傅家边丘陵山地滨梅根围AM真菌与土壤酶活性的关系

为揭示AM真菌对宿主滨梅（Prunus maritima）的作用特点及对根部土壤酶活性的影响,于2009年4月、7月和10月分别从江苏傅家边丘陵山地滨梅根围分0～10、10～20、20～30、30～40、40～50 cm 5个土层采集土壤样品,观察滨梅AM菌根结构,测定了AM真菌侵染率、孢子密度、土壤磷酸酶、脲酶活性及有效磷、碱解氮含量,着重分析了AM真菌与土壤酶活性之间的关系。结果表明,滨梅能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系,共生体为泡囊-丛枝结构;AM真菌侵染率和孢子密度分别在7月份和10月份最高,均出现在0～20 cm土层,并随土层加深而下降;AM真菌侵染率与土壤酸性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶、碱磷酸酶活性显著正相关,而与脲酶活性无相关性;AM真菌孢子密度与碱性磷酸酶、脲酶活性呈极显著正相关关系;孢子密度与土壤有效磷、土壤碱解氮含量显著正相关,但AM真菌侵染率仅与土壤有效磷含量显著正相关;孢子密度与菌根侵染率之间无相关性。可见,滨梅AM真菌侵染率与孢子密度有明显的时空分布并与土壤因子尤其是某些土壤酶活性密切相关,且AM菌根的形成是滨梅适应丘陵山地干旱贫瘠环境的有效对策之一。     

傅家边丘陵山地滨梅根围AM真菌与土壤酶活性的关系北大核心CSCD

为揭示AM真菌对宿主滨梅(Prunus maritima)的作用特点及对根部土壤酶活性的影响,于2009年4月、7月和10月分别从江苏傅家边丘陵山地滨梅根围分0～10、10～20、20～30、30～40、40～50 cm 5个土层采集土壤样品,观察滨梅AM菌根结构,测定了AM真菌侵染率、孢子密度、土壤磷酸酶、脲酶活性及有效磷、碱解氮含量,着重分析了AM真菌与土壤酶活性之间的关系。结果表明,滨梅能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系,共生体为泡囊-丛枝结构;AM真菌侵染率和孢子密度分别在7月份和10月份最高,均出现在0～20 cm土层,并随土层加深而下降;AM真菌侵染率与土壤酸性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶、碱磷酸酶活性显著正相关,而与脲酶活性无相关性;AM真菌孢子密度与碱性磷酸酶、脲酶活性呈极显著正相关关系;孢子密度与土壤有效磷、土壤碱解氮含量显著正相关,但AM真菌侵染率仅与土壤有效磷含量显著正相关;孢子密度与菌根侵染率之间无相关性。可见,滨梅AM真菌侵染率与孢子密度有明显的时空分布并与土壤因子尤其是某些土壤酶活性密切相关,且AM菌根的形成是滨梅适应丘陵山地干旱贫瘠环境的有效对策之一。     

肉苁蓉寄主梭梭根际土壤微生物种类及群落结构特征

为探索梭梭根际土壤微生物结构特征及其与肉苁蓉寄生的关系,应用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法分析了5—8月份梭梭生长季节的根际土壤微生物种类及群落结构特征,采用湿筛倾注-蔗糖离心法对其根际土壤AM真菌进行了初步分离和鉴定,并分析了肉苁蓉寄生与梭梭根际微生物及环境因子间的相关性。结果表明,5—7月3个月份的梭梭根际土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸种类及含量均显著高于8月份,总磷脂脂肪酸和AM真菌磷脂脂肪酸以6月份含量最高。梭梭根际土壤共鉴定出AM真菌4属35种,它们分别为球囊霉属(Glomus)22种、无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)7种、多孢囊霉属(Diversispora)3种和巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)3种。其中以黑球囊霉(Glomus melanosporum)和双网无梗囊霉(Acaulospora bireticulata)为优势种群,并且发现了与寄生有关的巨孢囊霉属AM真菌。6月份和8月份的AM真菌孢子数量最多,而5月份的AM真菌孢子数量最低。6月份梭梭根际土壤提取液得到的肉苁蓉种子萌发率(65.94%)和田间接种寄生率(59.19%)均为最高值,而5月份土壤提取液测试得到的肉苁蓉种子萌发率最低。因此,推测梭梭根际AM真菌可能参与了肉苁蓉的寄生过程。相关分析表明梭梭根际土壤微生物种类和数量主要与土壤温湿度和土壤理化性质相关性较大,其中可能与寄生有关的真菌数量与土壤温度呈显著正相关;肉苁蓉寄生率与土壤温度及土壤养分呈显著负相关。研究为解析梭梭根际土壤微生物在肉苁蓉寄生过程中的作用以及指导肉苁蓉人工种植提供参考。     

