小鼠胚胎干细胞（ES—M13）核骨架—核纤层—中间纤维结构体系的研究

本文使用细胞的选择性抽提、ＤＧＤ包埋去包埋电镜制样、免疫荧光和免疫印迹技术研究了小鼠胚胎干细胞（ＥＳ－Ｍ１３）的核骨架－核纤层－中间纤维结构体系。在电镜下可以看到,ＥＳ细胞存在精细发达的核骨架结构,核骨架纤维同核纤层结构相连接,细胞质中有许多直径为１０ｎｍ的中间纤维单丝,细胞质中有许多直径为１０ｎｍ的中间纤维单丝,在免疫荧光分析中,使用角蛋白单克隆抗体有阳性反应,细胞质区域可以看到较强的荧光,没有     

PtK2细胞的核骨架—核纤层—中间纤维体系

本文用选择性系列抽提的方法结合整装细胞电技术和ＤＧＤ包埋－去包埋超薄切片技术,在电镜下清晰地显示了ＰｔＫ细胞的核骨架－核纤层－中间纤维绵精细结构。处于分裂中期的细胞经抽提后看到,染色体残３余与中间纤维仍然保持一定的联系。用免疫荧光技术对提提后的ＰｔＫ２细胞进行分析结果表明：其中间纤维能同时与ＡＥ１和ＡＥ３反应;能一ＬａｍｉｎＢ反应的单抗可以特异地定位于其核周,而ＬａｍｉｎＡ（Ｃ）的单抗除了与其核纤     

BHK_(21)细胞的中间纤维-lamina-核骨架体系

以系列选择性抽提技术与显示细胞骨架的整装电镜技术为基础,应用免疫胶体金标记与蛋白质成份的双向电泳分析技术,研究了BHK_(21)细胞的中间纤维-lamina与核骨架(核基质)结构体系及其主要的蛋白成份。BHK_(21)细胞的中间纤维-lamina与核骨架是在结构上相互联系,贯穿于核与质的网络体系。中间纤维单丝直径为10nm,能很好地被抗波形蛋白抗体-金颗粒所标记,生化分析同样说明BHK_(21)细胞中间纤维的主要成份是波形蛋白(vimentin),其分子量为55KD,等电点为5.6。中间纤维网在胞质内呈极性分布,与lamina密切联结。BHK_(21)细胞的lamina能被抗lamin A与C的单克隆抗体-金颗粒标记。双向电泳分析证明,lamina含有三种蛋白成份,即lamin A,B,C,其分子最分别为68KD,70KD与62KD,lamin A,C等电点均为6.9—7.2,而lamin B偏酸,其等电点为5.8。BHK_(21)细胞核骨架纤维网也可以被清晰的显示,其蛋白成份较为复杂,在双向电泳谱上经常出现多个清晰的斑点,很可能含有肌动蛋白(actin)。298KD核基质蛋白的单克隆抗体-金颗粒能准确的标记核骨架纤维。     

PtK2细胞的核骨架—核纤层——中间纤维体系

本文用选择性系列抽提的方法结合整装细胞电镜技术和DGD包埋-去包埋超薄切片技术,在电镜下清晰地显示了PtK 2细胞的核骨架-核纤层-中间纤维体系的精细结构。处于分裂中期的细胞经抽提后可以看到,染色体残余与中间纤维仍然保持一定的联系。用免疫荧光技术对抽提后的PtK 2细胞进行分析结果表明:其中间纤维能同时与AE1和AE3反应;能与Lamin B反应的单抗可以特异地定位于其核周,而Lamin A(C)的单抗除了与其核纤层蛋白有很强的反应外还与中间纤维有交叉反应。此外,在分裂期细胞中可以看到Lamin A(C)可能与染色体能特异结合;与HeLa细胞不一样。PtK 2细胞的核骨架成份不能与280kD的核骨架蛋白单抗反应。双向电泳结果显示出PtK 2细胞的核骨架-核纤层-中间纤维体系的组成成份与HeLa细胞相比有较大的差异,而且这种差异主要反映在核骨架组份上,TdR的处理也能导致其组份发生变化。     

