阳性昆虫与阴性昆虫

植物学者根据植物对光照的不同要求,把它们分为喜阳植物与喜阴植物,又称阳性植物与阴性植物,前者要求明亮的光照,后者要求阴荫的光照。这个特性分类,在生产实践中证明有一定的指导作用。这里所要提出讨论的是:昆虫是否有类似的现象?它们是否亦有阳性和阴性之分? 朱弘复等(1961)在“不同栽培条件下小麦害虫的发生动态”一文内所记的某些观察事实,给我以这个启发。他们发现,植株的密度和三种麦蚜的分布有显著关系:在普通麦田内,植株较稀,一般只有麦长管蚜(Macrosiphon     

昆虫

五大连池老黑山和火烧山两座新期火山被计划为猎奇目标。进入老黑山脚下,对山下零星的植物与地面进行仔细搜索没有找到什么新奇的昆虫。裸露的熔岩上几只直翅目蝗虫蹦蹦跳跳地活动着．大致能看到它们的落点却又不见踪影。仔细寻找,原来它们有很好的保护色．周身深灰黑色．与熔岩石极其相似真的让人很难想象．它们是通过什么样     

昆虫私生活

大象、老鼠以及我们人类均属脊椎动物。主要依靠巧妙的内骨架支持身体任意自由的活动，而节肢动物有个共同的特性，具有外骨骼，起着保护内脏，支持身体，着生肌肉等作用。无论哪一种动物都是经过胚胎发育等一系列过程而走向成熟，也就是说，从小到大由不完全趋于完全，但脊椎动物看似在渐渐长大，外观上并没有很大的变化，其实质是细胞分裂增值的结果，老的细胞死去，新的细胞诞生。     

昆虫采集

采集工具捕虫网(采集飞翔的昆虫)、扫网(采集灌木丛或杂草中栖息的昆虫)、水网(采集水生昆虫)、吸虫管(采集小型、微型和虫体脆弱的昆虫)、毒瓶、三角纸袋、吸虫管、手持放大镜、小刀、铅笔、采集记录本等。     

水生昆虫

介绍了水生昆虫适应水生的生物学特征,环境转换与昆虫的适应,生态类型和意义。     

有毒昆虫及昆虫毒素的应用

世界各地从天上到地下、从水中到陆地都遍布数量庞大,品种繁多,形态各异的有毒昆虫。例如,白蚁就有2000多种,膜翅目中有毒的种类达700多种,由于许多昆虫毒素可用作医药,因此值得很好的研究和开发。 毒素是昆虫在生存竞争中摄食和防御的有效武器,毒素的成分、结构、机能及排毒方式不仅与环境有关,也与系统发育有关。     

观赏昆虫

昆虫之中被人们视为宠物的种类,不外乎两大类。一为听其声,观其斗,取其乐;二为观其色,爱其姿,喜其美。昆虫中听其声,取其乐的可供饲养种类,应首推蝈蝈(聒聒儿),蟋蟀(蛐蛐)和金钟(马铃)。它们都是直翅目的昆虫。     

独特的昆虫化石──琥珀昆虫

提到化石,通常是指那些从岩层里发掘出来的、坚硬如石的生物遗骸。通常情况下,生物死亡以后,其尸体的有机质部分一般都会在空气的氧化作用及微生物的分解作用下很快腐烂、消失,而躯体的坚硬部分（如贝壳,昆虫的鞘翅等）或生物体活动时遗留下来的孔洞、痕迹及排泄物等埋藏在地下,经过自然界亿万年复杂而缓慢的石化作用后,最终形成了我们通常意义上所说的化石［’］,这类岩石上形成的化石也就是古生物学家主要的研究材料。而对于古昆虫学家来说,还有一种特殊类型的化石具有极高的研究价值,那就是琥珀昆虫。１琥珀昆虫的形成及研究概…     

昆虫星球

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昆虫物语

安静下来，带着一颗好奇的童心，让我们融入到自然的箫声中。循声驻足，大自然的宠儿、活跃在各自空间里的小精灵们便悄然映入眼帘……     

植物挥发性次生物质在植食性昆虫、寄生植物和昆虫天敌关系中的作用机理

植物挥发性次生物质在植食性昆虫、寄生植物和昆虫天敌关系中的作用机理杜永均,严福顺（中国科学院动物研究所,北京１０００８０）植物挥发性次生物质是一些分子量在１００—２００的有机化学物质,包括烃类、醇类、醛类、酮类、有机酸、内酯、含氮化合物以及有机硫等化...     

