斑节对虾两个野生亲虾种群遗传多样性

采用RAPD和mtDNA 16S rRNA基因序列分析方法对海南和马来西亚斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)种群进行了遗传多样性和遗传分化研究.结果表明:15个RAPD随机引物共检测到82个位点,海南和马来西亚种群的多态位点比例分别为75.90％和76.83％,杂合度分别为0.199和0.218,遗传多样性指数分别为0.276和0.288,种群间的遗传距离为0.015;16S rRNA基因检测的种内遗传变异较低,马来西亚和海南种群的核苷酸多样性分别为0.011和0,种群之间的遗传距离为0.008;马来西亚种群比海南种群的遗传变异水平要高得多,且海南种群可能起源于马来西亚种群;进行遗传选育时可考虑引进马来西亚亲虾作为奠基群体.     

浙江省境内七子花天然种群遗传多样性研究

利用RAPD技术对浙江省境内的七子花9个天然种群遗传多样性和遗传分化进行研究.结果表明,12种随机引物对180棵植物进行检测,共得到164个可重复的位点.多态位点百分率在14.60%～27.44%(平均为20.73%),以括苍山种群最高,其次是四明山种群,最低是观音坪种群.Shannon指数和Nei指数均反映出七子花各种群具有较低的遗传多样性,但遗传分化明显.Shannon指数显示种群内遗传多样性只占总遗传多样性的27.28%,而种群间遗传多样性却占72.72%;Nei指数表明种群内的遗传变异较小,种群间的遗传变异较大,种群间的遗传分化系数为0.7157.七子花种群间的基因流为0.1987,遗传相似度平均为0.7306,遗传距离平均为0.3150,各种群间的遗传分化明显.根据遗传距离聚类分析,大致可以将9个七子花种群分为东部和西部两大类群.     

钱塘江日本沼虾野生群体遗传变异的SSR分析

利用微卫星标记分析了钱塘江干流水域闻堰、富阳、场口、桐庐等7个野生日本沼虾群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果表明:10个微卫星位点呈现高度多态性;闻堰、富阳、场口、新安江等中下游野生群体的遗传多样性水平有高于歙县和休宁两个上游群体遗传多样性水平的趋势。符号检验和Wilcoxon符号秩次检验的结果表明,钱塘江日本沼虾群体近期没有发生瓶颈效应,群体数量也没有下降。FST的范围介于0.0201～0.1069。分子方差分析结果显示,大部分的遗传变异(93.48%)存在于个体间,少部分遗传变异(6.52%)存在于群体之间。群体间FST及AMOVA分析表明,群体处于中等遗传分化水平;基于DA遗传距离构建的NJ聚类树显示,地理位置相邻的群体聚在一起。STRUCTURE分析413份参试的日本沼虾样本被分为2个理论种群,即上游歙县和休宁群体为一个理想种群,其余中下游的5个群体为另一个理想种群。日本沼虾的遗传多样性和遗传结构与所生存的地理位置具有相关性。     

入侵海南和广东的外来植物假臭草遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术分析了入侵植物假臭草(Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp)分布在广东和海南的8个种群的遗传多样性及遗传分化。10个引物共扩增出98个位点,多态性位点有9.8条,多态位点百分率为100%,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.4440,Nei指数(h)为0.2916,假臭草在物种水平具有较高的遗传多样性。Nei遗传分化系数Gst表明:72.39%遗传变异分布在种群内,27.61%的遗传变异分布在种群间。种群间的基因流较高,为1.3107。假臭草8个种群之间的遗传相似性很高,平均为0.8828;遗传距离较大,平均为0.1257。利用UPGMA法对8个种群进行聚类分析,假臭草8个自然种群分为3大类:海口、儋州、琼中、三亚、鹤山、阳江聚为一大类,琼海、徐闻各自单独为一类。经Mantel检验,8个假臭草种群的遗传距离和地理距离相关性不显著,推测假臭草的入侵途径可能是以人为扩散为主。     