西北荒漠带花棒根际丛枝菌根真菌生态地理分布北大核心CSCD

2015年7月,沿荒漠植物花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)天然分布带,在内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃选取7个典型样地,采集花棒根际0–30 cm土层样品,研究丛枝菌根(AM)真菌群落结构变化和土壤因子的生态功能。试验基于形态特征对分离的AM真菌孢子进行分类鉴定,共分离鉴定AM真菌6属42种。群落结构分析表明不同样地的AM真菌群落结构差异显著,土壤因子对AM真菌群落有重要影响。由东到西随干旱程度加剧,AM真菌种丰度、孢子密度、Shannon-Wiener指数逐渐降低。共有种孢子密度由东向西逐渐降低,但在群落中所占比例逐渐增加。同一样地不同AM真菌种属、不同样地同一种属的AM真菌孢子密度不同。相关性分析结果显示土壤有机碳、pH值、氨态氮和有效磷对AM真菌影响显著,土壤湿度对AM真菌影响极显著。结果表明花棒根际AM真菌群落结构和物种多样性具有明显的空间异质性,并与土壤因子关系密切,其中土壤湿度对AM真菌生态分布的影响最明显。     

西北荒漠带花棒根际丛枝菌根真菌生态地理分布

2015年7月,沿荒漠植物花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)天然分布带,在内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃选取7个典型样地,采集花棒根际0–30 cm土层样品,研究丛枝菌根(AM)真菌群落结构变化和土壤因子的生态功能。试验基于形态特征对分离的AM真菌孢子进行分类鉴定,共分离鉴定AM真菌6属42种。群落结构分析表明不同样地的AM真菌群落结构差异显著,土壤因子对AM真菌群落有重要影响。由东到西随干旱程度加剧,AM真菌种丰度、孢子密度、Shannon-Wiener指数逐渐降低。共有种孢子密度由东向西逐渐降低,但在群落中所占比例逐渐增加。同一样地不同AM真菌种属、不同样地同一种属的AM真菌孢子密度不同。相关性分析结果显示土壤有机碳、pH值、氨态氮和有效磷对AM真菌影响显著,土壤湿度对AM真菌影响极显著。结果表明花棒根际AM真菌群落结构和物种多样性具有明显的空间异质性,并与土壤因子关系密切,其中土壤湿度对AM真菌生态分布的影响最明显。     

油蒿扩繁丛枝菌根真菌的效果及土壤条件优化研究

为验证油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)作为宿主植物扩繁AM真菌的潜能, 试验选用了艾蒿、三叶草、黑麦草和紫花苜蓿4种植物为对照, 采用盆栽方法研究培养30 d、60 d、100 d后植物根围AM真菌孢子密度的变化, 测定了100 d后植物根系的真菌菌丝侵染率、丛枝侵染率, 并针对油蒿研究了不同类别土壤对其扩繁的影响, 分析孢子密度与土壤理化因子的相关性。结果表明: 油蒿和艾蒿两种植物的菌丝侵染率平均值约达40%, 显著高于其它3种植物(23%— 25%), 表现出与AM真菌良好的共生性。以油蒿为宿主经过100 d扩繁后, 其根围孢子密度平均达57个·10g -1干土, 显著高于其它4种植物。油蒿扩繁最大值出现在60 d, 其它4种植物虽然孢子密度随培养时间的延长而增加, 但60 d— 100 d增长不显著, 建议60 d为AM真菌盆栽扩繁最佳期限。相关分析表明植物根围AM真菌孢子密度与真菌菌丝侵染率、土壤速效磷呈显著正相关, 但与土壤pH值呈负相关性。当选用油蒿为宿主植物分别4种土壤类型进行AM真菌扩繁时, 土壤养份较高的腐殖质土孢子密度最大。     

