开垦小叶章湿地植物物种多样性的自然恢复

以开垦小叶章湿地的恢复植被为对象,研究了不同自然恢复年限(5、8和12年)湿地植被的植物群落结构及物种多样性变化规律.结果表明:经过一定年限的自然恢复,植被已经较初期发生了明显的群落演替;植物种类逐渐增加,优势种由旱生植物宽叶山蒿逐渐演变为湿生植物小叶章,样地之间的物种组成存在明显差异;随着恢复年限的增加,植物群落的多样性指数Shannon-Wiener(H)值和优势度指数Simpson(D)值变化较为复杂,H值逐渐降低,D值则是先降低,后升高;对于同以小叶章为优势种的2个样地而言,恢复年限为8年的湿地H值要高于恢复年限为12年的湿地;经过不同时间的恢复,恢复年限为5年和8年湿地植物群落的相似度系数为50%,恢复年限为5年和12年湿地植物群落的相似度系数为43%,说明3个恢复湿地植物群落的组成之间存在一定的内在联系,随着恢复年限的增加,其相似性缓慢下降.     

高原湿地纳帕海水生植物群落分布格局及变化

采用3S技术与植物群落研究法,对高原湿地纳帕海24a来的湿地植物群落分布格局及变化的研究结果表明：与24a前水生植物群落相比较。纳帕海水生植物群落类型、数量改变,原生群落不断减少或消失,耐污、喜富营养类群如水葱群落（Com．Scirpus tabernaemontani）、茭草群落（Com．Zizania caduciflora）、穗状狐尾藻群落（Com．Myriophyllum spicatum）、满江红（Com．Azolla imbricata）群落等大量出现;群落总数由24a前的9个增至当前的12个,其中挺水植物群落增加2个,浮叶植物群落增加1个,挺水植物群落增幅最大。由东向西、由南向北,纳帕海水生植物群落分布大致呈现出浮叶群落、挺水群落、沉水群落斑块状依次配置的水平格局规律。挺水植物群落分布面积最大,达528．42hm^2,其次是沉水植物群落,分布面积为362．50hm^2,浮叶植物群落分布面积最小,为70．23hm^2。随沉水群落、浮叶群落向挺水群落的演替,群落伴生种数量增加、优势种优势度减小、层次类型改变,群落结构变得更为复杂。纳帕海湿地水生植物群落分布格局及变化是对湿地环境变化的响应,表明了在人为干扰作用影响下,纳帕海湖岸线内移、水量减少、水质恶化等湿地水文条件的改变,致使湿地生态系统功能不断退化。     

采砂迹地型湿地恢复过程中优势种群生态位研究

用定量分析法对采砂迹地型湿地恢复过程中植被优势种群生态位进行了研究,测定了北京西卓家营采砂迹地型湿地植被21个优势种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明野艾蒿、旋覆花、朝天委陵菜、茵陈蒿、鬼针草等中生群系物种占据较宽的生态位,分布范围较广。芦苇、针蔺等湿地植物的生态位宽度略小,而香蒲、小香蒲、茭白、千屈菜等湿生植物占据较窄的生态位。在优势种构成的136个种对中,有78个种对有生态位重叠数值,占整个种对的57.4%,说明优势种群间生态位重叠现象较为普遍,也就是说有一半以上的植物种群在利用资源上有相似性。总体上,生态位较宽的种群间生态位重叠较大,有较多相似生态特性的种群间生态位重叠也较大。其研究结果,将为采砂迹地型湿地恢复提供理论支持。     

长治城市湿地公园滨岸区植物群落特征及其与土壤环境的关系

湿地生境的保护与恢复是当前城市湿地公园建设面临的重大挑战,而相关研究案例极少。通过对山西长治城市湿地公园滨岸区草本植物群落进行调查和多元分析,探讨物种分布与土壤因子之间的关系。结果如下:1)研究区植物共计20个种,以湿、中生植物为主,芦苇为建群种,优势种包括香蒲、早熟禾、扁杆藨草和苍耳,总体上物种丰富度较低,随着逐渐远离水域,物种丰富度、优势度和均匀度均呈递增趋势,物种组成上呈现水-湿生、湿-中生、中-旱生的梯度序列;2)CCA排序和Monte Carlo检验结果表明,土壤氮含量和水分含量是影响研究区植物群落分布的重要环境因子,二者分别可解释1.7%、1.4%的物种分布差异,较大的未被解释的部分表明研究区植物群落分布在很大程度上受到其他未选取因子的影响,如种间竞争、水位变化、人为干扰或随机因子。     