不同海拔高度木荷种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术分析了浙江天台山不同海拔高度木荷种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化.用12个引物对4个木荷种群共80个样品进行扩增,共检测到170个位点,其中多态位点154个,多态位点百分率(P)为90.59%.木荷总的Shannon信息指数(I)为0.5033,Nei指数(h)为0.3408,表明种水平的遗传多样性较高.而种群水平的遗传多样性比种水平低,P平均为63.68%,I平均为0.3789,h平均为0.2608.AMOVA分子差异分析表明,在总的遗传变异中,29.56%的变异存在于种群间,70.44%的变异存在于种群内,种群间的基因分化系数(Gst)为0.2348.木荷种群间的基因流为1.6293,4个种群间的平均遗传距离为0.1500.     

中日5个岛屿山茶种群遗传多样性研究

运用ISSR分子标记法对中、日两国5个岛屿天然山茶种群共150个个体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:筛选出的20条引物扩增得到205条清晰条带,其中183条为多态性条带,多态位点百分比(PPB)为89.27%。经POPGENE软件分析,山茶种群平均多态位点百分比(PPB)为72.00%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(HE)为0.2743,Shannon信息多态性指数(H)为0.4023,种群水平遗传多样性较高。基因分化系数Gst=0.2033,表明遗传变异主要存在于种群内个体间。Mantel检验(r=0.7989,P<0.05)和UPGMA聚类表明岛屿地理隔离对山茶种群遗传分化具有重要影响。基于岛屿山茶种群遗传结构的分析,建议加强我国岛屿自然种群的就地保护力度。     

秦岭山区美容杜鹃五个野生种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

美容杜鹃是杜鹃花科杜鹃花属常绿观花植物,也是秦岭地区的特有属,在维持当地生态平衡方面发挥着重要作用,但目前资源正在遭受严重的破坏。该文通过ISSR分子标记技术对秦岭地区5个美容杜鹃野生种群进行遗传多样性分析,了解美容杜鹃不同种群的遗传分化,从而为美容杜鹃野生种质资源保护策略的制定提供理论依据。用8个ISSR引物对5个天然种群的90个单株进行扩增,共扩增出78条带(平均每条引物产生9.75条带),其中65条带是多态的,多态位点占总位点的百分率为83%。种群总的Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.3386,Shannon信息多态性指数为0.4972,表明美容杜鹃总的遗传多样性水平较高。种群多态位点百分率为82.71%~90.25%,Shannon信息多态性指数为0.4161~0.5867,Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.3044~0.4122,表明美容杜鹃不同种群遗传多样性水平差异较大。其中镇安木王种群和柞水牛背梁种群的遗传多样性水平较高。AMOVA分析表明种群内的遗传变异(91.22%)大于种群间的遗传变异(8.78%)。UPGMA聚类分析表明5个种群的遗传分化程度与地理距离没有相关性。因此建议尽可能地保护美容杜鹃所有的天然种群原生境条件,以最大限度保护其遗传变异。由于镇安和柞水种群具有较高的遗传多样性,因此建议优先对这2个种群实施就地保护和迁地保护。     

Study on population genetic diversity of Camellia japonica in 5 islands between China and Japan

运用ISSR分子标记法对中、日两国5个岛屿天然山茶种群共150个个体进行遗传多样性分析.结果表明:筛选出的20条引物扩增得到205条清晰条带,其中183条为多态性条带,多态位点百分比(PPB)为89.27％.经POPGENE软件分析,山茶种群平均多态位点百分比(PPB)为72.00％,Nei's基因多样性指数(HE)为0.2743,Shannon信息多态性指数(H)为0.4023,种群水平遗传多样性较高.基因分化系数Gst=0.2033,表明遗传变异主要存在于种群内个体间.Mantel检验(r=0.7989,P＜0.05)和UPGMA聚类表明岛屿地理隔离对山茶种群遗传分化具有重要影响.基于岛屿山茶种群遗传结构的分析,建议加强我国岛屿自然种群的就地保护力度.     

