放牧对内蒙古典型草原粪金龟子群落的影响

为阐明放牧对粪金龟子群落的影响, 于2004年5-9月, 选择内蒙古典型草原不同放牧强度 (无放牧、 适度放牧和过度放牧) 草地为样地, 采用诱捕法采集粪金龟子标本, 分析了放牧对粪金龟子群落的影响。结果表明： 共捕获粪金龟子60 839头, 隶属于3科5属24种。放牧影响下, 粪金龟子群落个体数、 种数和生物量均发生显著变化, 不同粪金龟子对放牧的敏感性不同, 并具有明显的季节特征。Pearson相关分析表明, 春季粪金龟子群落个体数、 生物量、 种数以及符号蜉金龟Aphodius comma和马粪蜉金龟Aphodius subterraneus个体数与放牧强度提高之间存在显著负相关关系; 夏季粪金龟子群落种数和叉角粪金龟Ceratophyus polyceros个体数与放牧强度提高也呈显著负相关; 秋季粪金龟子群落生物量和种数以及费氏粪金龟Ceratophyus fischeri、 墨侧裸蜣螂Gymnopleurus mopsus和小驼嗡蜣螂Onthophagus gibbulus个体数与放牧强度提高之间存在显著正相关关系。依据体长、 体重和行为特征, 将粪金龟子划分为4个功能群, 放牧对体型较小的功能群Ⅲ和Ⅳ的影响较显著。指示值计算结果表明, 费氏粪金龟、 毛蜉金龟Aphodius scofa和马粪蜉金龟可以作为不同放牧强度草地的特征指示种。     

内蒙古典型草原家畜粪中的粪金龟子群落特征

2008年6月-2009年9月,在内蒙古典型草原放牧区,分析了马、牛和羊鲜粪中粪金龟子的物种多样性、群落结构、功能群和取食偏好.共捕获粪金龟子7805头,隶属于3科4属32种,优势种为符号蜉金龟(Aphodius comma)、游荡蜉金龟(Aphodius erraticus)和泥蜉金龟(aphodius sordec...     

内蒙古典型草原粪食性金龟的取食偏好和日活动节律特征

【目的】为研究内蒙古典型草原粪食性金龟对放牧牲畜粪的取食偏好和日活动节律特征。【方法】2010年6、8和10月,以3种放牧牲畜(牛、马和羊)鲜粪块为诱饵,采用诱捕法采集粪食性金龟。【结果】内蒙古典型草原粪食性金龟显示对3种放牧牲畜(牛、马和羊)粪块的多食性特征,但不同功能群或不同物种显示不同取食偏好以及不同的日活动节律特征。中型掘洞型粪食性金龟(如小驼嗡蜣螂Onthophagus gibbulus、黑缘嗡蜣螂O.marginalis nigrimargo和游荡蜉金龟Aphodius erraticus)显示对牛粪的取食偏好、以及昼行性行为特征;中型和小型粪居型粪食性金龟(如马粪蜉金龟A.subterraneus、泥蜉金龟A.sordescens和符号蜉金龟A.comma等)则偏好取食马粪,小型粪居型粪食性金龟(如符号蜉金龟)有全天活动的行为特征。【结论】在内蒙古典型草原粪食性金龟取食偏好和日活动节律的形成和进化中,体型和行为特征是主要内因,牲畜粪块的外形和理化性质、以及季节更替中的气温变化是重要外因。     

荒漠草原马粪中粪金龟子组成及分解作用

2007年4-10月,采用野外和室内实验相结合的方法,研究了荒漠草原马粪中的粪金龟子群落组成和对马粪分解的影响.共捕获粪金龟子13528头,隶属于3科4属26种,优势种为符号蜉金龟(Aphodius comma),占总捕获量的88.5%,不同季节粪金龟子群落组成明显不同;在鲜马粪中活动的粪金龟子以粪居型蜉金龟为主,在鲜马粪堆置3d时种数和个体数达到最高,6d后全部离开;马粪经过136 d分解,残留率为52.5%,残留粪样中氮和磷释放较慢,钾释放较快;结合室内分解实验的结果,认为粪金龟子主要通过在马粪中活动对其分解产生影响,并与风蚀作用成为荒漠草原马粪块破碎的重要动因,主要发生在春季和秋季.     