厦门市七种药用植物根围AM真菌的侵染率和多样性

调查了福建省厦门市7种常见药用植物根围丛枝菌根真菌分布情况、侵染率及其多样性。结果表明:7种药用植物均能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系,且不同药用植物形成菌根的能力差异明显,盐肤木根围的孢子密度最高,29.0个/g土,喜树的侵染率最高,100%。含笑根围的孢子密度最低,4.7个/g土,鱼腥草的总侵染率最低,4.5%。共分离鉴定AM真菌4属63种,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)39种、无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)18种、巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)4种、盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)2种,其中Glomus、Acaulospora为优势属,黑球囊霉G.melanosporum为优势种。盐肤木根围AM真菌种类最丰富,Shannon-Weiner指数H达到1.29。侵染率与各土壤因子均无显著相关;孢子密度与pH值极显著负相关;种的丰度与pH值显著负相关、与电导率极显著负相关、与孢子密度极显著正相关;Shannon-Weiner指数H与有机质极显著负相关;均匀度与有机质、孢子密度极显著负相关。厦门地区AM真菌资源十分丰富,多样性程度高,宿主植物不同,土壤因子对其侵染率、孢子密度、种的丰度、Shannon-Weiner指数、均匀度的影响也不同。为实现AM真菌生物技术应用于中药材规范化种植提供宝贵种质资源和理论依据。     

间作栽培对连作马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落的影响

连作严重影响了作物的产量和品质,而土壤微生物群落结构与功能对土壤生态系统和植物健康至关重要。以连作10a土壤为基质,单作马铃薯为对照,采用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acids)、BIOLOGA技术和真菌形态学鉴定方法,研究了玉米、蚕豆与马铃薯间作模式下土壤微生物群落结构、功能和丛植菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal)真菌对土壤环境变化的响应。结果表明:间作调控下,马铃薯根际土壤微生物主要类群结构发生显著改变;玉米间作马铃薯,土壤微生物群落总生物量降低,但群落功能多样性提高,促进了以羧酸类、多聚化合物、芳香类化合物、氨基酸类化合物为碳源的微生物类群代谢活性增强;蚕豆间作增加了土壤微生物总生物量,仅促进了以碳水化合物为碳源的微生物类群代谢活性。间作改变了作物根际土壤AM真菌的种、属数,AM真菌多样性降低,优势种由明球囊霉、地球囊霉转变为玉米间作体系里的福摩萨球囊霉、球泡球囊霉;蚕豆间作体系里福摩萨球囊霉和疣状无梗囊霉是优势种。间作栽培下AM真菌优势种群的变化可能受植物间的共生关系、微生物结构与功能等因素的制约。间作条件下,玉米显著影响了马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性,而蚕豆则显著改变了微生物群落结构多样性;玉米、蚕豆对马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落功能与结构变化的影响不同步;间作调控后持续的土壤微生物群落结构与功能观察才有助于解释土壤微生物结构变化引起的功能响应。     