濒危灌木长叶红砂遗传多样性的RAPD分析

应用RAPD分子标记对濒危灌木长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)种群遗传多样性进行了分析.应用18条随机引物对长叶红砂5个种群的95个个体进行扩增,检测到118个位点,其中多态位点105个.结果表明:长叶红砂种群的多态位点比率(P)为88.98%,显示出长叶红砂种群存在较高的遗传多样性.Shannon多样性指数(0.4966)、Nei基因多样性指数(0.3303)和基因分化系数(Gst=0.1425)的分析结果显示,长叶红砂种群遗传变异大多存在于种群内,种群间的遗传分化占14.25%.聚类分析表明,长叶红砂种群遗传距离与地理距离之间无直接相关关系.遗传多样性水平与物种特性和所处不同群落有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低.     

枫香自然种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术,对浙江省内枫香自然种群的遗传多样性进行分析。用10个引物对5个枫香种群共100个个体的样品DNA进行扩增,共测得135个位点,其中多态位点为118个,多态位点百分率(P)为87.41%,Shannon指数(I)为0.4646,Nei指数(h)为0.3122,表明枫香总体水平的遗传多样性较高。各种群的多态位点百分率平均为59.11%,Shannon指数平均为0.3660,Nei指数平均为0.2543。P、I、h均显示北山种群最高,天台山种群最低。AMOVA分子差异分析显示:85.49%的变异存在于种群内,14.51%存在于种群间,基因分化系数(Gst)为0.1856,种群间的遗传分化程度较低。种群间的基因流(Nm)为2.1944。5个种群间的平均遗传距离为0.1199。利用UPGMA法对5个种群进行聚类分析,结果分为两大类群:白云山、天台山、北山和安岱后4个种群组成一大类群;大明山种群单独为另一类群。     

Analysis of genetic diversity in the endangered Hucho taimen from China

Hucho taimen are listed as endangered in China. The population size has declined recently, prompting an increase in the level of listing from grade three in 2002 to grade five in 2006. We analyzed the genetic diversity of wild populations using 17 microsatellite markers to establish a scientific basis for conservation of this species. We collected tissue samples from four populations in the Heilongjiang River basin: Huma River (HM), Hutou (HT), Haiqing (HQ), and Zhuaji (ZJ). A total of 21 loci were amplified, 18 of which were polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 9 (mean: 4.1905). There were 13 highly polymorphic loci and 5 moderately polymorphic loci. Analysis of five genetic diversity parameters (Na, Ne, Ho, He, and PIC) suggested moderate levels of diversity within the populations. The populations were ranked HT > HQ > ZJ > HM, but the differences in diversity were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). A comparison of variation among all four populations suggested Hardy–Weinberg disequilibrium at 20% of the loci. Genetic differentiation (Fst) was 0.0644 and the gene flow among populations was estimated at 3.36 individuals per generation. The majority of diversity (93.88%) occurred among individuals within a population. In contrast, relatively little (6.12%) of the genetic diversity was distributed between the populations. An analysis of genetic differentiation and genetic distance between pairs of populations revealed that both parameters were higher in comparisons of the HM population to the HT, HQ, and ZJ populations than among the three latter populations. This suggests that the HM population has a distinct genetic structure. We hypothesize that habitat degradation and excessive fishing, not low genetic diversity, has caused the decline in H. taimen populations. However, this species should be protected from further declines in genetic diversity.     

Analysis of genetic diversity in the endangered Hucho taimen from China

Hucho taimen are listed as endangered in China. The population size has declined recently, prompting an increase in the level of listing from grade three in 2002 to grade five in 2006. We analyzed the genetic diversity of wild populations using 17 microsatellite markers to establish a scientific basis for conservation of this species. We collected tissue samples from four populations in the Heilongjiang River basin: Huma River (HM), Hutou (HT), Haiqing (HQ), and Zhuaji (ZJ). A total of 21 loci were amplified, 18 of which were polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 9 (mean: 4.1905). There were 13 highly polymorphic loci and 5 moderately polymorphic loci. Analysis of five genetic diversity parameters (Na, Ne, Ho, He, and PIC) suggested moderate levels of diversity within the populations. The populations were ranked HT > HQ > ZJ > HM, but the differences in diversity were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). A comparison of variation among all four populations suggested Hardy–Weinberg disequilibrium at 20% of the loci. Genetic differentiation (Fst) was 0.0644 and the gene flow among populations was estimated at 3.36 individuals per generation. The majority of diversity (93.88%) occurred among individuals within a population. In contrast, relatively little (6.12%) of the genetic diversity was distributed between the populations. An analysis of genetic differentiation and genetic distance between pairs of populations revealed that both parameters were higher in comparisons of the HM population to the HT, HQ, and ZJ populations than among the three latter populations. This suggests that the HM population has a distinct genetic structure. We hypothesize that habitat degradation and excessive fishing, not low genetic diversity, has caused the decline in H. taimen populations. However, this species should be protected from further declines in genetic diversity.     