铅锌矿废水中重金属在宽叶香蒲（Typha latifolia）的积累与分布

 本文通过对净化塘系统和对照点的水、土和宽叶香蒲组织的分析结果指出：宽叶香蒲具有较强的忍耐、吸收和积累Pb、Zn等重金属的能力。Pb、Zn等重金属在宽叶香蒲体内的积累数量与分布规律是根>地下茎>叶;老地下茎>嫩地下茎;Pb在叶的分布是老叶>成熟叶>嫩叶。在净化塘系统内,各种重金属在宽叶香蒲根部积累比例最大的是Pb,其次是Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Mn。     

不同植物配置下人工湿地大型底栖动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

大型底栖动物在人工湿地生态系统的物质循环和能量流动过程中发挥着重要作用,是保持湿地结构稳定、高效运行的重要因素。为了解大型底栖动物在人工湿地内的群落特征,于2013年8月—2014年5月对盐龙湖芦苇(Phragmites communis)、茭草(Zizania latifolia)、狭叶香蒲(Typha angustifolia)表流人工湿地的大型底栖动物群落进行调查。结合相对重要性指数(IRI)、多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,Pielou均匀度指数,Margalef丰富度指数)与相关性分析等手段,研究了不同植物配置下人工湿地大型底栖动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系。调查共采集到大型底栖动物14种,主要优势物种为纹沼螺(Parafossarulus striatulus)、霍普水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、长角涵螺(Alocinma longicornis)、摇蚊幼虫(Tendipes sp.),但不同植物配置下优势物种有所差别。芦苇、茭草及狭叶香蒲湿地的年均大型底栖动物密度分别为285、330、266个/m2,年均生物量分别为25.6、104.0、32.3 g/m2。茭草湿地的大型底栖动物群落在物种数量、均匀程度上要高于芦苇及狭叶香蒲湿地,而后两者多样性水平相当。茭草湿地底栖动物群落生物量与软体动物密度呈极显著(P0.01)正相关,总密度与水深呈显著(P0.05)负相关,环节动物的密度与全氮(STN)、有机质(SOM)之间分别呈极显著(P0.01)、显著(P0.05)正相关。研究为今后人工湿地生态系统的设计、管护以及长效运行提供新的思路。     

Typha×glauca Godr.,香蒲属(香蒲科)中国新记录杂种及其形态特征

香蒲属(Typha L.)为多年生水生或沼生草本植物, 种间存在十分普遍的杂交现象, 其中一些杂种在湿地生态系统中有重要的作用。在查阅大量腊叶标本基础上, 结合野外居群生物学工作, 作者发现中国一新记录杂种, 即T.×glauca Godr. (T. angustifolia L.×T. latifolia L.), 并新拟“粉绿香蒲”作该杂种的中文名。对粉绿香蒲的形态特征进行了研究, 讨论了其与亲本水烛和宽叶香蒲的区别, 并给出检索表。     