荒漠沙柳根围AM真菌的空间分布

为探明荒漠植物沙柳(Salix psammophila)根围AM真菌空间分布和土壤因子生态作用,2009年5月在内蒙古黑城子、正蓝旗、元上都3个样地分别从0—10、10—20、20—30、30—40、40—50cm 5个土层采集沙柳根围土壤样品,系统研究了AM真菌空间分布及与土壤因子的相关性。结果表明,沙柳根围AM真菌平均孢子密度为108个?100g-1 土,平均定殖率61.7%;沙柳与AM真菌可形成良好的I型丛枝菌根。不同样地和采样深度对AM真菌孢子密度和定殖率有显著影响,最大孢子密度和最高定殖率均出现在0—10cm土层,并随土层深度增加而下降。黑城子样地孢子密度显著高于其它样地。沙柳根围土壤总球囊霉素(TEG)和易提取球囊霉素(EEG)含量在3个样地均随土层加深而降低,平均值分别为0.24mg?g-1和 0.16mg?g-1,占土壤有机C 23.6%—24.6% 和14.9%—17.3%。相关分析表明,土壤速效P、碱解N与孢子密度显著负相关;土壤有机C与菌丝定殖率显著正相关,与泡囊定殖率显著负相关;土壤磷酸酶与孢子密度和侵染强度极显著正相关;土壤脲酶与孢子密度和定殖率极显著正相关;土壤总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素与土壤有机C极显著正相关。主成分分析表明,土壤有机C、磷酸酶和碱解N是影响荒漠土壤AM真菌分布和活动的主要因子。上述结果对进一步探明宿主植物、菌根和土壤三者之间的内在联系,充分利用AM真菌资源,促进荒漠植被恢复和生态重建具有重要意义。     

桉树种植对林地土壤丛枝菌根真菌群落结构及多样性的影响

桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)种植所产生的生态争议已受到广泛关注。丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, AM真菌)是土壤微生物的重要组成部分,与根系共生后可促进植物的养分运输、提高植物逆境生存能力等。然而,桉树种植对土壤AM真菌群落结构和功能的影响尚不清楚。研究比较了次生林改种桉树后不同年限(2年/5年/10年)的土壤理化性质、AM真菌种类、群落组成及多样性的变化。结果表明,桉树种植显著改变了土壤理化性质,具体表现为2年生和10年生桉树林中土壤pH和有机碳显著降低(P0.05);AM真菌的孢子密度在桉树林土壤中显著低于次生林土壤(其中在5年生土壤中最低);AM真菌的种丰度随种植年份的增加逐渐下降,在10年生桉树林土壤中有所恢复; 5年生桉树的菌根侵染率最高,10年生桉树侵染率最低。AM真菌群落组成和结构发生显著变化,优势种Funneliforms geosporus的丰度在2年生和10年生林地中显著降低;而Septoglomus deserticola的丰度在2年生和10年生林地中显著增加。另外,冗余分析(Redundancy analysis, RDA)结果表明,土壤AM真菌群落结构主要受土壤pH值(解释率:89.88%)变化的影响。研究揭示了次生林改种桉树林后土壤AM真菌的群落变化特征,为桉树林的栽培管理和环境修复提供了数据支撑。     

石油污染土壤中不同人工林木根际丛枝菌根真菌与球囊霉素的研究

以陕西延长县石油污染区常见的13种人工种植林木为材料,测定了各人工种植林木根际丛枝菌根(AM)真菌发育状况、污染土壤的理化性质、土壤酶活性和球囊霉素含量,探讨AM真菌在石油污染土壤生态修复中的作用。结果表明,13种林木均能形成AM,其定殖率平均为63.2%,孢子密度平均为1.93个.g-1干土,其中受污染程度最低的柠条AM真菌定殖率和孢子密度最高,分别为91.6%和4.73个.g-1干土;毛白杨、狼牙刺和刺槐的根际土壤养分(有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷)含量相对较高;各种人工种植林木的根际土壤球囊霉素含量、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性随根际土壤石油烃污染浓度的增加而明显升高,其中刺槐、狼牙刺和酸枣根际土壤的过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性都较高,同时这3种林木的球囊霉素含量也较高。因此,林木根际土壤球囊霉素含量、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性可以作为石油污染的敏感指标。     

Microbial inoculation influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community structure and nutrient dynamics in temperate tree restoration