木荷种群在演替系列群落中的遗传多样性

利用ISSR分子标记对木荷种群在3个演替系列群落中的遗传多样性进行了研究。12个随机引物共检测到203个可重复的位点,其中多态位点183个,总多态位点百分率（P）为90.15%,平均多态位点百分率为82.27%。Shannon信息指数（I）估算的总遗传多样性为0.524 4,平均为0.477 8。Nei指数（h）计算的总基因多样性为0.358 7,平均为0.326 5。3个种群的P、I、h大小顺序均为针叶林>针阔混交林>常绿阔叶林。AMOVA分子变异显示91.56%变异来源于种群内,8.44%变异来源于种群间。种群间的遗传分化系数（G_ST）为0.089 7,基因流（N_m）为5.073 1。种群间的遗传相似度平均为0.928 4,遗传距离平均为0.074 4,针叶林种群与针阔混交林种群遗传相似度最高。     

利用30个微卫星标记分析长江中下游鲢群体的遗传多样性

摘要: 利用30对微卫星分子标记对长江中下游5个鲢群体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明: 在30个基因座中, 共检测到144个等位基因, 每个座位检测到的等位基因数为1～10个, 其中有25个座位具有多态性, 多态位点百分率为83.33,5个群体的平均等位基因数A为4.0/4.1, 平均有效等位基因数Ne为2.4445～2.6332, 平均观察杂合度Ho为0.3233～0.3511, 平均期望杂合度He为0.4421～0.4704, 平均多态信息含量PIC为0.4068～0.4286。对数据进行F-检验, Fst值表明群体间的遗传分化程度中等, 并对基因型进行了基于Hardy-Weinberg平衡的卡方检验, 所得P值说明5个群体均一定程度上偏离了平衡。5个群体间的遗传相似系数为0.8466～0.9146,遗传距离为0.0893～0.1665, 并根据Nei氏标准遗传距离用UPGMA方法对5个鲢群体进行亲缘关系聚类。     

Population genetic structure of the sidespot barb,Barbus neefi,from the north-eastern escarpment,South Africa

Allozyme analysis was used to determine patterns of genetic variation within and between populations of Barbus neefi. The products of 29 loci were analysed, with 17 loci being monomorphic in all populations. The genetic variability estimates compared well with values reported in the literature. The percentage of polymorphic loci (0.95 criterion) ranged from 0–20.69% and average expected heterozygosity from 0.004–0.069. Headstream populations generally revealed lower genetic variability than populations in low lying areas, which emphasizes the importance of conserving headstream populations. Fixed allele mobility differences were observed at the MPI-1 protein coding locus between the Selons River population and the other populations. The measures of genetic differentiation as assessed by F-statistics, the effective number of migrants per generation and Nei's unbiased genetic distance consistently separated the Selons River population from the rest. Nevertheless, these estimates all fell within the range considered for conspecific populations. There was also a clear genetic division between populations from north and south of the Olifants River. The three populations from the Dorps, Spekboom and Blyde Rivers (Limpopo River system) and the population from the Crocodile River (Incomati River system) showed negligible genetic differentiation. Human-assisted transfer of populations may be responsible for this close similarity.     