鼠胚成纤维细胞中间丝—核纤层—核骨架结构体系的研究

本文以１２．５天小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞为材料,使用择性抽提和整装细胞电镜制技术,显示了鼠胚成纤维细胞的中间丝－核纤层－核内架（ＩＦ－Ｌ－ＮＭ）结构体系。细胞质中有非常发达的中间丝,有的纤丝结合为束状存在,纤丝沿着核呈一定方向平行排列。细胞中也可以观察到核纤层和核骨架结构,但同胞质中间丝相比,核骨架不发达。整装细胞电镜制样使观察到的ＩＦ－Ｌ－ＮＭ更具有真实感和立体感,应用音接免疫荧光技术检测细胞内的中间     

四膜虫细胞的核骨架及类中间纤维

采用非树脂包埋去包埋剂超薄切片结合选择性生抽提方法显示,原生动物四膜虫细胞大核具有发达的核骨架纤维网络,核周是一层完整的核纤层结构,在四膜虫细胞小核中,亦存在核骨架和核纤层。四膜虫细胞皮层中存在水下溶性纤维网架,其中含有类中间纤维蛋白组分,４９ＫＤ蛋白。     

核因子—kB的研究进展

机体对损伤及微生物和侵进入防御反应时,活化的核因子－ｋＢ（ＮＦ－ｋＢ）可诱导细胞合成各种生物大分子。细胞处于静息状态时,ＮＦ－ｋＢ与ｋＢ抑制蛋白（ＩｋＢｓ）结合形成三聚体存在于细胞质内。当细胞受到外界因素刺激时,ＮＦ－ｋＢ与ＩｋＢｓ分离,ＮＦ－ｋＢ进入细胞核内,其亚基形成环状结构与ＤＮＡ接触,启动基因转录。随后,新合成的ＩｋＢｓ又与ＮＦ－ｋＢ结合返回细胞质,不同ＩｋＢｓ亚型发挥不同的生理功能,同时     

小鼠胚胎干细胞(ES-M_(13))核骨架-核纤层-中间纤维结构体系的研究

本文使用细胞的选择性抽提、DGD包埋去包埋电镜制样、免疫荧光和免疫印迹技术研究了小鼠胚胎干细胞(ES-Ml_(13))的核骨架-核纤层-中间纤维(NM-L-IF)结构体系。在电镜下可以看到,ES细胞存在精细发达的核骨架结构,核骨架纤维同核纤层结构相连接,细胞质中有许多直径为10nm的中间纤维单丝。在免疫荧光分析中,使用角蛋白单克隆抗体有阳性反应,细胞质区域可以看到较强的荧光,没有极性分布现象,也没有观察到纤维状的荧光染色。ES细胞对波形蛋白和结蛋白抗体呈阴性反应,同对照组一样,只能看到非特异性的很微弱的荧光染色。在免疫印迹分析中,使用角蛋白单克隆抗体AF6检测到三条角蛋白多肽,分子量分别为65KD,62KD和52KD。     

急纤虫营养细胞和休眠细胞的中间纤维-核骨架体系

利用生化分级抽提、DGD包埋—去包埋透射电镜术和SDS—PAGE凝胶电泳,研究了膜状急纤虫营养细胞和休眠细胞内中间纤维—核骨架体系的分化特征及其蛋白组成。观察到营养细胞中,位于细胞质不同区域的中间纤维形成网状,其网络的密度不同;核骨架中,核纤层位于细胞核周缘,薄层状,厚约50nm;核内骨架由较致密的纤维网络组成。休眠细胞内该结构体系依然存在,但位于细胞内不同层次的纤维网比营养细胞的同种结构要致密得多,这可能与纤毛虫脱分化时细胞大范围的收缩有关;休眠细胞的包囊壁中层壁存在相当于中间纤维的网络结构。SDS—PAGE电泳图谱显示,休眠细胞内该体系的蛋白组成发生了较明显的变化,其中保留了营养细胞的部分蛋白条带,丢失了部分条带,同时还产生了一些特异性条带。分析表明,膜状急纤虫的中间纤维—核骨架体系是细胞在营养条件下和休眠状态下都稳定存在的结构;而纤毛虫形成休眠细胞后中间纤维—核骨架体系及蛋白组成上的变化提示,细胞在休眠状态下,基因的表达水平与营养细胞是不同的。     

