对广藿香外植体离体再生的影响及再生植株的诱变效应.采用60Coγ射线辐照广藿香外植体,考察辐照对外植体离体再生的影响,并观察再生植株的形态变异;同时采用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术分析诱变再生植株的变异情况.广藿香外植体的存活率和外植体再生芽的能力,随着辐照剂量的升高而降低;部分再生植株在形态上发生一些变化;RAPD分析表明,4个辐照剂量的外植体再生植株多态性频率分别为39.13%、36.37%、23.09%及33.33%.60Coγ射线辐射会造成外植体存活率和再生芽能力的下降,辐照外植体培养获得的再生植株,在表型性状及分子水平上出现了一定的分离,为将辐照诱变技术应用于广藿香育种提供了依据.     

广藿香叶盘法高效再生体系主要影响因素的研究

广藿香是重要的芳香药用植物,利用基因工程技术对广藿香进行品种改良,需要建立一个高效的广藿香植株再生体系。该研究以广藿香无菌苗叶片为材料,将叶盘外植体分别置于不同条件下培养,观察、统计其再生植株的数量及生长状况。通过研究15~50 d的苗龄、第2~4节上的叶及培养基中2,4-D、NAA、BA和KT的浓度和配比等因素对广藿香叶盘再生植株的影响,在此基础上优化培养条件,建立广藿香高效再生体系。结果表明:广藿香无菌苗的苗龄、叶片在茎上的着生位置以及培养基中的植物生长调节物质浓度和配比都对广藿香的植株再生有显著影响;优化培养条件为以培养30 d的广藿香无菌苗顶芽下第2对展开叶片切割的叶盘为外植体,在含0.1 mg·L-1NAA和0.5 mg·L-1BA的MS培养基中培养28 d,叶盘的不定芽发生频率达到100%,单个叶盘的平均再生芽数为96.5个,经生根培养及温室炼苗,再生植株的移栽成活率达到96%。广藿香叶盘植株再生体系的建立为其基因转化研究及优良品种的快速繁育奠定了基础。     

广藿香同源八倍体诱导与鉴定

为诱导广藿香[Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth.]同源八倍体,采用组织培养方法,研究了秋水仙素对广藿香同源八倍体诱导的影响。结果表明,以0.05%秋水仙素浸泡广藿香组培丛生芽72 h的效果最佳,形态学鉴定处理苗的变异率达85%,且八倍体苗的染色体数目为2n=8x=128,八倍体苗的根茎粗壮,叶片大而厚,颜色深,叶形指数小,叶片下表皮的气孔个体大、密度小,保卫细胞中的叶绿体数目多,植株形态学性状优良。这为进一步获得高产、活性成分含量高的广藿香优良品系奠定基础。     

广藿香精油的杀虫作用及其活性成分分析

采用室内生物活性测定方法,研究了广藿香〔Pogostem on cablin(B lanco)Benth.〕全草精油的杀虫活性及其活性成分。结果表明,广藿香精油和广藿香酮对菜粉蝶(Preris rapaeL.)和小菜蛾(Plutella xylostellaL.)幼虫有较好的防治作用。使用2.5~40.0 mg.mL-1广藿香精油和1~10 mg.mL-1广藿香酮分别对菜粉蝶和小菜蛾幼虫进行饲喂实验,均表现出较强烈的拒食作用;广藿香精油和广藿香酮对4龄菜粉蝶幼虫毒杀作用的LC50值分别为104.28和32.20μg.mL-1。活性跟踪实验确证广藿香酮为广藿香精油的有效杀虫成分。     

广藿香挥发油化学成份的研究

利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对广藿香[pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.]茎叶的挥发油成份进行了分析,从分离出的49个色谱峰中鉴定出33个化合物,占总挥发油含量的83.75％。主要成份是广藿香醇(31.86％),刺蕊草烯(9.58％),α-愈创木烯(8.82％),δ-愈创木烯(8.65％),α-广藿香烯(8.48％),β-广藿香烯(6.91％),广藿香酮(3.83％)等。     

藿香和广藿香挥发油的抗皮肤细菌活性与化学成分的研究

研究了4种来源于植物藿香（Agastacherugosa）和广藿香（Pogostemoncablin）挥发油对16种皮肤细菌的体外抑制作用,发现中国广藿香油的活性最强,它可以完全抑制大部分皮肤细菌的生长繁殖,尤其是与人体腋臭和脚气有关的负责菌,MIC小于400μl/L。同样情况下,藿香油的抗性很弱或无。通过GC—MS分析发现,藿香油的主要成分为薄荷酮类化合物,而广藿香油的主要成分是广藿香醇、异愈创木烯和广藿香烯,挥发油抗细菌活性与其主要成分含量有关。     

不同品种来源广藿香叶表皮毛特征比较分析

叶表皮毛特征作为药用植物的"微性状"特征,被越来越多地应用于植物学分类研究中,表皮毛的生长发育状态可以直接影响药材的整体品质。广藿香主要含有挥发油成分,叶表皮毛中的腺毛是其挥发油的主要合成分泌场所,而非腺毛可以起到保护作用,影响其长势和产量。为了探讨叶表皮毛特征在广藿香品种鉴别方面的意义,该研究以8个不同品种来源以及2个采收期(6月末和10月末)的广藿香的顶叶、第4对生叶及底叶为材料,采用水合氯醛透化法制片,于光学显微镜下观察拍照,使用Microsoft Excel 2019统计数据,采用SPSS 23.0统计学软件对叶表皮毛密度、腺毛直径进行方差分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明:同一品种来源,不同采收期的广藿香叶表皮毛密度有显著性差异,6月末采收的广藿香叶表皮毛密度显著低于10月末采收的;根据叶表皮毛(非腺毛、头状腺毛、盾状腺毛)密度及腺毛直径,可将相同采收期的8个不同品种来源广藿香分为4类,且可以将已知品种来源的南香、肇香和牌香分开,与传统分类结果有着很好的一致性。叶表皮毛密度和腺毛直径在广藿香的分类中具有一定的参考意义,并为广藿香药材品质形成机制的研究提供参考。     

‘石牌’广藿香叶肉原生质体的分离及纯化

以‘石牌’广藿香无菌苗叶片为材料,对原生质体分离、纯化方法以及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:以继代培养12～22 d的无菌苗顶芽下第3对展开叶片为材料,用0.5%果胶酶、0.2%离析酶和1.5%纤维素酶作用8 h,渗透压调节剂为11%甘露醇,‘石牌’广藿香叶肉原生质体产量达1.85×107个/g fw,活力达89%;原生质体纯化以12%聚蔗糖(Ficoll)漂浮法效果最佳。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.