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1.
吴静  王铮  吴兵  郑一萍  黎华群 《生态学报》2007,27(11):4815-4823
系统地给出了中国实施增汇型CO2减排政策对宏观经济影响的模拟结果,所采用的模拟系统包括基于Pizer,Demeter,Zwaan工作发展的中国气候保护决策支持系统和中国经济可计算一般均衡(CGE)系统。研究结果表明,增汇型气候保护政策较其他单一的气候保护政策更有利于国家经济安全;虽然增汇型气候保护政策在短期内会对国家GDP产出造成影响,但从长远角度看,增汇型气候保护将带动经济的发展,是一项值得推广的减排政策。同时,发现中国实行每年增加4%的碳汇和实施4%能源替代以减少CO2排放控制率,辅助于0.2%的生产型CO2排放控制率,如果能够促进世界其它地区到2050年减排1990年的10%的CO,是一个合适的方案。  相似文献   

2.
增汇型气候保护的经济影响模拟分析   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
郑一萍  王铮 《生态学杂志》2005,24(5):555-560
目前,将增汇作为气候保护的手段已在世界上引起了广泛重视。那么,增汇的经济可行性如何呢?我们认为,在经济发展的前提下,这个问题需要在宏观经济一般均衡的框架内进行讨论。针对这个问题,本文提出了对增汇型气候保护的经济影响进行评估的技术路线,建立了动态宏观经济分析模型进行模拟分析,得到了一些有意义的结论。  相似文献   

3.
气候保护支出对中国经济安全的影响模拟   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
王铮  胡倩立  郑一萍  康淞万 《生态学报》2002,22(12):2238-2245
以德国学者Leimbach建立的气候保护支出模式为基础。对模式和参数作了一些修改,在假设中国经济一直保持稳定发展的前提下,模拟分析了不同削减水平下我国温室气候排放的轨迹,总产出中用于气候保护的开支以及在不同减排目标下的社会福利状况,在模拟分析的过程中,共假设了3种可能的减排目标,CO2排放量比1990年有所增加,CO2排放量保持在1990年的水平,CO2排入量逐年下降,在这3种减排目标的基础上,模拟计算出总产出用于气候保护的支出,最后得出结论,随着减排目标的上升,对气候保护的投入也就越大,居民对生活满意的程度也随之下降,但是不会构成国家经济不安全。  相似文献   

4.
中美减排二氧化碳的GDP溢出模拟   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
王铮  黎华群  张焕波  龚轶 《生态学报》2007,27(9):3718-3726
基于气候保护模型(State-contingent模型与Demeter模型)和GDP溢出模型(Mundell-Fleming模型),对中美两国在实施控制性气候保护措施之后所导致的GDP溢出影响的变化进行了模拟分析。结果表明,美国实行控制性减排政策对于中国的GDP溢出影响与不实施任何减排的情况相比,两者的差别并不明显,但是这种影响经历一个从负向到正向逐步上升的发展趋势,虽然中国实行控制性减排政策对于美国GDP溢出的影响,相比美国对于中国的影响,所导致的GDP溢出影响更小,但是也同样表现出了一个从负溢出到正溢出的过程。这一结果表明一国的控制性气候保护政策从长远来看会对另一国的经济发展产生正向的溢出。同时,针对两种情况,即不考虑他国GDP溢出影响和考虑他国GDP溢出影响,分别模拟计算了中美两国的GDP,进而对两种情况下的差额结果进行对比,分析了中美相互之间GDP溢出量的大小。结果发现,美国对中国GDP溢出影响要大于中国对美国的GDP溢出。  相似文献   

5.
王铮  郑一萍  蒋轶红  刘扬  孔祥德 《生态学报》2004,24(7):1508-1513
以 Nordhaus- Pizer模型和 L eimbach模型为基础 ,在新经济增长理论框架下 ,发展了一个气候保护分析的宏观经济动态模型 ,模拟分析了不同削减水平下我国温室气体排放的对我国 GDP增长和社会福利的影响 ,数值模拟发现 :如果不推动减排 ,我国经济增长到 2 0 2 5年左右将失去优势。如果中国适当参加减排 ,采用每年控制少排放 0 .2 %的水平 ,到 2 0 5 0年相对不控制将少排放 1 0 % ,对中国经济发展最为有利 ,对全球气候保护也是一个贡献  相似文献   