特殊涡鞭毛虫—尖尾藻的核骨架

采用分级抽提,DGD包埋-去包埋剂电镜技术在特殊涡鞭毛虫——尖尾藻的细胞核内显示出了一个纤维网络结构。此网络结构不溶于CSK液和可抽去微管与微丝的溶液,不被DNase所酶解和热三氯醋酸所抽提,因而是一个非DNA性质的纤维蛋白网络结构。它的一系列形态结构特征——整个呈网络形态,纤维的粗细为2.8—24nm,与细胞质内的中间纤维有广泛的连接,含有少量对维持其结构完整性所必需的RNA成分等,都十分相似于典型真核细胞的核骨架结构,但所显示的核纤层为一层不均匀、不连续的结构,这有别于典型真核细胞的核纤层。 本工作首次证实了特殊涡鞭毛虫——尖尾藻已进化产生了核骨架结构,且与典型真核细胞的核骨架在形态结构上已很接近。     

Ultrastructural analysis of cytoplasmic intermediate filaments and the nuclear lamina in the mouse plasmacytoma cell line MPC-11 after the induction of vimentin synthesis

We examined cytoplasmic intermediate filaments (IFs) and the nuclear lamina in cells of the mouse plasmacytoma cell line MPC-11 (lacking both IF proteins and lamins A and C) after induction of vimentin synthesis with the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) by means of whole-mount immunogold electron microscopy (IEM). The technique of IEM was modified to allow analysis of the cytoskeleton and nuclear lamina of cells grown in suspension culture employing antibodies against vimentin and lamin B. IEM showed that newly synthesized vimentin assembled into IFs which formed anastomosing networks throughout the cytoplasm, radiating primarily from the nucleus. The filaments decorated by gold-conjugated antibodies appeared to make contact with the lipid-depleted nuclear envelope residue either by directly terminating on it or through an indirect link via short fibers of varying diameter. Some filaments terminated on the subunits of the nuclear pore complexes but they did not pass through the pores. In the absence of lamins A and C, lamin B formed a nuclear lamina consisting of a globular-filamentous network anchoring the nuclear pore complexes.     

寇氏隐甲藻（Crypthecodinium cohnii）细胞核骨架与中间纤维...

Nuclear matrix (NM) and intermediate filament (IF) scaffold in primitive eukaryote Crypthecodinium cohnii were shown using selective extraction together with embedment-free electron microscopy, whole mount cell preparation and immunoblot techniques. There exists a delicate NM-IF network spreading over cytoplasm and nucleus in dinoflagellate cells, however, nuclear lamina is undeveloped. The diameter of NM fiber is about 3-5 nm and IF is 10 nm. Chromosomes are connected with NM filament network. Immunoblot analysis showed that dinoflagellate contained keratin-like polypeptides (63 kD and 67 kD) while mammalian lamin antibodies did not crossreact with dinoflagellate total protein. Our experiment results demonstrated that a framework similar to NM-IF scaffold in mammalian cell appeared in primitive eukaryote. We propose that: (1) NM-IF scaffold is not restrict to vertebrate cell, and it may be originated from early stages of eukaryote evolution; (2) Keratin is probably very conservative; (3) Compared with IF, lamina might appear late in evolution, and some of primitive characteristics of dinoflagellate nucleus may be related to the lack of lamina.     

Connections of intermediate filaments with the nuclear lamina and the cell periphery

We investigated the relationship between intermediate filaments (IFs) and other detergent- and nuclease-resistant filamentous structures of cultured liver epithelial cells (T51B cell line) using whole mount unembedded preparations which were sequentially extracted with Triton X-100 and nucleases. Immunogold labelling and stereoscopic observation facilitated the examination of each filamentous structure and their three-dimensional relationships to each other. After solubilizing phospholipid, nucleic acid and soluble cellular protein, the resulting cytoskeleton preparation consisted of a network of cytokeratin and vimentin IFs linked by 3 nm filaments. The IFs were anchored to and determined the position of the nuclear lamina filaments (NLF) network and the centrioles. The NLF was composed of the nuclear lamina filaments measuring 3-6 nm in diameter which radiated from and anchored to the skeleton of the nuclear pores. The IFs located in the nuclear region appeared to be interwoven with the NLF. At the cell surface, the IFs seemed to be attached to the putative actin filament network. They formed a focally interrupted plexus-like structure at the cell periphery. Fragments of vimentin filaments were found among the filamentous network located at the cell surface, and some filaments terminated blindly there.     