植物挥发性物质对昆虫作用的研究进展

不同植物的挥发性物质对昆虫行为有着不同的调节作用,部分对害虫表现为引诱作用,部分对害虫表现为驱避和致死作用,有的则表现为寄主植物与天敌昆虫之间的互惠引诱定位作用。本文综述了近年国内外有关植物挥发性物质的研究概况及其对昆虫的不同作用,展望了其在未来害虫综合治理中的应用。     

两种蚜茧蜂及其寄主蚜虫对大豆植株挥发性次生物质的触角电位反应

研究了下列害虫和寄生天敌种类对大豆植株中提取的某些挥发性次生化合物及其不同组合混合相的触角电位反应： 1)豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch和麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae (Fabricius);2)为害大豆植株的大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura和不为害大豆植株的豆蚜二者所共有的寄生天敌豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall; 3)不为害大豆植株的麦长管蚜的寄生天敌燕麦蚜茧蜂Aphidius picipes Nees。结果表明,与大豆植株相关联的大豆蚜和不相关联的豆蚜所共有的天敌——豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂,对大豆植株的挥发性次生化合物及其混合相反应敏感,而与大豆植株不相关联的豆蚜、麦长管蚜及其寄生天敌——燕麦蚜茧蜂,对大豆植株的挥发性次生化合物及其混合相反应不敏感。再次证明,植物挥发性次生化合物在害虫及其寄生天敌搜寻寄主的过程中起到重要的作用。     

Non-host plant extracts reduce oviposition of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and enhance parasitism by its parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Botanical preparations, usually from non-host plants, can be used to manipulate the behaviour of insect pests and their natural enemies. In this study, the effects of extracts of Chrysanthemum morifolium, a non-host plant of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), on the olfactory and oviposition responses of this phytophagous insect and on levels of parasitism by its specialist parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) were examined, using Chinese cabbage Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis as the test host plant. Olfactometer tests showed that volatiles of chrysanthemum extract-treated host plants were less attractive to P. xylostella females than those from untreated host plants; and in contrast, volatiles of the chrysanthemum extract-treated host plants were more attractive to females of its parasitoid C. plutellae than those from untreated host plants. Oviposition preference tests showed that P. xylostella females laid only a small proportion of their eggs on chrysanthemum extract-treated host plants, while ovipositing parasitoid females parasitized a much higher proportion of host larvae feeding on the treated host plants than on untreated host plants. These results suggest that certain non-host plant compounds, when applied onto a host plant, may render the plant less attractive to a phytophagous insect but more attractive to its parasitoids. Application of such non-host plant compounds can be explored to develop push-pull systems to reduce oviposition by a pest insect and at the same time enhance parasitism by its parasitoids in crops.     

信息化合物对昆虫行为的影响

本文综述了来自寄主植物的挥发性物质和同种昆虫或异种昆虫释放的各种信息素及两者的协同作用的信息化合物对昆虫行为的影响。特别强调了寄主植物的气味物质和昆虫信息素协同作用在昆虫寻找寄主、求偶、交配及天敌在寄主识别过程中的重要地位。昆虫对寄主植物的识别是由于识别了植物气味的由一定组分、按照严格比例组成的化学指纹图。昆虫信息素与植物挥发性物质相结合为昆虫寻找求偶、交配场所提供更复杂或更全面的信息。许多昆虫只有在寄主植物或寄主植物气味存在时 ,才能释放性或聚集信息素。天敌在寄主识别、搜索及定位等一系列过程中 ,来自寄主的食料、寄主本身及两者的互作的信息化合物起重要的作用。研究信息化合物对昆虫行为的影响可以探索昆虫各种行为的内在机理 ,更好的了解寄主—昆虫—天敌三层营养关系的相互作用 ,对利用天然活性化合物防治害虫及生物防治提供理论依据     

Plant volatiles: new perspectives for research in Brazil

Agroecosystems consist on complex trophic relationships among host plants, herbivores and their natural enemies. This article reviews the research of plant volatiles in Brazil, in order to determine multiple resistance mechanisms of economically important crops and to contribute to the understanding of insect-plant interactions. Most pest management programs, including chemical and biological control, do not consider the impact of these chemicals on herbivores and their natural enemies. Alternative control methods are being developed in order to improve our understanding on the endogenous mechanisms of plant induced defenses against phytophagous arthropods. The use of plant volatiles technology as an additional tool in integrated pest management programs would offer a new and environmentally sound approach to crop protection. This technique involves the development of baits that attract beneficial organisms and the manipulation of biochemical processes that induce and regulate plant defenses, key factors in the improvement of control programs against economically important pests. The elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the indirect defenses of plants will result in useful tools for biological control of crop pests.     