内蒙古武川县农田退耕还草对粪金龟子群落的影响

2006年5-9月,诱捕法采集粪金龟子,以农田为对照,选择内蒙古武川县不同农田退耕管理方式为研究样地,分析了农田退耕后采取不同管理方式对粪金龟子群落的影响,以为农田退耕还草管理措施生态效应的评价和完善提供依据.共捕获粪金龟子21671头,隶属于3科5属25种.优势种为直蜉金龟(Aphodius rectus)和蜉金龟属(Aphodius sp.7),占总捕获量的比例分别为59.34％和11.71％.几种退耕管理方式都导致粪金龟子群落物种丰富度、生物量和多度提高,且具有显著的季节特征.Pearson相关分析表明,粪金龟子群落的物种丰富度、生物量和种数以及不同功能群和主要种的个体数与退耕年限、平均草高和植物群落盖度的变化存在显著正相关关系(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).由于长期农业耕作以及缺少大型食草动物和较大面积放牧草地,研究地区的粪金龟子群落组成以功能群Ⅱ和Ⅲ为主,功能群Ⅰ的多度和物种丰度较低.可以认为,在研究地区以农田景观为主要基质的区域,采取多样化的农田退耕管理方式,提高了生境的空间异质性,在减少人为耕作活动对粪金龟子影响的基础上,对粪金龟子物种丰度和多度的维持起到了促进作用.农田退耕、保留适当面积放牧草地或适当数量大型放牧家畜将有利于功能群Ⅰ物种丰度和多度的提高,有益于粪金龟子群落物种多样性和整体生态功能的维持.     

中国五种蜉金龟幼虫形态记述(鞘翅目,金龟科,蜉金龟亚科)

基于3龄幼虫首次描述了中国5种蜉金龟幼虫的形态特征,分别是:方胸蜉金龟 Aphodius quadratus Reiche、黄缘蜉金龟 A.sublimbatus Motschulsky、直蜉金龟 A.rectus Motschulsky、游荡蜉金龟 A.erraticus(Linnaeus)(补充描记).文中列出了中国蜉金龟幼虫的分种检索表.主要鉴别特征是:头部、内唇和臀节等.     

中国蜉金龟属—新种记述（鞘翅目：蜉金龟科）

报道采自新疆东昆化山蜉金龟属Aphodius Illiger1新种－卡尔洞蜉金龟Aphodius(Volinux)kardonensis,sp.nov.。模式标本保存在新疆大学生物质。     

内蒙古皇甫川流域不同水土治理措施对粪金龟子群落的影响

2007年9月-2008年9月,采用诱捕法采集粪金龟子,以不同水土治理措施植被、耕作农田和天然草地为研究样地,分析了内蒙古皇甫川流域不同土地管理方式对粪金龟子群落的影响.共捕获粪金龟子6169头,隶属于2科5属15种,优势种为直蜉金龟和小驼嗡蜣螂,分别占总捕获量的66.54％和13.26％.缺少适宜林地环境生存的种类是研究地区粪金龟子群落的基本特征.与耕作农田和天然草地相比,几种水土治理措施均未导致粪金龟子群落多度、生物量和物种丰度显著提高.粪金龟子群落生物量和物种丰度以及功能群Ⅱ和Ⅲ的多度与树(草)高呈显著负相关.受长期农业耕作以及缺少大型食草动物的影响,皇甫川流域的粪金龟子群落组成以功能群Ⅱ和Ⅲ为主,功能群Ⅰ的多度和物种丰度较低.研究地区居民点的人畜粪便为粪金龟子提供了充足的食物,导致附近耕作农田中的粪金龟子群落具有较高的多度和丰度.天然草地是该流域粪金龟子群落的适宜生境.在区域尺度推广水土流失综合治理成功经验的同时,保护天然草地和饲养适当数量家畜(特别是大型食草牲畜)是维护粪金龟子群落多样性和生态系统功能的有效措施.     

内蒙古中部地区土壤金龟子群落特征

2003-2004年,采用土壤样方法和粪诱捕法调查了内蒙古中部地区7个不同生境中的土壤金龟子群落特征,并以群落系数、欧氏距离、百分率相似系数和因子分析等方法对不同土壤金龟子群落之间的相似性进行了分析.共计捕获土壤金龟子101 788头,分属于7科22属59种.其中,植食性种类3科12属18种,主要为鳃金龟科和丽金龟科的种类;粪食腐食性种类4科10属41种,主要为金龟科、蜉金龟科和粪金龟科的种类.对几种群落相似性聚类分析方法所得结果的对比表明,因子分析方法所得的结果是较为合理的,因子分析排序的结果将7个土壤金龟子群落分为2类:一类为典型草原、草甸草原、荒漠草原和沙地;另一类为农田、退耕地和人工林地.     