Localization of nuclear matrix core filament proteins at interphase and mitosis.

The gentle removal of chromatin uncovers a nuclear matrix consisting of two parts: a nuclear lamina connected to the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton and an internal matrix of thick, polymorphic fibers connecting the lamina to masses in the nuclear interior. This internal nuclear matrix can be further fractionated to uncover a highly branched network of 9 nm and 13 nm core filaments retaining some enmeshed bodies. The core filament network retains most of the nuclear RNA, as well as the fA12RNP antigen, and may be the most basic or core element of internal nuclear structure. One high molecular weight protein component of the core filament network, the H1B2 antigen, is normally masked in the interphase nucleus and is uncovered as the chromatin condenses at mitosis. This protein is associated with a fibrogranular network surrounding and connected to the chromosomes. The core filament-associated fA12 antigen also becomes associated with this perichromosomal network. We propose that the core filament nuclear matrix structure may not completely disassemble at mitosis but, rather, that parts remain as a structural network connected to chromosomes and other mitotic structures. These mitotic networks may, in turn, serve as the core structures on which the nuclear matrices of daughter cells are built.     

植物细胞中NuMA类似蛋白的分布及其在细胞周期中的变化

免疫荧光染色结果说明植物细胞核内含有与抗动物ＮｕＭＡ多抗呈阳性交叉反应的多肽。选择性抽提并结合免疫荧光染色结果说明这种多肽位于核基质纤维蛋白网络上。免疫印迹反应显示胡萝卜（ＤａｕｃｕｓｃａｒｏｔａＬ．）悬浮培养细胞核基质蛋白与抗动物ＮｕＭＡ蛋白多抗的阳性反应条带为７４ｋＤ和７６ｋＤ。有丝分裂各期免疫荧光染色的结果表明植物细胞中的ＮｕＭＡ类似蛋白在有丝分裂过程中呈现有规律的变化。结合选择性抽提的有丝分裂各期的免疫荧光染色的结果表明核基质在此过程中也发生明显变化。应用选择性抽提并结合ＤＧＤ包埋去包埋电镜技术对植物细胞间期及有丝分裂期核基质的形态结构进行了观察。结果显示胡萝卜悬浮培养细胞间期核内存在一个非染色质性的纤维蛋白网络体系,而在正处于分裂的细胞中则未观察到。以上结果说明ＮｕＭＡ类似蛋白是核基质的组分之一并与有丝分裂密切相关。     

Role of microtubules and intermediate filaments in maintaining the shape of epithelial cells

The role of microtubules and intermediate filaments in control of cell shape of cultured cells of hepatomas McA-RH-7777 and 27 was investigated. Indirect immunofluorescence with specific polyclonal antibodies against tubulin and monoclonal antibodies against prekeratin with molecular weight 49 kD and vimentin was used. Incubation of cells in colcemid, resulting in specific distribution of microtubules did not change either prekeratin or vimentin distribution in cells of both the hepatomas, but reversed polarization of elongated McA-RH-7777 cells. These data suggest that the effect of disruption of microtubular system on the cell shape is not mediated by alterations of intermediate filaments.     

Differential sensitivity of vimentin and nuclear lamins from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells toward Ca2+ -activated neutral thiol proteinase