Soil microbial communities have a profound influence on soil chemical processes and subsequently influence tree nutrition and growth. This study examined how the addition of a commercial inoculum or forest‐collected soils influenced nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics, soil microbial community structure, and growth in Liriodendron tulipifera and Prunus serotina tree saplings. Inoculation method was an important determinant of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community structure in both species and altered soil N dynamics in Prunus and soil P dynamics in Liriodendron. Prunus saplings receiving whole forest soil transfers had a higher rhizosphere soil carbon/nitrogen ratio and ammonia content at the end of the first growing season when compared to unmanipulated control saplings. Inoculation with whole forest soil transfers resulted in increased inorganic phosphorus in Liriodendron rhizosphere soils. The number of AMF terminal restriction fragments was significantly greater in rhizosphere soils of Liriodendron saplings inoculated with whole forest soil transfers and Prunus saplings receiving either inoculum source than control saplings. Forest soil inoculation also increased AMF colonization and suppressed stem elongation in Liriodendron after 16 months; conversely, Prunus AMF colonization was unchanged and stem elongation was significantly greater when saplings were inoculated with whole forest soil transfers. Longer term monitoring of tree response to inoculation will be essential to assess whether early costs of AMF colonization may provide long‐term benefits. This study provides insight into how practitioners can use microbial inoculation to alter AMF community structure and functioning, subsequently influencing tree growth and nutrient cycling during the restoration of degraded lands.     

Restoration of high altitude forests in an area affected by a wildfire: Polylepis australis Bitt. seedlings performance after soil inoculation

Key message

Outplanted Polylepis australis seedling growth, survival and mycorrhizal response were not influenced by inoculation with soil from different vegetation types. Seedling inoculation would not be essential for reforestation practices.

Abstract

Polylepis forests are one of the most endangered high mountain ecosystems of South America and reforestation with native Polylepis species has been recommended. To determine whether native soil inoculation could help in reforestation success, a field trial was set up to evaluate the response of outplanted P. australis seedlings to the inoculation with soils from three vegetation types (a grassland, a mature forest and a degraded forest) and a sterile soil, used as control. We evaluated seedlings performance: growth and survival for 18 months, root/shoot ratio, phosphorous content and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization. To interpret performance patterns we evaluated the colonization potential of the three inoculum soils and the changes of the AMF community composition of the seedlings rhizosphere in relation to inoculation treatment and season. Our main results showed no significant differences in seedlings survival and growth between treatments. The colonization potential of grassland and degraded forest soils was ~25 times greater than mature forest soil and specific spore density of some morphospecies varied with season. However, AMF spore community of seedlings rhizosphere became homogenized after outplanting and was similar between treatments after 12 months. Therefore, we conclude that soil inoculation is not essential for outplanted P. australis survival and increase in height, and thus all the tested soils could be used as inocula, including grassland soils which in practice are the easiest to collect.     

贵州煤矸石山香根草根系及根际土丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）群落的季节动态研究

以煤矸石山种植年限为17年的香根草Vetiveria zizanioides为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术研究香根草根系及根际土丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）群落的季节动态。并利用Spearman、NMDS、RDA和Mantel-test等统计学方法分析了AMF孢子密度、菌根侵染率、土壤理化性质、丰富度及多样性指数之间的相关性。结果表明：（1）AMF孢子密度和菌根侵染率均表现为夏季显著高于春秋两季。（2）3个季节根系中共得到127个OTUs,根际土中共得到258个OTUs,根和根际土中共享96个OTUs,共分离鉴定4科7属AMF,球囊霉属Glomus是该煤矸石山的优势属。（3）根系中AMF多样性和丰富度指数随季节变化先降后升;根际土中AMF多样性指数随季节变化先降后升,但丰富度指数随季节变化呈递减趋势;春季根际土香农、Chao1和ACE指数均显著高于根系,夏季根际土Chao1指数显著高于根系。（4）NMDS分析表明,夏季根系AMF群落分布与其他季节差异显著。Spearman分析表明,根系全钾含量与多样性和丰富度指数显著正相关,速效磷与丰富度指数显著负相关。RDA分析表明,AMF群落组成在根系春季和夏季、根际土夏季和秋季与全磷、全氮、全钾和速效磷正相关,与有机质负相关。Mantel-test分析表明,pH、有机质、全氮、全钾、速效磷和采样季节极显著影响菌根侵染率,有机质和全氮是影响孢子密度的主导因子。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizas in a valley-type savanna in southwest China