松嫩草地牛粪中大型节肢动物种类组成及种群动态变化

研究并分析了松嫩草地牛粪中大型节肢动物种类组成及动态变化.结果表明,在草地牛粪中共调查到大型节肢动物7目20科43种,以鞘翅目、膜翅目和双翅目为主.依其食性不同,分为粪食性型(8科19种)、腐食性型(4科4种)、植食性型(4科6种)、捕食性型(5科11种)、杂食性型(2科5种)、尸食性型(1科1种)和寄生性型(1科1种).根据鞘翅目金龟总科中营粪食性型生活的粪甲虫对牛粪利用方式的不同,分为外生粪甲虫(6种)、内生粪甲虫(5种)、远生粪甲虫(2种)和偷窃寄生粪甲虫(1种).除了双顶嗡蜣螂,牛粪中大型节肢动物数量与鲜牛粪重量具有显著正相关关系(p＜0.01).粪食性型种类数和个体数量随鲜牛粪堆置时间的延长而迅速减少,7d后消失,其个体总数量与鲜牛粪堆积时间呈显著的负相关关系(p＜0.01),而与牛粪含水量呈显著正相关关系(p＜0.01),各种大型节肢动物因其食性不同在鲜牛粪中占据不同的生态位.鲜牛粪中大型节肢动物以粪食性型占绝对优势,而干牛粪中则以捕食性型和杂食性型为主.牛粪中大型节肢动物种群季节动态变化受温度、降水量与牛粪含水量影响,鲜牛粪中大型节肢动物优势种为直蜉金龟(69.25%)和肖秋家蝇与东方角蝇幼虫(25.12%).4、5、6月份和9月份,优势种为直蜉金龟,7月和8月份,优势种为蝇幼虫.     

The natural history of a phoretic sphaerocerid Diptera fauna

ABSTRACT.

• 1 Three species of phoretic Sphaeroceridae kleptoparasitize the dung caches of scarab beetles in north Florida. Ceroptera sivinskii Marshall intercepts beetles under dung, then accompanies them into their burrows. Borborillus frigipennis (Spuler) rides on ball rolling and tunnelling scarabs. It perches on beetles both underground and in flight. B.singularis (Spuler) is similar in habits but is principally nocturnal.
• 2 Kleptoparasitism is probably a means of escaping environmental decay and competition in‘parent’faeces. Nonscarab competitors and predators are less abundant in beetle stored dung, and Borborillus spp. are among the few spaerocerids that flourish when large, rapidly developing calypterate flies are abundant.
• 3 Since oviposition in B.frigipennis occurs only underground, phoresy is an inexpensive and safe means to maintain contact with hosts. Males ride in order to find mates.

     

Influence ofOnthophagus gazella on hornfly,Haematobia irritans density in irrigated pastures

Haematobia irritans (L.) breeding in flood irrigated pastures of the lower Colorado Desert of southeastern California continues to remain unacceptably high during warm seasons (>1,000 adult flies per bovine head) despite the presence of moderately abundant populations ofOnthophagus gazella F. This study suggests that densities of > 40–70 adult beetles per dung pad and giving pronounced dung shredding activity, caused fly mortality of 38–56 %. The continued high abundance of adult horn flies on cattle suggests that at > 50% mortality, the pasture environment still produces sufficient flies to saturate cattle, although emigration might be reduced. Additional species of scarabs may be necessary to increase fly mortality. However, the dung drying activity of existingO. gazella significantly could interfere with resident staphylinid beetle breeding, which was significantly lower in pastures whereO. gazella reached densities of 40 per dung pad. Scarab beetle activity might also impede the introduction of superior predatory species for biological control.      

Adverse effects of ivermectin on the dung beetles, Caccobius jessoensis Harold, and rare species, Copris ochus Motschulsky and Copris acutidens Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in Japan

Effects of the antiparasitic drug, ivermectin, on the dung beetles, Caccobius jessoensis Harold, 1867 and the rare species, Copris ochus Motschulsky, 1860 and Copris acutidens Motschulsky, 1860 were studied in laboratory and field experiments in Hokkaido, Japan. Ivermectin was detected in dung from 1 to 21 or 28 days following treatment, with a peak on the first day after treatment in two pour-on administrations (500 microg kg(-1)), although there were considerable differences between the two peaks. In C. jessoensis, brood balls constructed by the female were not reduced in the dung of treated cattle except for seven days after treatment in experiment 2. Also, there was no significant difference in the mean weight of brood balls between dung from treated and control cattle. However, the emergence rates were significantly reduced in dung 1-3 days after treatment. In the field study, brood balls constructed by C. jessoensis were more abundant in dung from treated cattle in experiment 1, but adult emergence was significantly reduced at one and seven days after treatments. Adult mortality of C. ochus Motschulsky at 90 days after the beginning of rearing was 11.1% in dung from control cattle with 22 brood balls constructed, whereas it was 84% in dung from treated cattle with no brood balls and/or ovipositioning. Also, in C. acutidens Motschulsky, adult mortality at 90 days after the beginning of rearing was 3.6% in dung from control cattle with 13 brood balls constructed, whereas it was 94.1% in dung from treated cattle with no brood balls or ovipositioning. The environmental risk in the use of ivermectin during breeding period of dung beetles in pasture is discussed.     

