橘子皮对水中亚甲蓝的吸附性能

用低值廉价的橘子皮作为吸附剂对亚甲蓝染料废水进行吸附研究,考察了吸附平衡时间、溶液pH、染料浓度等因素对亚甲蓝吸附的影响,橘子皮主要含有羧基、氨基和磺酸基,橘子皮生物吸附剂对MB的吸附所需平衡时间为1小时,在pH=10的条件下,生物吸附剂对MB的最大吸附量(qm)为370.3±31.0 mg/g,等温吸附线符合Langmuir和Freundlich模式,研究结果表明：橘子皮对染料废水的吸附只需很短的时间则可达到吸附饱和,且吸附量大,具有很好的应用前景。     

活性绿19修饰花生壳粉微球的制备及对溶菌酶的吸附

以天然产物花生壳粉作为基质,环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,活性绿19(Reactive Green 19,简称RG19)为修饰剂,制备了新型的生物吸附剂RG19修饰花生壳粉微球,比较了RG19修饰花生壳粉前后对溶菌酶的吸附性能,包括吸附溶液的pH,溶菌酶的初始浓度,吸附时间,温度及NaCl的浓度对吸附的影响。结果表明,用25.0 mgRG19修饰花生壳粉微球处理溶菌酶溶液10 mL,pH值7.4,吸附时间4 h的条件下,对溶菌酶的吸附量是149.6mg·g-1,其酶活力保持率为96.4%,而未修饰的花生壳粉微球对溶菌酶的吸附量只有23.6 mg·g-1,修饰后是修饰前的6.3倍。在上述条件下从鸡蛋清中分离纯化溶菌酶,纯化倍数为31.0,收得率为64.2%。而且该吸附剂的复用性好。     

皂化麦麸对锌的吸附性能

以麦麸制备生物吸附剂研究其对重金属Zn~(2+)的吸附作用。利用DPS软件进行回归正交试验,分析pH、麦麸生物吸附剂加入量、温度、初始Zn~(2+)浓度和吸附时间对吸附率影响,得出最佳吸附条件,与活性炭、麦麸纤维吸附效果作比较,对皂化麦麸进行解吸;同时研究等温吸附和吸附动力学,电镜和傅立叶红外光谱图研究吸附机理。吸附时间3 h、加入量0.2 g、pH值9、70℃、Zn~(2+)溶液浓度为80 mg/L时,吸附率达最大值,且低浓度时,麦麸生物吸附剂吸附效果优于活性炭与麦麸纤维,至少可以进行四次重复利用。麦麸生物吸附剂对Zn~(2+)吸附符合Freundich等温式,更适合拟二级动力学模型,即符合多分子层多位点物理化学混合吸附。SEM知皂化麦麸有明显褶皱,疏松多孔,表面积增大;FTIR分析出,麦麸生物吸附剂含-OH、-NH-、-C≡C-、-C≡N等多个官能团,对吸附过程起到很大的作用。     

黑曲霉发酵菌渣对臧红T的吸附研究

将糖化酶发酵生产过程中产生的黑曲霉菌渣作为一种复合吸附剂进行了染料吸附研究,以挖掘其吸附潜力。首先对菌渣的理化性质进行了分析,然后以臧红T为模型染料,考察了几种因素(接触时间、溶液温度、吸附剂量、初始浓度和盐离子)对吸附的影响,并将所得数据用等温吸附方程、动力学方程和热力学方程进行了模型拟和。结果表明,吸附可在2 h内达到平衡,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,属于化学吸附,膜扩散模型比内扩散模型更适合解释吸附行为;温度对吸附有促进作用,吸附过程是一个自发的吸热反应;通过Langmuir方程可计算出最大单分子层吸附容量为166.67 mg/g,但Freundlich能更好的描述吸附行为,说明菌渣表面存在多个不同的吸附位点。此外,菌渣投加量和钠离子浓度均可影响吸附效果,染料去除率最高可达91%。     

禾本红酵母Y－5对结晶紫、孔雀石绿的吸附

研究了培养时间、初始pH、温度对禾本红酵母Y-5吸附结晶紫、孔雀石绿的影响,并对吸附剂的解吸和循环利用等进行考察.结果表明： 在染料浓度为50 mg·L^-1、pH 7.0、摇床转速150 r·min^-1、30 ℃、吸附10 h时,红酵母对结晶紫、孔雀石绿的吸附率分别达峰值,为93.8%和87.7%;解吸后的菌体对结晶紫、孔雀石绿的吸附率分别为85.5%和78.5%,说明菌体对染料的吸附是可逆的,循环利用效果良好,菌体可再生和循环利用;禾本红酵母Y-5对结晶紫、孔雀石绿的脱色机理为吸附作用,染料多被吸附在红酵母表面的羟基（-OH）上,其吸附染料快速、高效、可逆,在染料废水处理上具有潜在的应用价值.     