筑坝扩容下高原湿地拉市海植物群落分布格局及其变化

基于遥感与地理信息系统技术、结合实地调查与验证,对高原湿地拉市海筑坝扩容13a来湿地植物群落类型、物种组成、空间分布格局进行研究,对比分析筑坝扩容前后植物群落变化特征。结果表明,拉市海当前分布有水葱 (Scirpus tabernaemontani)、两栖蓼 (Polygonum amphibium) 等2个挺水植物群落,鸭子草 (Potamogeton tepperi)、菱 (Trapa bispinosa)等2个浮叶植物群落,穗状狐尾藻 (Myriophyllum spicatum)、篦齿眼子菜 (Potamogeton pectinatus)、菹草 (Potamogeton crispus)、穿叶眼子草 (Potamogeton perfoliatus)、小叶眼子菜 (Potamogeton pusillns)等5个沉水植物群落,草甸植被分布于湖周。湿地植物物种共计61种,隶属于25科、48属,物种丰富度随沉水→浮叶→挺水→草甸逐渐增加。沉水植物群落分布面积最大(615.08 hm²),其次是草甸(214.60 hm²)、浮叶植物群落(140.01 hm²),挺水植物群落分布面积最小 (9.34 hm²),群落垂直层次随沉水→浮叶→挺水呈复杂化的趋势。筑坝13a来,拉市海植物群落类型从单一的沉水型植物群落发展成为由沉水、浮叶、挺水型组成的、水平空间多样化配置的湿地植被系统,其中穗状狐尾藻、篦齿眼子菜、小眼子菜等植物群落在筑坝蓄水13a后没有发生演替得以保留,而扇叶水毛茛(Butrachium bungei)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和轮藻(Chara spp.)群落发生演替而消失。研究掌握了筑坝扩容下拉市海湿地植物群落分布格局及其变化特征,为科学评估筑坝蓄水对湿地生态系统的影响提供了基础性数据,同时也为水文改变下高原湿地生态系统的保护、管理以及资源可持续利用提供了一定的理论依据。     

长苞香蒲的实名考证及分类学订正

香蒲属(香蒲科)为多年生大型水生或沼生植物, 世界广布, 但主要分布于北温带, 全世界约24种116, 中国记载有12种1318。香蒲属植物是研究被子植物起源和演化的良好材料, 在医药、编织、人工湿地应用等方面也有重要的作用。       

博斯腾湖湖滨湿地植被数量分类与排序

应用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)方法对湿地植物群落进行分类,采用除趋势对应分析(DCA)、典范对应分析(CCA)对群落进行排序,以明确博斯腾湖湖滨湿地的主要植物群落类型及影响植被类型变化和分布的主要环境因子。结果表明,博斯腾湖湖滨湿地植被可分为7个主要群丛,分别为长苞香蒲(Ass.Typha angustata)、芦苇+长苞香蒲(Ass.Phragmites australis+Ty.angustata)、芦苇+水烛(Ass.P.australis+Ty.Angustifolia)、多枝柽柳-芦苇(Ass.Tamarix ramosissima-P.australis)、胡杨-多枝柽柳(Ass.Populus euphratica-Ta.ramosissima)、旱柳-多枝柽柳(Ass.Salix matsudana-Ta.ramosissima)和多枝柽柳(Ass.Ta.ramosissima),它们分布于湖滨浅水带、湖滨沼泽带、湖岸乔灌林带和旱生灌丛带;TWINSPAN分类产生的7个主要群丛在DCA排序图上被很好地反映出来。CCA排序与DCA排序结果基本一致,说明土壤含水量和土壤总含盐量是决定该地区植被分布格局的主要环境因子。博斯腾湖湖滨湿地植被种类单一,生态结构简单,水盐动态及其相互作用是影响该地区植被分布的主要因素之一。因此,在对博斯腾湖湖滨湿地进行植被保护与重建过程中,需重点考虑土壤含水量和土壤总含盐量这2个主要环境因子的影响,合理开发、利用水资源,防止土壤盐渍化的发生。     

Wetland Restoration and Invasive Species: Apple snail (Pomacea insularum) Feeding on Native and Invasive Aquatic Plants

The apple snail Pomacea insularum is an aquatic invasive gastropod native to South America that has the potential to cause harm to aquatic ecosystems, wetland restoration, and agriculture. To predict the potential impact of this snail on aquatic ecosystems, we tested the feeding rate of P. insularum , under laboratory nonchoice experiments, for 3 species of invasive macrophytes and 13 species of native aquatic plants that are important for wetland restoration and health. High levels of consumption were recorded for four native species ( Ceratophyllum demersum , Hymenocallis liriosme , Ruppia maritima , and Sagittaria lancifolia ) and three invasive species ( Colocasia esculenta , Alternanthera philoxeroides , and Eichhornia crassipes ). In contrast, less than 10% of the biomass of Spartina alterniflora , Scirpus californicus , Thalia dealbata , and Typha latifolia was consumed by P. insularum over the test period. The palatability of macrophytes was negatively correlated with dry matter content, making our results generalizable to all regions where this invader may be present. Based on our results, wetland restoration in areas invaded by P. insularum should focus on emergent structural species with low palatability. Apple snails should not be considered as agents of biocontrol for invasive plants; although apple snails fed on invasive plants at a high rate, their consumption of many native species was even greater.     

