椒目仁油的质量标准研究

目的：建立椒目仁油的质量标准。方法：采用GC法测定椒目仁油中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸的含量;根据《中国药典》2010年版一部附录方法[1]测定椒目仁油的酸值、皂化值、碘值、杂质和水分。结果：GC法测得亚油酸、α-亚麻酸的峰面积比值分别在1.14～8.49 mg/mL,1.62～12.04 mg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,RSD值分别为0.58%,1.09%;椒目仁油酸值最高为5.98;皂化值180～195;碘值140～180;加热试验5批椒目仁油的颜色均无明显变化,也无任何析出物析出;5批测试样品杂质含量最高为0.20%,最低为0.10%;5批测试样品中水分含量最高为0.17%,最低为0.03%。结论：所建方法操作简便,重现性良好,可用于椒目仁油的质量控制。     

椒目仁油的成分分析及对家兔高血脂模型的影响

目的:分析椒目仁油的成分及探讨其对家兔高血脂模型的影响;方法:①采用GC-MS分析椒目仁油的成分;②建立家兔高血脂模型后,以CH、TG、HDL-C及血液粘度为检测指标,比较椒目仁油的量效与时效关系;结果:①椒目仁油的主要成分是α-亚麻酸酯与亚油酸等,总相对含量为71.34%;②每个椒目仁油组与模型组及对照组比较均能明显降低CH(P<0.01)、TG(P<0.01)、血液粘度(P<0.01)以及明显升高HDL-C(P<0.01),其剂量效果是椒目仁油25mg/kg组<50mg/kg组<100mg/kg组,其时间效果是用药后第2周<第4周<第6周;结论:椒目仁油调节血脂的作用主要依赖其中不饱和脂肪酸即α-亚麻酸与亚油酸,其调节血脂的效果随着椒目仁油剂量的增加而加强,同时随着使用时间的延长而加强。     

椒莪合剂的质量标准研究

目的:检测椒莪合剂中主要化学成分含量并制订其质量标准。方法:1采用TLC法对制剂中莪术醇、牻牛儿酮、莪术二酮及α-亚麻酸进行鉴别;2采用HPLC法,以Intersustain C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5.0μm),检测波长为216 nm,以乙腈-水作为流动相运用梯度洗脱法分别测定制剂中牻牛儿酮、呋喃二烯的含量;以乙腈-1%醋酸溶液(90:10)为流动相,Kromasil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×200 mm,5.0μm),检测波长为205 nm,测定制剂中α-亚麻酸的含量。结果:1制剂中牻牛儿酮、莪术二酮及α-亚麻酸的薄层鉴别具有较好的专属性;2牻牛儿酮、呋喃二烯及α-亚麻酸的线性范围与相关系数(r)分别为0.0060~0.1200 mg·m L-1、0.9995,0.0120~0.2400 mg·g-1、0.9995,6.90~115.00 mg·g-1、0.9998;3牻牛儿酮、呋喃二烯及α-亚麻酸平均加样回收率与RSD分别为98.65%、0.65%,99.02%、0.55%,98.49%、0.67%;43批制剂中牻牛儿酮、呋喃二烯及α-亚麻酸的平均含量(mg·g-1)分别为18.42、53.87和277.10 mg·g-1,RSD(%)分别为1.18、0.68和1.37%。结论:所建立的制剂中牻牛儿酮、呋喃二烯及α-亚麻酸检测方法科学、合理,可用于其质量控制。     

椒目仁油的成分分析及对家兔高血脂模型的影响

目的：分析椒目仁油的成分及探讨其对家兔高血脂模型的影响;方法：①采用GC-MS分析椒目仁油的成分;②建立家兔高血脂模型后,以CH、TG、HDL-C及血液粘度为检测指标,比较椒目仁油的量效与时效关系;结果：①椒目仁油的主要成分是α-亚麻酸酯与亚油酸等,总相对含量为71.34%;②每个椒目仁油组与模型组及对照组比较均能明显降低CH（P〈0.01）、TG（P〈0.01）、血液粘度（P〈0.01）以及明显升高HDL-C（P〈0.01）,其剂量效果是椒目仁油25mg/kg组〈50mg/kg组〈100mg/kg组,其时间效果是用药后第2周〈第4周〈第6周;结论：椒目仁油调节血脂的作用主要依赖其中不饱和脂肪酸即α-亚麻酸与亚油酸,其调节血脂的效果随着椒目仁油剂量的增加而加强,同时随着使用时间的延长而加强。     

椒目中高纯度α-亚麻酸的提取分离

椒目作为一种新的木本油脂资源,其油脂中约含有30%的α-亚麻酸,采用本文创制的综合方法可对其中的α-亚麻酸进行有效分离和纯化,为椒目的综合开发和利用奠定了研究基础.椒目经皂化酸解得游离的混合脂肪酸,依次经梯度冷冻、尿素包合及硝酸银络合,得高纯度α-亚麻酸.经HPLC分析,以本文的方法得到的α-亚麻酸含量高达91.6%以上.     