6.
朱潜挺  吴静  王铮 《生态学报》2013,33(11):3499-3508
气候融资是促进发展中国家获得减排资金的重要途径之一.基于发达国家成立专项资金用于国际气候融资且发展中国家将其所获得的转移资金完全用于碳减排的经济机制下,在MRICES(Multi-regional integrated model of climate and economy with GDP spillovers,GDP溢出作用下的多区域气候经济综合模型)模型的基础上,扩展了模拟国际气候融资的模块.实验分析了气候融资在全球减排中的气候保护效益和对全球各国产生的经济效益.研究发现,持续的气候融资能有效抑制全球升温,但《坎昆协议》中提出的资金额度仅能使2100年全球升温比无资金转移时降低0.01℃,全球气候保护需要制定更长期的转移计划;气候融资能使发展中国家的经济受益,而发达国家虽然在转移初期会遭受轻微的GDP损失,但从长期看资金转移将促进发达国家的经济增长,最终出现资金转移输出方和输入方双赢的局面;同时,国际气候资金适量转移至中国有助于实现资金的优化高效使用,中国在全球减排中的贡献不容小觑.气候融资是一项气候保护有效、经济效益显著的减排机制.  相似文献   

7.
建立了包含技术进步作用的CO2减排经济影响的宏观经济模型,基于这个模型,开展了中国减排CO2经济影响的政策模拟,研究发现,中国每年降低排放0.2%的排放量(少增0.2%),到2050年GDP会比不控制下降5.12%。但是最高还能保持GDP年增长率为7.2%左右,如果中国承担年少排0.5%的减排任务,从2000年到2050年相当于50a少排放12.4%,GDP的年增长率的平均值为6%左右。如果中国加大教育科研投资0.5%GDP,则不仅减排的影响可以克服。而且到2050年GDP提高25%左右。  相似文献   

8.
鲨鱼在气候变化和人类活动等因素的影响下面临着种群衰退的风险,开展鲨鱼保护优先区研究是鲨鱼保护行动的重要工作.将气候速度引入鲨鱼保护优先区的识别过程,旨在阐明中国周边海域鲨鱼现状保护成效和保护空缺,并预测气候速度影响下的鲨鱼保护优先区空间格局及其变化趋势.以集成物种分布模型模拟的146种鲨鱼栖息地作为保护对象,以2015年至2100年两种气候变化情景下的气候速度作为保护的机会成本,基于系统保护规划理论模拟现状和未来情景下的鲨鱼保护优先区选址方案.研究结果表明:(1)长江口以南至台湾海峡和北部湾近岸海域为鲨鱼多样性分布的主要区域,台湾海峡区域亦为珍稀濒危物种的重要分布区;(2)在两种气候情景下,南海中南部将面临较高的气候变化风险,而长江口以南至珠江口的近岸海域气候速度均相对较低,提示了这些区域或能成为气候变化影响下的生物避难所;(3)现有保护区仅保护了1.33%的海域和不到4%的鲨鱼物种,尚存在较大的保护空缺.当保护海域比例提升至10%时,可覆盖绝大多数鲨鱼物种.而当比例提升至30%时,珍稀濒危物种的栖息地将得到有效保护;(4)气候变化影响下保护优先区选址将发生不同程度的变化,尤其是在中国南海区域,如在保护规划时兼顾气候速度,可在满足相似保护目标的前提下减少保护优先区内25%以上的气候压力,以使其具有较强的应对气候变化潜力。  相似文献   

9.
随着社会经济的快速发展,中国城市规模和数量不断扩大,城市土地利用系统内部变化错综复杂.本研究以珠江三角洲地区城市群为例,研究了在自然环境条件和社会经济条件共同作用下城市化进程中城市用地动态变化的驱动机制,并设计了规划情景和RCPs气候情景,运用决策树元胞自动机模型对这几种情景下珠江三角洲地区城市用地的动态变化进行预测模拟.结果表明: 非农业人口和社会经济的增长对城市化过程起着决定性的推动作用,交通干线在整个城市化进程中始终起着重要的基础性作用,高程较高和坡度较大的区域制约了该地区的城市化进程.随着时间的推移,无论哪种情景,城市用地扩张的态势不变,但扩张速度到一定时间节点将会减缓,不同情景下减缓的时间点不同;规划情景、MESSAGE模式和AIM模式下的城市用地发展速度依次增加,但MESSAGE气候模式下的城镇发展较符合当前的城镇发展态势;城市用地扩张的区域主要集中在广州、东莞、佛山、珠海、深圳、湛江和潮汕等城市化相对较高的区域.
  相似文献   