A comparative study of the susceptibility of vimentin and nuclear lamins from cultured Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells to degradation by Ca2+ -activated neutral thiol proteinase (calpain) has been undertaken. While pure vimentin was degraded very quickly at physiological ionic strength by purified calpain, isolated lamin B was digested comparatively slowly and purified lamins A/C were fairly resistant to proteolytic degradation. Similar digestion patterns were obtained from vimentin and lamin B with intermediary breakdown products close in size to the corresponding alpha-helical rod domains. To exclude the possibility that the low susceptibility of isolated lamins to Ca2+-dependent proteolytic degradation was due to irreversible denaturation during their isolation and purification, Triton cytoskeletons were prepared and their nuclear lamina as well as vimentin filaments were exposed to relatively large quantities of purified calpain. Under these conditions, not only vimentin filaments but also lamins A and B were digested while lamin C remained intact to a high degree. The major breakdown products of vimentin and lamins were identified as polypeptides which were 35 to 45 amino acids longer than the corresponding alpha-helical rod domains. Most of the vimentin-derived material and all high molecular weight polypeptides originating from lamins remained associated with the Triton cytoskeletons as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in conjunction with immunoblotting. Indirect immunofluorescence and electron microscope analysis of the calpain-digested Triton cytoskeletons revealed that they still contained a laminalike structure around the nuclear chromatin and numerous structurally altered intermediate filaments in the cytoplasmic remnant, although all vimentin had been degraded with the formation of 40/41 kDa polypeptides as major digestion products. In untreated Triton cytoskeletons, the vimentin filaments seemed to be in direct physical contact with the nuclear lamina, whereas in digested Triton cytoskeletons there was a distinct gap between structurally altered filaments and the nuclear surface. This shows that vimentin filaments and the nuclear lamina are differentially susceptible to degradation by calpain under certain ionic conditions and suggests that both filamentous structures are intimately associated with each other.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Identification and characterization of a novel mammalian intermediate filament-associated protein

A novel monoclonal antibody, designated M1.4, recognizes the high molecular weight microtubule-associated protein MAP1A (ca. Mr 380 kD) in both bovine and rat brain. In HeLa cells, however, M1.4 binds to a 240 kD polypeptide on immunoblots and co-localizes with both vimentin and cytokeratin filaments using double-label immunofluorescence microscopy. Immunoelectron microscopy indicates that the 240 kD polypeptide localizes along bundled intermediate filaments in a periodic manner. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis indicates that the 240 kD polypeptide has a basic pI of 7.7. When HeLa cell intermediate filaments are isolated using standard non-ionic detergent/high-salt conditions the 240 kD polypeptide does not sediment with the intermediate filaments, unlike the established intermediate filament-associated protein plectin. Immunoblot analysis with M1.4 shows the 240 kD polypeptide is expressed in a number of mammalian cell lines. Additionally, double-label immunofluorescence shows the 240 kD polypeptide to associate with vimentin filaments in African Green Monkey kidney (CV-1) and JC neuroblastoma cells. Due to its unique biochemical and biological characteristics, the 240 kD polypeptide is clearly a novel intermediate filament-associated protein for which we have proposed the designation gyronemin (Gr. gyros: around; nemin: filament).     

Core filaments of the nuclear matrix

The nuclear matrix is concealed by a much larger mass of chromatin, which can be removed selectively by digesting nuclei with DNase I followed by elution of chromatin with 0.25 M ammonium sulfate. This mild procedure removes chromatin almost completely and preserves nuclear matrix morphology. The complete nuclear matrix consists of a nuclear lamina with an interior matrix composed of thick, polymorphic fibers and large masses that resemble remnant nucleoli. Further extraction of the nuclear matrices of HeLa or MCF-7 cells with 2 M sodium chloride uncovered a network of core filaments. A few dark masses remained enmeshed in the filament network and may be remnants of the nuclear matrix thick fibers and nucleoli. The highly branched core filaments had diameters of 9 and 13 nm measured relative to the intermediate filaments. They may serve as the core structure around which the matrix is constructed. The core filaments retained 70% of nuclear RNA. This RNA consisted both of ribosomal RNA precursors and of very high molecular weight hnRNA with a modal size of 20 kb. Treatment with RNase A removed the core filaments. When 2 M sodium chloride was used directly to remove chromatin after DNase I digestion without a preceding 0.25 M ammonium sulfate extraction, the core filaments were not revealed. Instead, the nuclear interior was filled with amorphous masses that may cover the filaments. This reflected a requirement for a stepwise increase in ionic strength because gradual addition of sodium chloride to a final concentration of 2 M without an 0.25 M ammonium sulfate extraction uncovered core filaments.