椒莪脂质体的制备及其质量标准的建立

目的:将椒莪油制成脂质体,优选制备工艺,建立质量标准。方法:采用薄膜超声法制备椒莪脂质体,通过正交实验优选处方和制备工艺,HPLC、GC建立其质量标准。结果:最佳处方为卵磷脂:胆固醇7:1,卵磷脂:油3.5:1;HPLC法测定脂质体中莪术油的含量,建立标准曲线,回归方程为Y=14958X+16795,r=0.9996;椒目仁油的测定方法同前文报道。得到的脂质体形态均一,包封率在75%左右。结论:建立的制备工艺简单,便于操作;检测方法的精密度、回收率均符合要求。     

椒目油对哮喘大鼠肺组织Fas/FasL表达水平和肺血管通透性的影响

目的:观察椒目油(zanthoxylum seed oil,ZSO)对支气管哮喘大鼠肺组织Fas/FasL表达水平和肺血管通透性的影响,为临床应用椒目油治疗哮喘提供实验证据和理论支持.方法:将雄性SD大鼠80只随机分为正常对照组、哮喘模型组、地塞米松治疗组和椒目油治疗组,每组各20只.以卵白蛋白(ovaibumin,OVA)腹腔注射致敏和雾化吸入激发建立哮喘大鼠模型,以免疫组化ABC法检测肺组织中Fas/FasL蛋白的表达,伊文思蓝(evans blue dye,EBD)分光光度法检测肺血管通透性.结果:椒目油和地塞米松均能增强哮喘大鼠肺组织淋巴细胞表面Fas/FasL的蛋白表达;与哮喘模型组相比较,有统计学意义(P＜0.05).哮喘模型组大鼠肺内EBD浓度显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),而与哮喘组相比,椒目油和地塞米松均能显著缓解EBD的升高(P＜0.01).结论:椒目油可有效降低哮喘大鼠肺血管通透性,可能通过增强Fas/FasL蛋白表达而促进炎症局部淋巴细胞凋亡减轻哮喘气道炎症反应.     

高纯度α-亚麻酸抗血栓活性的初步研究

目的:评价从椒目中提取和纯化获得的高纯度α-亚麻酸的抗血栓药理活性。方法:采用小鼠和大鼠在体血栓形成和肺动脉栓塞等模型,分别观察试药对血小板在动-静脉旁路中丝线上的沉积、肺动脉栓塞小鼠的死亡率、体外血小板聚集和出凝血时间等指标。结果:1.50mg/kg,100mg/kg和250mg/kg高纯度α-亚麻酸及混合不饱和脂肪酸(α-亚麻酸/亚油酸=1/1)给小鼠灌胃治疗10天,显著延长出、凝血时间(P<0.01);明显降低胶原蛋白-肾上腺素诱发性肺动脉栓塞小鼠的死亡率(P<0.01)。2、35mg/kg,70mg/kg和175mg/kg高纯度α-亚麻酸及混合不饱和脂肪酸给大鼠灌胃治疗10天,明显抑制血小板在动-静脉旁路中丝线上的沉积(P<0.01)和大鼠体外血小板聚集(P<0.01)。结论:从椒目中提纯的高纯度α-亚麻酸,作为一种木本油脂新的药用资源和其混合不饱和脂肪酸均具有明显抗血小板聚集和溶栓药理作用,并具有一定量效关系;同时还发现,当α-亚麻酸/亚油酸=1/1时,其抗血栓药理活性优于同剂量高纯度的α-亚麻酸。     

RP-HPLC法测定盐酸托莫西汀的含量和有关物质

目的:建立RP-HPLC法测定盐酸托莫西汀的含量和有关物质.方法:采用Kromasil C18(4.6mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相:乙腈-水-三乙胺溶液(40:60:0.5,冰醋酸调pH至6.0),流速:1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长:270 nm,柱温:室温.结果:有关物质与盐酸托莫西汀分离良好,盐酸托莫西汀在2.0～50.0mg·L-1 范围内线性关系良好(r=:0.9998),平均回收率为99.8%(RSD=1.7%),检测限为80 μg·L-1(S/N=3).盐酸托莫西汀与有关物质分离良好.结论:该方法操作简便、重复性好、专属性强,可用于测定盐酸托莫西汀的含量和有关物质.     

高效液相色谱法测定消瘀跌打药酒中姜黄素的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定消瘀跌打药酒中姜黄素的含量。方法采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-4%冰醋酸溶液(47∶53),检测波长430 nm,流速为1 ml·min~(-1),柱温为30℃。结果姜黄素的进样浓度在0.2114～5.2850μg·ml~(-1)范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系,回归方程:Y=1.4044X-0.0780(r=0.9997);平均加样回收率为99.57%,RSD=1.19%(n=6)。结论该方法稳定、简便,可用于消瘀跌打药酒的质量控制。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这