Evaluating the ecological performance of wetland restoration in the Yellow River Delta,China

Long-term monitoring is essential to evaluate the effects of wetland restoration projects. A monitoring program before and after restoration has been carried out in the study area located in the Yellow River Delta since 2001. Water quality, soil salinity, soil organic matter, plant community, and bird species were chosen as indicators in this program. During the past seven years, the restored wetland showed increasing efficiency in reducing water pollution levels. Soil quality was constantly improved through salinity reduction and soil organic matter accumulation. The vegetation community quickly re-established after the restoration was initiated in 2002. The restored vegetation communities provide favorable habitat conditions for birds and thirty-seven bird species were observed in October 2007. Based on Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), plant species and vegetation community are mainly influenced by soil salinity and water depth. These indicate that conducting freshwater to the project area is an efficient measure for vegetation restoration. While monitoring results show that the restoration project had positive effects on the wetland ecosystem over the past seven years, two issues remain for future study: (1) the contribution of harvesting vegetation to stabilizing nutrient removal rate and the accumulation of soil organic matter in the soil; and (2) the effects of excessive propagation of Phragmites australis on spatial heterogeneity and plant diversity.     

人工湿地不同植物根际微生物群落多样性比较研究

应用平板计数与PCR-DGGE技术相结合的方法,对人工湿地芦苇(Phragmites australis)、香蒲(Typha latifolia)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne)三种植物根际微生物群落多样性进行研究。结果表明,三种植物根际具有不同的微生物数量和群落结构;根际微生物数量显著高于非根际(P<0.05),两者具有不同的群落结构和优势种群;芦苇根际具有数目最多的常见物种和最大的物种均匀性,根际与根区多样性指数差别最大,根际效应R/S最大,表明芦苇能够更好的影响土壤微生物的富集和分布,提高微生物群落多样性。     

Root exudates of wetland plants influenced by nutrient status and types of plant cultivation

The present study investigated the amounts of root exudates and composition of organic acids released from two wetland plants (Typha latifolia and Vetiver zizanioides) under two nutrient treatments: low level (0.786 mM N and 0.032 mM P) and high level (7.86 mM N and 0.32 mM P) and two types of plant cultivation: monoculture and co-culture of the two plants. Low nutrient treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased the root exudates of T. latifolia during the initial growth period (1-21 d) and those of V. zizanioides and the co-culture during the whole growth period. The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon in the root exudates of the co-culture in the low nutrient treatment were 3.23-7.91 times of those in the high nutrient treatment during the medium growth period (7-28 d). The compositions of organic acids varied between the two plant species and between the two nutrient treatments. The pattern of organic acids was also different between the co-culture and the monoculture. Oxalic acid was by far the major organic acid exuded from the two wetland plants. The present study on root exudates suggests that co-culture of wetland plant species would be more useful in the reclamation of waste water than a monoculture system.     

滇西北高原纳帕海湿地植物多样性与土壤肥力的关系

采用植物群落研究法与原状土就地取样技术,研究了滇西北高原典型退化湿地纳帕海植物多样性、土壤养分、酶活性格局特征及其相互关系.随着湿地原生沼泽向沼泽化草甸、草甸的演替,湿地植物群落盖度增加、物种组成增多,群落优势种优势度减小,伴生种数量增加,植物多样性呈增加趋势;湿地土壤有机质、全氮含量不断减少,过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶活性增加,脲酶活性降低.植物α多样性指数(辛普森、香浓-维纳指数)与湿地土壤有机质、全氮含量呈负相关,与土壤过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶活性呈正相关,与脲酶活性呈负相关;土壤有机质、全氮含量与过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶活性呈一致负相关,与脲酶活性则成正相关.湿地景观在一定程度上反映了人为生产活动干扰的类型与强度,其植物多样性、土壤养分和酶活性特征及其相互关系是湿地生态系统演替过程中时空间体现,研究结果揭示了人为干扰下湿地退化的生态学过程及机理,可为我国高原湿地生物多样性保护,退化湿地生态恢复与湿地资源可持续利用提供一定的理论依据.     