魔芋葡苷聚糖(KGM)凝胶为亲和层析载体与 Sepharose 4B的比较研究Ⅱ.KGM染料亲和层析分离人血清白蛋白

将KGM和Sepharose 4B凝胶在相同条件下活化、偶联接上染料Cibacron Blue F3GA制成了KGM和Sepharose 4B染料亲和吸附剂,并用来与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)作用,每毫升KGM亲和吸附剂可吸附BSA 28 mg,用NaSCN洗脱时回收为84.5%,而Sepharose 4B梁料亲和吸附剂每毫升可吸附BSA 15.3 mg,用NaSCN洗脱时回收为81.7%,并对两种凝胶的染料亲和吸附性能进行了比较.用KGM染料亲和吸附剂分离的人血清白蛋白与人血清白蛋白标准品有同样的纯度,都达到了电泳纯.     

脱水污泥中脱色偶氮染料功能菌

近年来,随着印染与染料工业的发展,染料的数量和品种不断增多,由染料废水造成的污染呈增加的趋势,开发环境友好、高效、快速、低成本的染料废水处理方法是当前研究的热点。国内外常用的偶氮染料废水处理的方法可以分为物理法、化学法和生物法。传统的物化法虽然效果好,但较高的成本以及严重的二次污染,限制了其在实际中的应用,生物法以廉价、高效与环境友好等优势而广为应用。目前利用微生物处理偶氮染料废水的应用和研究居于首位,许多研究者致力于高效脱色偶氮染料微生物的筛选、分离和驯化[1-2]。本刊2014年第12期刊登了解井坤、花莉等的文章《脱水污泥中脱色偶氮染料功能菌群的驯化分离》[3]。作者以脱水污泥作为脱色偶氮染料功能菌群的新来源,经驯化分离获得降解混合偶氮染料的高效降解菌株若干,菌株所制备干粉也可在无外源碳源的条件下完全脱色金橙I,研究表明脱水污泥是耐胁迫工程菌株的理想种质来源。近年来该研究团队利用研究所得菌株,对脱水污泥处理不同偶氮染料废水的微生物群落结构进行了基于分子生物学的分析,得到了偶氮染料结构和功能群落结构组成的信息,研究结果表明偶氮染料结构同降解菌群落组成有对应关系,不同偶氮染料驯化下的混合微生物更倾向于形成以优势种群为主的特定微生物群落结构,而群落多样性在偶氮染料的脱色作用中不是主要因素[4];基于脱污污泥中分离得到的偶氮染料脱色菌种构建的聚氨酯泡沫固定化微生物体系,能够快速、反复用于偶氮染料废水的脱色[5]。由于实际偶氮染料废水的成分十分复杂,针对不同的偶氮染料废水构建特定的高效脱色微生物群落结构在实际中的应用有待进一步探究;其次本研究在固定化微生物的脱色过程中,采用的是较小的反应器,对于反应器放大后的脱色效果也需要进一步的研究。进行了脱色偶氮染料废水的微生物燃料电池体系的搭建和运行,证明分离株能够有效进行胞外电子传递,在脱色偶氮染料的同时实现产能资源化,同时说明脱水污泥也可作为保外电子呼吸菌的种质来源[6-7];在MFC同步脱色产电性能的研究中,虽然MFC加速了偶氮染料的脱色,但是其产电水平整体偏低,达不到有效利用水平,所以如何进一步提升产电能力从而到达有效利用水平也是亟待解决的问题。     

微生物染料脱色研究进展

近年来,利用微生物对各种染料及染料废水脱色的研究报道很多,包括细菌、真菌等,脱色机制包括吸附脱色和降解脱色。综述了国内外有关这两大类微生物脱色研究的最新进展,对各种脱色机制在实际染料废水处理中的应用现状和研究方向进行了讨论。     

微生物染料脱色研究进展*

近年来,利用微生物对各种染料及染料废水脱色的研究报道很多,包括细菌、真菌等,脱色机制包括吸附脱色和降解脱色。综述了国内外有关这两大类微生物脱色研究的最新进展,对各种脱色机制在实际染料废水处理中的应用现状和研究方向进行了讨论。     

榛子壳对亚甲基蓝吸附性能的研究

农林废弃物富含木质纤维素资源如纤维素、半纤维素、木质素等,被视为优质吸附剂,在环境保护方面广泛应用。本研究以鞍山地方特产榛子为原料,深入研究榛壳吸附剂对水体中的阳离子的吸附机理,以阳离子染料亚甲基蓝为例,通过实验室的静态实验,研究p H值、初始浓度、吸附时间和吸附温度对榛壳粉吸附剂对亚甲基蓝染料溶液的吸附性能影响,建立等温吸附模型和吸附动力学模型,并对热力学进行讨论分析,研究结果表明榛壳吸附剂的最佳吸附p H值为5.0~7.0间,最佳吸附时间为2 h。通过Langmuir等温吸附模型拟合得到的最大吸附量与实际值非常接近。准二级吸附动力学方程适合拟合榛壳粉亚甲基蓝的吸附过程,榛壳吸附剂吸附亚甲基蓝的过程为吸热过程。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.