Experience-induced preference for oviposition repellents derived from a non-host plant by a specialist herbivore

Foraging adults of phytophagous insects are attracted by host‐plant volatiles and supposedly repelled by volatiles from non‐host plants. In behavioural control of pest insects, chemicals derived from non‐host plants applied to crops are expected to repel searching adults and thereby reduce egg laying. How experience by searching adults of non‐host volatiles affects their subsequent searching and oviposition behaviour has been rarely tested. In laboratory experiments, we examined the effect of experience of a non‐host‐plant extract on the oviposition behaviour of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, a specialist herbivore of cruciferous plants. Naive ovipositing DBM females were repelled by an extract of dried leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium, a non‐host plant of DBM, but experienced females were not repelled. Instead they were attracted by host plants treated with the non‐host‐plant extract and laid a higher proportion of eggs on treated than on untreated host plants. Such behavioural changes induced by experience could lead to host‐plant range expansion in phytophagous insects and play an important role in determining outcome for pest management of some behavioural manipulation methods.     

Field and laboratory selection of brassicaceous plants that differentially affect infestation levels by Delia radicum

Several plant traits control plant–insect interactions and shape host range of herbivorous insects according to their degree of dietary specialization. Understanding how plant species diversity influences herbivore infestations is of interest for the development of alternative crop protection strategies. In a pest management context, an appropriate selection of plants can modify pest distribution at the field scale. To develop a ‘push–pull’ strategy against the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, we conducted a field study to both determine which plants exhibit contrasted pest infestation levels and to evaluate their influence on egg predation activity. Our field experiment reveals that infestation levels of brassicaceous plants by the cabbage root fly in the field can vary considerably according to plant genotype and species, while the number of predated eggs is only slightly affected by plant species. Olfactometry studies carried out under laboratory conditions revealed that plants harbouring the highest number of eggs in the field were also highly attractive, suggesting that olfactory stimuli are responsible, at least partially, for the differential infestation levels observed in the field. In a ‘push–pull’ context, this study demonstrates that different brassicaceous plants could be used to redistribute cabbage root flies in broccoli crops without compromising herbivore control by natural enemies. In addition, the importance of plant volatiles for infestation levels suggests a potential for developing a semiochemically assisted ‘push–pull’ system in which trap plants would be enhanced by synthetic release of attractive compounds.     

植物-昆虫间的化学通讯及其行为控制

在植物与昆虫间的化学通讯中植物气味物质起着决定性的作用,它调控着昆虫的多种行为,诸如引诱昆虫趋向寄主植物,刺激昆虫取食,引导昆虫选择产卵场所,进行传粉和防御昆虫等。有些植物则当受到食植性昆虫危害时会释出一些引诱害虫天敌的化学信号。这些化学信号是一些挥发性萜类混合物,天敌昆虫就以此来区分受害和未受害植株。尽管目前在害虫综合治理中,昆虫信息素的应用越来越显得比天然植物气味源更受重视,但是必须指出的是,昆虫信息化合物首次成功地使用于植物保护的却是天然植物气味源。在利用植物气味源作害虫测报和防治中,近年来一种简单价廉的粘胶诱捕器己成为多种害虫的标准测报工具。在害虫综合治理中利用植物气味源的技术显然是具有不可估量的潜力。文中提出了利用基因工程技术来改造植物,使植物能释放特定的驱避剂或其它控制昆虫行为的特殊气味物质的新概念。     

Feeding by Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] larvae does not induce plant indirect defences

Abstract.  1. Recent research has addressed the function of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in attracting natural enemies of feeding herbivores. While many types of insect herbivory appear to elicit volatile responses, those triggered by gall insects have received little attention. Previous work indicates that at least one gall insect species induces changes in host-plant volatiles, but no other studies appear to have addressed whether gall insects trigger plant indirect defences.
2. The volatile responses of wheat to feeding by larvae of the Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were studied to further explore indirect responses of plants to feeding by gall insects. This specialist gall midge species did not elicit a detectable volatile response from wheat plants, whereas a generalist caterpillar triggered volatile release. Moreover, Hessian fly feeding altered volatile responses to subsequent caterpillar herbivory.
3. These results suggest that Hessian fly larvae exert a degree of control over the defensive responses of their host plants and offer insight into plant-gall insect interactions. Also, the failure of Hessian fly larvae to elicit an indirect defensive response from their host plants may help explain why natural enemies, which often rely on induced volatile cues, fail to inflict significant mortality on M. destructor populations in the field.