The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) status of 67 plant species in a savanna community in the hot, dry valley of Jinsha River, southwest China was surveyed. It was found that about 95% of the plant species formed AM and 5% possibly formed AM. The composition of AM fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere soils was also investigated. The AMF spore density ranged from 5 to 6,400 per 100 g soil, with an average of 1,530, and these spores/sporocarps were identified as belonging to six genera. Fungi belonging to the genera Glomus and Acaulospora were the dominant AMF. High densities of AMF spores in the rhizosphere soils, and the intensive colonization of the plant roots, indicated that plants grown in this valley-type savanna may be highly dependent on AM.     

Carbon allocation mediated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alters the soil microbial community under various phosphorus levels

Studies have shown that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can shape the rhizosphere microbial community of the host plant, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we tested the hypotheses that AMF may affect the rhizosphere microbial community by mediating carbon (C) allocation of the host plant, and that this mediation may be modulated by the soil phosphorus (P) level. Using a split-root system, we conducted a microcosm experiment with three main effects (soil P level: 5 or 25 mg kg⁻¹; AMF: with or without inoculation; and spatial niche (i.e., rhizosphere, hyphosphere, and mycorrhizosphere). Host plant growth benefited from AMF under low soil-P conditions. ¹³CO₂ isotope labeling showed that AMF increased C allocation to the colonized root and AMF mycelia under low-P conditions, which promoted AMF growth. ¹³C-DNA-SIP and 16S rRNA sequencing further indicated that the enhanced C allocation from the host altered the soil microbial community. Our results suggest that AMF enhances the C allocation of the host plant below ground, which can shape microbial community composition. These AMF effects were greater with a low than with a high level of soil P.     

Dosage-dependent shift in the spore community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi following application of tannery sludge

The controlled disposal of tannery sludge in agricultural soils is a viable alternative for recycling such waste; however, the impact of this practice on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities is not well understood. We studied the effects of low-chromium tannery sludge amendment in soils on AMF spore density, species richness and diversity, and root colonization levels. Sludge was applied at four doses to an agricultural field in Rolandia, Paraná state, Brazil. The sludge was left undisturbed on the soil surface and then the area was harrowed and planted with corn. The soil was sampled at four intervals and corn roots once within a year (2007/2008). AMF spore density was low (1 to 49 spores per 50 cm³ of soil) and decreased as doses of tannery sludge increased. AMF root colonization was high (64%) and unaffected by tannery sludge. Eighteen AMF species belonging to six genera (Acaulospora, Glomus, Gigaspora, Scutellospora, Paraglomus, and Ambispora) were recorded. At the sludge doses of 9.0 and 22.6 Mg ha⁻¹, we observed a decrease in AMF species richness and diversity, and changes in their relative frequencies. Hierarchical grouping analysis showed that adding tannery waste to the soil altered AMF spore community in relation to the control, modifying the mycorrhizal status of soil and selectively favoring the sporulation of certain species.     

施用韩国假单胞菌(Pseudomonas koreensis)CLP-7对连作烟田土壤质量及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