10.
吕天宇  曾晨  刘泽瑾  杨婧 《生态学报》2020,40(24):8974-8987
全球气候变暖已成为21世纪威胁人类可持续发展的严峻挑战,减少CO2排放是抑制气候变暖的重要路径。从全球碳减排的宏观视角出发,以98个国家为研究对象,基于总商品贸易和化石能源贸易的引力模型构建两种空间互动关系,利用扩展后的S-STIRPAT模型对2000、2005、2010年和2014年人均CO2排放的驱动机制和空间溢出效应展开实证分析,并基于发展差异视角进一步探究发达和欠发达国家CO2排放驱动机制异同。研究结果表明:(1)2000、2005、2010年和2014年人均CO2排放溢出效应呈增强态势。(2)城市化水平、人均GDP、能源强度对人均CO2排放产生显著正向影响,可再生能源使用率对人均CO2排放产生显著负向影响。(3)发展差异视角下,城市化水平、人均GDP和能源强度对欠发达国家影响更大,可再生能源使用率对发达国家影响更为显著。根据研究结果建议加强发达国家和欠发达国家低碳技术交流与合作,同时积极调整能源结构以减少CO2排放。  相似文献   

11.
配额目标约束下区域减排的最优控制率   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
刘晓  王铮  邓吉祥 《生态学报》2016,36(5):1380-1390
研究了区域碳排放配额目标给定下,如何确定一个保障经济平稳增长的最优碳排放控制率问题。提出了一个最优减排率确定的计算流程,并且根据前瞻性原则、人口原则、GDP原则、GDP-人口原则、支付能力原则5种不同的碳排放配额分配原则,确定了中国大部分省市自治区可能的最优减排率。选取5个中国省区上海、山西,湖南、云南以及新疆作为案例地区,在计算得到这些地区的减排率的约束下,分析了在社会福利最大化的情况下各区域分配的配额获得的经济增长路径和能源碳排放路径。模拟结果发现,中国在各种减排约束下各区域的经济增长路径呈阶梯式下降的趋势。能源碳排放呈先升后降的整体趋势,各个省市自治区要实现2030年后不再增加碳排放。得出各东部省份在GDP原则分配的配额约束下减排控制率最小,西部省份在支付能力原则下减排控制率最小,而中部省份则在人口原则下减排控制率较小。5个原则中前瞻性原则适合中国推进的碳减排配额方法。  相似文献   

12.
Climate change: the science and the policy   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4  
  相似文献   

13.
    
The Paris Agreement is a multinational initiative to combat climate change by keeping a global temperature increase in this century to 2°C above preindustrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. Until recently, ensembles of coupled climate simulations producing temporal dynamics of climate en route to stable global mean temperature at 1.5 and 2°C above preindustrial levels were not available. Hence, the few studies that have assessed the ecological impact of the Paris Agreement used ad‐hoc approaches. The development of new specific mitigation climate simulations now provides an unprecedented opportunity to inform ecological impact assessments. Here we project the dynamics of all known emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) colonies under new climate change scenarios meeting the Paris Agreement objectives using a climate‐dependent‐metapopulation model. Our model includes various dispersal behaviors so that penguins could modulate climate effects through movement and habitat selection. Under business‐as‐usual greenhouse gas emissions, we show that 80% of the colonies are projected to be quasiextinct by 2100, thus the total abundance of emperor penguins is projected to decline by at least 81% relative to its initial size, regardless of dispersal abilities. In contrast, if the Paris Agreement objectives are met, viable emperor penguin refuges will exist in Antarctica, and only 19% and 31% colonies are projected to be quasiextinct by 2100 under the Paris 1.5 and 2 climate scenarios respectively. As a result, the global population is projected to decline by at least by 31% under Paris 1.5 and 44% under Paris 2. However, population growth rates stabilize in 2060 such that the global population will be only declining at 0.07% under Paris 1.5 and 0.34% under Paris 2, thereby halting the global population decline. Hence, global climate policy has a larger capacity to safeguard the future of emperor penguins than their intrinsic dispersal abilities.  相似文献   

14.
Forests provide climate change mitigation benefit by sequestering carbon during growth. This benefit can be reversed by both human and natural disturbances. While some disturbances such as hurricanes are beyond the control of humans, extensive research in dry, temperate forests indicates that wildfire severity can be altered as a function of forest fuels and stand structural manipulations. The purpose of this study was to determine if current aboveground forest carbon stocks in fire‐excluded southwestern ponderosa pine forest are higher than prefire exclusion carbon stocks reconstructed from 1876, quantify the carbon costs of thinning treatments to reduce high‐severity wildfire risk, and compare posttreatment (thinning and burning) carbon stocks with reconstructed 1876 carbon stocks. Our findings indicate that prefire exclusion forest carbon stocks ranged from 27.9 to 36.6 Mg C ha?1 and that the current fire‐excluded forest structure contained on average 2.3 times as much live tree carbon. Posttreatment carbon stocks ranged from 37.9 to 50.6 Mg C ha?1 as a function of thinning intensity. Previous work found that these thinning and burning treatments substantially increased the 6.1 m wind speed necessary for fire to move from the forest floor to the canopy (torching index) and the wind speed necessary for sustained crown fire (crowning index), thereby reducing potential fire severity. Given the projected drying and increase in fire prevalence in this region as a function of changing climatic conditions, the higher carbon stock in the fire‐excluded forest is unlikely to be sustainable. Treatments to reduce high‐severity wildfire risk require trade‐offs between carbon stock size and carbon stock stability.  相似文献   

15.
    