Effects of nutrient and soil moisture on competition between shape Carex stricta,shape Phalaris arundinacea,and shape Typha latifolia

We investigated the importance of nutrients, soil moisture, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and interspecific competition levels on the biomass allocation patterns of three wetland perennial plant species, Carex stricta Lam., Phalaris arundinacea L., and Typha latifolia L. A factorial experiment was conducted with high-low nutrient levels, high-low soil moisture levels, and with and without AMF inoculation. Under the experimental conditions, plant inoculation by AMF was too low to create a treatment and the AMF treatment was dropped from the total analysis. P. arundinacea and T. latifolia biomass were 73% and 77% higher, respectively, in the high nutrient treatment compared to the low nutrient treatment. Biomass allocation between shoots and roots remained relatively constant between environmental treatments, although shoot:root ratios of P. arundinacea declined in the low nutrient treatment. For C. stricta, the high nutrient and soil moisture treatments resulted in an increase in biomass of 50% and 15%, respectively. Shoot:root ratios were nearly constant among all environmental conditions. Biomass of T. latifolia and C. stricta was greatly decreased when grown with P. arundinacea. The rapid, initial height growth of P. arundinacea produced a spreading, horizontal canopy that overshadowed the vertical leaves of T. latifolia and C. stricta throughout the study. This pattern was repeated in both high and low nutrient and soil moisture treatments. When grown with P. arundinacea, C. stricta and T. latifolia significantly increased their mean shoot height, regardless of the nutrient or soil moisture level. The results of this experiment suggest that C. stricta and T. latifolia were light limited when growing with P. arundinacea and that canopy architecture is more important for biomass allocation than the other environmental conditions tested. The results also suggest that Phalaris arundinacea is an inherently better competitor (sensu Grime 1979) than C. stricta or T. latifolia.     

Impacts of sedimentation and nitrogen enrichment on wetland plant community development

Many factors influence which plant species are found in a particular wetland. The species pool is composed of the species present in the seed bank and species able to disperse into the wetland, and many abiotic and biotic factors interact to influence a species performance and abundance in the plant community. Anthropogenic activities produce specific stressors on wetland systems that alter these abiotic and biotic interactions, potentially altering species composition. We simulated three common wetland hydrogeomorphic (HGM) subclasses in a greenhouse to examine the effects of two stressors-sedimentation and nitrogen (N) enrichment-on the performance of 8 species grown in artificial communities. Species establishment, height, biomass, and foliar N and P concentrations were measured to explore species responses to stressors and competition, as well as the potential impacts of changes in species composition on ecosystem processes. Species were affected differently by sedimentation and N enrichment, and there were differences in overall community sensitivity to stressors between wetland subclasses. Sedimentation generally reduced seedling establishment, while N enrichment produced variable effects on height and biomass. Interspecific competition had little effect on establishment but significantly reduced most species biomass. Sedimentation generally lowered community biomass, diversity, and richness, while enrichment increased community biomass. Establishment, biomass, and foliar nutrient concentrations significantly differed between many species, suggesting that shifts in species composition may impact ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling and carbon storage. Phalaris arundinacea, an aggressive clonal graminoid, universally dominated all wetland subclasses. This dominance across a range of environmental conditions (sedimentation, fertility, and hydrology) has important implications for both restoration and predicting the impacts of human activities on species composition. Our results suggest that, in regions where P. arundinacea is common, restoration projects that establish communities from seeds and human activities that cause vegetation removal are likely to become dominated by P. arundinacea.     