针对目前连作导至植烟土壤酸化和根茎病害发生重的问题,田间条件下,研究了嗜酸性韩国假单胞Pseudomonas koreensis CLP-7对酸化植烟土壤pH、养分、酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明:CLP-7可以提高酸化植烟土壤pH;同时,CLP-7显著提高根际土壤速效钾、有效磷、铵态氮、硝态氮和有机质含量,其中有机质含量增加最显著;根际土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性呈上升趋势且均高于未施菌土壤,过氧化氢酶活性变化不明显。CLP-7处理不同时间的土壤微生物代谢多样性指数表现出明显的差异,施菌30 d时Shannon指数、Simpson指数,Richness及McIntosh指数均达到最高;所有处理的Pielou指数变化较小。微生物碳代谢主成分分析结果显示,施菌30 d时,根际土壤微生物对碳源利用与其他处理差异显著,主要为羧酸类和糖类碳源;随着施菌时间增加,微生物对氨基酸类、羧酸类、双亲化合物类、聚合物类和糖类利用率明显提高,说明CLP-7有利于提高连作烟田根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力。综上所述,P.koreensis CLP-7能够明显提高土壤pH、土壤酶活性,增加土壤养分含量和土壤微生物群落功能多样性,进而改善酸化植烟土壤质量,在微生物修复酸化土壤和减轻根茎病害发生的烟草绿色防控中具有较大的应用潜力。     

Status of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the Sundarbans of India in relation to tidal inundation and chemical properties of soil

The arbuscular mycorrhizal status of fifteen mangroves and one mangrove associate was investigated from 27 sites of three inundation types namely, diurnal, usual springtide and summer springtide. Roots and rhizospheric soil samples were analysed for spore density, frequency of mycorrhizal colonization and some chemical characteristics of soil. Relative abundance, frequency and spore richness of AMF were assessed at each inundation type. All the plant species except Avicennia alba exhibited mycorrhizal colonization. The study demonstrated that mycorrhizal colonization and spore density were more influenced by host plant species than tidal inundation. Forty four AMF species belonging to six genera, namely Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, Sclerocystis and Scutellospora, were recorded. Glomus mosseae exhibited highest frequency at all the inundation types; Glomus fistulosum, Sclerocystis coremioides and Glomus mosseae showed highest relative abundance at sites inundated by usual springtides, summer springtides and diurnal tides, respectively. Spore richness of AMF was of the order usual springtide > diurnal > summer springtide inundated sites. The mean spore richness was 3.27. Diurnally inundated sites had the lowest concentrations of salinity, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, sodium and magnesium. Statistical analyses indicated that mycorrhizal frequency and AMF spore richness were significantly negatively correlated to soil salinity. Spore richness was also significantly negatively correlated to available phosphorus. The soil parameters of the usual springtide inundated sites appeared to be favourable for the existence of maximum number of AMF. Glomus mosseae was the predominant species in terms of frequency in the soils of the Sundarbans.     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity Associated with <i>Olea europaea</i> L. Growing in Yunnan Province,Southwestern China

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important and widely cultivated fruit trees, with high economic, ecological, cultural and scientific value. China began introducing and cultivating olive in the 1960s, and Yunnan Province is one of the main growing areas. Improving the cultivation and productivity of this tree crop species is an important challenge. Olive is a typical mycotrophic species and the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for this plant is well recognized; nevertheless, studies of olive AMF in China are still very limited. Roots and rhizosphere soils of olive were sampled from five representative growing sites in the Yunnan Province of China to investigate the AMF colonization status in the root systems, the AMF community in the olive orchards and the edaphic factors influencing the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) parameters. Root samples of olive trees from different growing sites generally showed AMF colonization, suggesting that autochthonous AMF manifest a high efficiency in colonizing the roots of olive plants. The spore density on the five sites ranged from 81.6 to 350 spores per 20 g soil. Twenty-three AMF species from 9 genera were identified in total, and Glomeraceae was the dominant family. The findings of our study suggested a high AMF diversity harbored by olive growing in different areas of the Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. Furthermore, the hyphal colonization in roots positively correlated with soil pH and EC. The arbuscule colonization in olive roots negatively correlated with soil pH, EC, OM, TN, TP and AN. The spore density positively correlated with OM, TN, AN, AP and sand content. Finally, the Shannon index of AMF in the rhizosphere soil positively correlated with the clay content, but negatively correlated with soil pH, TN and silt content. The high diversity of autochthonous AMF in Yunnan is promising for screening AMF isolates for utilization in the efficient cultivation of this crop.