Differentiating salmon populations at broad and fine geographical scales with microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are appealing genetic markers due to several beneficial attributes, but uncertainty remains about how many of these bi-allelic markers are necessary to have sufficient power to differentiate populations, a task now generally accomplished with highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. In this study, we tested the utility of 37 SNPs and 13 microsatellites for differentiating 29 broadly distributed populations of Chinook salmon ( n  = 2783). Information content of all loci was determined by In and     , and the top 12 markers ranked by In were microsatellites, but the 6 highest, and 7 of the top 10     ranked markers, were SNPs. The mean ratio of random SNPs to random microsatellites ranged from 3.9 to 4.1, but this ratio was consistently reduced when only the most informative loci were included. Individual assignment test accuracy was higher for microsatellites (73.1%) than SNPs (66.6%), and pooling all 50 markers provided the highest accuracy (83.2%). When marker types were combined, as few as 15 of the top ranked loci provided higher assignment accuracy than either microsatellites or SNPs alone. Neighbour-joining dendrograms revealed similar clustering patterns and pairwise tests of population differentiation had nearly identical results with each suite of markers. Statistical tests and simulations indicated that closely related populations were better differentiated by microsatellites than SNPs. Our results indicate that both types of markers are likely to be useful in population genetics studies and that, in some cases, a combination of SNPs and microsatellites may be the most effective suite of loci.     

五条河流青海湖裸鲤的同工酶变异

为全面了解青海湖裸鲤遗传多样性现状,采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术分析了青海湖裸鲤[样品采自青海湖的五条支流,分别为泉吉河(QJ)、沙柳河(SL)、哈尔盖河(HEG)、布哈河(BH)以及甘子河(GZ)]的13种同工酶,共记录26个位点,统计了基因频率,计算了其遗传多样性。结果表明:26个基因位点中多态位点6个,分别为Pgm、Hk、Cat、Gdh、Es-t1、S-Mdh,多态位点比例(P0.99)为23.08%,表明青海湖裸鲤的五个群体皆具有较高的遗传多样性水平;分别计算了五个群体的平均杂合度(H)为0.1161(HEG)、0.1178(GZ)、0.1304(SL)、0.1305(BH)、0.1287(QJ),多态位点比例(Ae)分别为1.3112(BH)、1.3069(SL)、1.2542(GZ)、1.2492(HEG)、1.2453(QJ);除泉吉河群体外,其它四个群体的遗传偏离指数均为负数,表明多数群体处于一定程度的杂合子缺失状态;计算了五个群体间的遗传距离以及遗传相似度,结果显示群体间遗传距离与遗传相似度与各个河流的地理位置具有很强的相关性;根据五个群体的遗传距离进行了聚类分析,通过构建系统树图将其基本分为两大种群,甘子河与哈尔盖河两群体为一类群,另外三个群体分为一个类群;计算群体间的基因流(Nm)为7.2013,说明河道之间具有较为广泛的基因交流,并计算了两两群体间的基因流,其中布哈河群体与其它群体间的基因交流都较为广泛。     

Genetic diversity within chicken populations from different continents and management histories

Intra-population variation was assessed in 1970 chickens from 64 populations using 29 autosomal microsatellites. On average, 95% of the loci were polymorphic across populations. In 1456 ( c. 83%) of the 1763 combinations of populations and polymorphic loci, no departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was observed. On average, there were 11.4 alleles per locus and 3.6 alleles per population across loci. Within populations, the average observed heterozygote frequency was 0.46, with a range between 0.20 and 0.64. Dagu, a Chinese population, and the Red Jungle Fowl ( Gallus gallus gallus ) had the highest average heterozygote frequencies at 0.64 and 0.63 respectively. An inbred line used as a reference population for comparison showed the lowest average of observed heterozygote frequency (0.05), followed by the European population Hamburger Lackhuhn, whose average observed heterozygote frequency was 0.20. A total of 32 private alleles (alleles detected in only one population) for 20 loci were found in 18 populations. H'mong chickens, a Vietnamese population, carried the largest number of private alleles at five, followed by the Red Jungle Fowl with four private alleles. Genetic diversity within populations was low in the NW European fancy breeds and high in the non-commercial Asian populations, in agreement with population management history.