Assessing Impacts of Hydropattern Restoration of an Overdrained Wetland on Soil Nutrients, Vegetation and Fire

Restoring hydrology to overdrained wetlands can facilitate restoration of degraded ecosystems. In the northern Everglades, the Rotenberger Wildlife Management Area (RWMA) became a rain-driven system as historic overland inflows were redirected. Consequently, the soil experienced severe drying, resulting in frequent muck fires, oxidation and a shift in vegetation composition. In July 2001, the RWMA hydropattern restoration began utilizing discharge from Stormwater Treatment Area 5 (STA-5), a constructed wetland. As a result, predischarge hydroperiods averaging 124 days increased to an average of 183 days. Soil total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the topsoil layer did not significantly change from predischarge (637 mg/kg) to postdischarge (633 mg/kg) concentrations. Muck fires appear to be the catalyst for rapid alterations in the bioavailability and solubility of P. Prior to muck fires, soil P pools were 88% organic P and 12% inorganic P, shifting to 49% organic P and 51% inorganic P measured after a muck fire. Sawgrass ( Cladium jamaicense , OBL) and Cattail ( Typha domingensis , OBL) cover approximately 75% of the RWMA area as dominant or codominant species. Predischarge vegetation community composition documented obligate (OBL) and facultative wetland (FACW) species, each composing 46% of all species surveyed. Postdischarge vegetation compositions shifted to 59% OBL and 39% FACW species. In addition, there were significant elevations in tissue nutrient concentrations, TP, and total nitrogen, between pre- and postdischarge samples. An adaptive management approach to inflow and outflow operations will be an important part of successful wetland restoration.     

人工油松林（Pinus tabulaeformis）恢复过程中土壤微生物生物量C、N的变化特征

采用时空替代法,选取15a（PF15）、25a（PF25）、30a（PF30）的人工油松林作为样地,并选取灌丛作为参考植被,研究了植被恢复过程中土壤微生物生物量C、N以及土壤养分的变化特征,同时探讨了它们之间的相互关系。研究结果表明随着恢复的进行,土壤质量得到了改善,主要表现为有机碳、全氮、粘粒含量、土壤含水量的上升和pH值、容重的下降。土壤微生物生物量C、N分别在155.00~885.64mg/kg和33.73~237.40mg/kg的范围内变化。土壤微生物生物量C、N在植被恢复的初期显著低于灌丛,而后随着恢复的进行逐步增长。土壤微生物生物量C、N与植被恢复时间的相关性没有达到统计学上的显著水平,但是土壤微生物生物量C与土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷呈显著正相关,这表明植被恢复过程中土壤微生物生物量与土壤养分状况关系密切,植被恢复通过改善土壤养分状况间接地影响土壤微生物生物量的变化。Cmic/TOC在1.38%~4.75%的范围内变化。Cmic/TOC随着植被恢复不断下降,Cmic/TOC与植被恢复时间和土壤有机碳呈显著负相关,这表明植被恢复过程中,惰性有机质积累导致供应土壤微生物的活性有机质减少,Cmic/TOC同时受土壤有机质的数量和质量影响。     

滇西北高原闭合半闭合退化湿地的生态恢复效果

选取滇西北高原典型退化湿地纳帕海,对比植被恢复前后入湖河流廊道、草甸(汇水过渡区)、湖滨带植物群落物种的组成、水质、土壤有机质和全氮含量的变化,分析流域完整尺度恢复实践的有效性.结果表明:研究区湿地植物在恢复初期由8科12属13种迅速增加至18科22属28种;地上生物量从318.56 g·m-2上升到507.68 g·m-2;湖滨及河流岸带植物群落恢复前后变化明显,耐污种逐渐减少或消失,出现了消失多年的沼泽植物黑三棱和水毛莨群落;土壤有机质和全氮含量分别由恢复前的28.85和0.79g·kg-1增加到50.26和1.45g·kg-1,水体中的TN、TP和COD含量较恢复前显著下降,去除率分别达到67.9％、79.2％和71.2％,水体透明度提高了179％,湿地生态系统结构和功能得到了改善和恢复.在高原闭合半闭合湿地区,采取植被恢复措施及其技术方法行之有效.