Effects of the veterinary antiparasitic drug eprinomectin on dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), the non-pest fly Neomyia cornicina and pest fly Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) in Japan

Effects of the antiparasitic drug eprinomectin were studied in the laboratory and field experiments in Hokkaido, Japan, by pour-on administrations (500 μg/kg) on the pest fly Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus), nontarget coprophagous fly Neomyia cornicina (Fabricius), and the dung beetles Caccobius jessoensis Harold and Liatongus minutus (Motschulsky). Eprinomectin excreted into cattle dung was highest at 3 days post-treatment in both experiments, then it declined rapidly at 7 days and was not detected on or after day 14 post-treatment. In laboratory experiments, pupation and emergence rates of H. irritans and N. cornicina were hampered from 1 to 14 days post-treatment. There were no significant differences in the numbers of brood balls constructed by C. jessoensis in dung from treated and control cattle. Adult emergence rates of C. jessoensis were significantly reduced on days 1 and 3 post-treatment in dung from treated cattle. There were no significant differences in the numbers of brood balls constructed by L. minutus in dung from treated and control cattle, but survival rates of larvae were significantly reduced on days 1 and 3 post-treatment. In field experiments, the numbers of brood balls by L. minutus recovered from beneath dung pats were significantly larger in number in dung from treated cattle, suggesting that adult beetles are attracted to dung pats from treated cattle. Survival rates of larvae in these brood balls of L. minutus were significantly reduced 1 day post-treatment in dung pats from treated cattle, and equivalent levels to the control were restored 7 days post-treatment. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of endectocides on nontarget insects in grazing pastures.     

苎麻田灯下金龟子种类组成及优势种群发生动态研究

为了调查苎麻田金龟子的种类及发生规律,于2013年4~9月,在湖北省咸宁市咸安区苎麻科技示范园进行了频振式杀虫灯诱虫试验,系统诱集金龟子并鉴定种类,分析灯下不同金龟子种群动态。结果表明：频振式杀虫灯在苎麻田诱集金龟子类4科10种,以铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky和暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky为绝对优势种类。金龟子从4月末至9月初均灯下可见,5月中旬至6月上旬为铜绿丽金龟诱集高峰,6月上旬至7月中旬为暗黑腮金龟诱集高峰期。     

Effects of brood parasitism on host reproductive success: evidence from larval interactions among dung beetles

This paper investigates the effect of brood parasitism in a dung beetle assemblage in an arid region of Spain. The study was conducted during the spring season (March-May 1994-1998) using mesh cylinders buried into the ground, filled with sand and with sheep dung on top. We quantified the proportion of nests containing larvae of parasitic beetles and their effect on host larvae survival. Experiments on the effect of parasitic larvae on host-larvae survival were conducted by placing scarab brood masses (raised from captive scarabs in the laboratory) in containers with and without aphodiid larvae. During the spring, dung desiccation is rapid, preventing aphodiids nesting in the dung, and forcing these species to adopt brood parasitism as a nesting strategy. Parasitic aphodiids were found in 12-47% of scarab nests of three species. The incidence of brood parasitization was positively related with the number of brood masses contained in the nests, being also higher in the most abundant species. Field data and experiments showed that brood parasites significantly reduced host larvae survival from 74.8% in non-parasitized nests to 8.8% in parasitized nests. Because different rates of nest parasitization and mortality were caused by parasites, brood parasitism had a differential effect on different host species. Thus, brood parasitism constitutes an important mortality factor reducing the reproductive success of the host species and potentially affecting the beetle abundance in the area.     