Converting mangroves to other land cover types can induce large emissions of carbon dioxide, depending on the type of land use and land cover (LULC) change. However, mangroves may also recover their ecosystem carbon stocks rapidly following restoration, potentially offsetting carbon stock losses. While studies have quantified these tradeoffs at global scales using coarse metrics, fewer studies have quantified them at national scales at higher resolution. Here, we used high-resolution data sets of LULC for mangroves in Thailand to quantify district-level gross and net changes in mangrove carbon stocks from ~1960 to 2014. We found emissions based on gross gain and loss statistics (7.18 ± 0.24 million Mg C) to be greater than those associated with emissions based on net area change statistics (1.65 ± 0.26 million Mg C) by a factor of four. The difference in estimates arises from slower rates of carbon stock recovery following reforestation relative to carbon stock loss following LULC change. Overall, we found the greatest gains in mangrove carbon stocks to be from mangrove expansion in areas of accreting sediments, which were strongly correlated with district-level extent of undisturbed mangroves. Our results show that net loss statistics may greatly underestimate emissions associated with LULC change in mangroves. Additionally, our findings suggest that gains in mangrove carbon stocks associated with natural establishment at the periphery of standing mangroves may offset substantial carbon stock losses at national scales.  相似文献   

16.
17.
    
Wildfire is an essential earth‐system process, impacting ecosystem processes and the carbon cycle. Forest fires are becoming more frequent and severe, yet gaps exist in the modeling of fire on vegetation and carbon dynamics. Strategies for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from wildfires include increasing tree harvest, largely based on the public assumption that fires burn live forests to the ground, despite observations indicating that less than 5% of mature tree biomass is actually consumed. This misconception is also reflected though excessive combustion of live trees in models. Here, we show that regional emissions estimates using widely implemented combustion coefficients are 59%–83% higher than emissions based on field observations. Using unique field datasets from before and after wildfires and an improved ecosystem model, we provide strong evidence that these large overestimates can be reduced by using realistic biomass combustion factors and by accurately quantifying biomass in standing dead trees that decompose over decades to centuries after fire (“snags”). Most model development focuses on area burned; our results reveal that accurately representing combustion is also essential for quantifying fire impacts on ecosystems. Using our improvements, we find that western US forest fires have emitted 851 ± 228 Tg CO2 (~half of alternative estimates) over the last 17 years, which is minor compared to 16,200 Tg CO2 from fossil fuels across the region.  相似文献   

18.
    
Mangroves have been identified as blue carbon ecosystems that are natural carbon sinks. In Bangladesh, the establishment of mangrove plantations for coastal protection has occurred since the 1960s, but the plantations may also be a sustainable pathway to enhance carbon sequestration, which can help Bangladesh meet its greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets, contributing to climate change mitigation. As a part of its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement 2016, Bangladesh is committed to limiting the GHG emissions through the expansion of mangrove plantations, but the level of carbon removal that could be achieved through the establishment of plantations has not yet been estimated. The mean ecosystem carbon stock of 5–42 years aged (average age: 25.5 years) mangrove plantations was 190.1 (±30.3) Mg C ha−1, with ecosystem carbon stocks varying regionally. The biomass carbon stock was 60.3 (±5.6) Mg C ha−1 and the soil carbon stock was 129.8 (±24.8) Mg C ha−1 in the top 1 m of which 43.9 Mg C ha−1 was added to the soil after plantation establishment. Plantations at age 5 to 42 years achieved 52% of the mean ecosystem carbon stock calculated for the reference site (Sundarbans natural mangroves). Since 1966, the 28,000 ha of established plantations to the east of the Sundarbans have accumulated approximately 76,607 Mg C year−1 sequestration in biomass and 37,542 Mg C year−1 sequestration in soils, totaling 114,149 Mg C year−1. Continuation of the current plantation success rate would sequester an additional 664,850 Mg C by 2030, which is 4.4% of Bangladesh's 2030 GHG reduction target from all sectors described in its NDC, however, plantations for climate change mitigation would be most effective 20 years after establishment. Higher levels of investment in mangrove plantations and higher plantation establishment success could contribute up to 2,098,093 Mg C to blue carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation in Bangladesh by 2030.  相似文献   

19.
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