Ecosystem services provided by dung beetles in Australia

Although there are nearly 500 species of native dung beetles in Australia, most are adapted to small, hard, dry, pelletised marsupial droppings and not to dealing with the large, moist deposits of cattle. In 1788, Governor Arthur Phillip arrived at Botany Bay with five cows, two bulls, 44 sheep and seven horses: this signalled major changes in Australia. Now there are about 27 million cattle, whose annual dung production has a dry matter content of about 42 million tonnes. Until CSIRO introduced exotic dung beetles in the 1960s, the dung of these herbivores sat on the soil surface, sometimes for years, locking up organic matter, smothering pasture and polluting waterways. CSIRO introduced 53 exotic dung beetle species, of which 43 were released to the Australian mainland between 1965 and 1985. Twenty-three of these have become established, many of which have reached the natural limits of their distribution. I consider the reason for the failure of the other 30 species to establish and briefly review previous contributions to examining the role of dung beetles in delivering ecosystem services, noting that much of the published literature concerns laboratory studies. New field data are then examined on the way in which introduced species are transforming dung communities and the ecosystem services they provide. The capacity of deep-tunnelling dung beetles to transform the soil profile is examined along with their effects on pasture production and the flow of nutrients from dung on pasture. The biocontrol capacity of dung beetle activity is considered in relation to the native bush fly, Musca vetustissima, the introduced buffalo fly, Haematobia irritans exigua, and dung-borne intestinal parasites (helminths and Cryptosporidium). The rationale for introducing additional species to Australia is considered.     

中国内蒙古溜蝇属一新种记述(双翅目:蝇科)

内蒙古溜蝇,新种Ｌｉｓｐｅ ｎｅｉｍｏｎｇｏｌａ Ｔｉａｎ ｅｔ Ｍａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（图１～４）,♂,体长约５．５ｍｍ。新种隶属于须瘤蝇种团（ｐａｌｋｐｏｓａ－ｇｒｏｕｐ）,与中国河北省的河北溜蝇,Ｌｉｓｐｅ ｈｅｂｅｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｍａ ｅｔ Ｔｉａｎ,１９９３极近似。但新种的腹部背板无正中斑条,在第３～５背板后缘两侧各有１个黑色斑,中股基半部有１列长大的前腹鬃,中胫无后腹鬃,而河北溜虽的腹部背板     

Payoffs of the two alternative nesting tactics in the African dung beetle, Scarabaeus catenatus

1. Scarabaeus catenatus is a ball-rolling scarab in the subfamily Scarabaeinae. This species, however, makes use of two tactics for nest building: rolling and tunnelling. The tunnelling tactic differs substantially from the rolling tactic in that (1) it always involves repeated movements to and from the dung source and the nest, whereas rolling does not, and (2) it involves a shorter distance between the two sites.
2. Brood-nest founders were usually males and less often females, with about 25% adopting the rolling tactic and 75% adopting the tunnelling tactic. During nest building, the founder paired off with a scarab of the opposite sex, and they co-operated in the work. The female made one to four brood balls from the dung in the nest, each of which contained one egg.
3. Each scarab seemed to be able to employ both tactics. The tactic employed was independent of an individual's status, e.g. body size and timing of nest founding.
4. The rolling tactic offered only male founders a greater nest-defence success than the tunnelling tactic due to a lower intrusion into the rolled nest and a higher intensity of male–male fighting. The tunnelling tactic offered both male and female founders a larger number of brood balls than the rolling tactic because it enabled scarabs to take a larger amount of dung into the nest.
5. The reproductive success for the two tactics was estimated from the product of nest-defence success and the number of brood balls. As a result, the two tactics had equal fitness payoffs for males, but unequal payoffs for females.
6. The results suggest that male alternation of tactics is controlled by a mixed strategy. Female alternation, however, cannot be explained by mixed strategy, alternative strategies or conditional strategy.     

基于面向对象及光谱特征的植被信息提取与分析

面向对象分类方法是实现精确详细提取遥感信息的新方法.以2010年TM影像作为基础数据,采用面向对象方法着重提取了西辽河流域平原的植被信息(耕地、林地、中生偏旱和中生偏湿草).通过对不同地物的光谱和空间信息(位置、形状)进行比较分析,建立适当的隶属度函数和阈值范围,在草地的分类规则中,参考野外采集的草地植被光谱信息,辅助草地属性特征选择.最后构建分类决策树,完成自动分类,分类总体精度达到82.13％.在分类结果的基础上,讨论了植被分布特点,对不同类型的植被面积、不同区县植被面积以及植被与一级河流关系三方面进行分析.结果显示:研究区植被以林地和耕地为主,分别占总面积的38.9％和23.3％;耕地、林地、中生偏湿草地多分布于河流中下游区县,受人为因素影响较大的林地、耕地主要集中在科尔沁左翼中旗和科尔沁左翼后旗;林地、中生偏湿草较集中分布在一级河流的10km缓冲区内,耕地主要集中在5km缓冲区内,中生偏旱草与一级河流的关系不显著.