草地贪夜蛾雌性先熟现象的稳定性及影响因素分析

【目的】在性二型昆虫发育历期的研究中雄性先熟更为常见,雌性先熟报道较少。草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是玉米上的重大迁飞性害虫,在发育历期上存在雌性先熟现象。本研究旨在明确该现象的稳定性并探索其影响因素,为草地贪夜蛾的准确监测和早期预警提供理论依据。【方法】分析草地贪夜蛾在16L∶8D, 14L∶10D和8L∶16D 3种光周期及玉米叶、花生叶和人工饲料3种食物条件下的生长发育情况,并对不同光周期和食物条件下饲养的草地贪夜蛾卵巢进行解剖;同时选择夜蛾科(Noctuidae)粘虫Mythimna separata和斜纹夜蛾S.litura与草地贪夜蛾的生长发育情况进行比较,评价雌性先熟现象是否为具有迁飞习性的夜蛾科昆虫的共性。【结果】3种夜蛾科迁飞性昆虫中仅有草地贪夜蛾雌成虫显著早于雄成虫羽化,提前1.28 d,且该羽化现象在不同光周期和不同食物条件下稳定存在,仅在草地贪夜蛾取食花生叶时呈现弱化趋势。解剖发现,不同光周期和不同食物条件下,初羽化的草地贪夜蛾成虫卵巢始终处于未成熟期,不随外在条件的变化而改变。草地贪夜蛾雌蛹发育显著快于雄蛹是造成草地贪夜蛾两性羽化时间差...     

镉胁迫对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生的影响

【目的】为探究镉胁迫对植食性昆虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的影响以及是否通过“bottom-up”级联效应影响赤眼蜂Trichogramma的寄生能力。【方法】在室内调查了孵化24 h内的草地贪夜蛾幼虫取食添加了不同浓度(0,0.2和51.2 mg/kg)Cd²⁺的饲料后,草地贪夜蛾生长发育和繁殖力(单雌产卵量)和子一代卵内镉含量,并调查了松毛虫赤眼蜂T.dendrolimi成蜂对低浓度(0.2 mg/kg) Cd²⁺胁迫的草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力及偏好性。【结果】与对照(正常人工饲料)相比,人工饲料中0.2和51.2 mg/kg Cd²⁺均导致草地贪夜蛾幼虫历期显著延长、雌蛹重显著降低;高浓度(51.2 mg/kg)Cd²⁺处理下草地贪夜蛾的化蛹率、成虫羽化率、成虫寿命和单雌产卵量均显著降低;而低浓度(0.2 mg/kg)Cd²⁺处理下草地贪夜蛾的单雌产卵量略高于对照,且低浓度Cd²⁺胁迫下草地贪夜蛾卵的镉含量为1.03 mg/k...     

草地贪夜蛾对2种豆科蔬菜的取食和产卵选择性及其适应性研究

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是一种多食性昆虫,为明确该害虫对不同寄主的选择性和适生性,本文比较了草地贪夜蛾对玉米Zea mays、豇豆Vigna unguiculata和四季豆Phaseolus vulgaris等3种寄主的取食及产卵偏好性,并分析了取食不同寄主对其生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明：草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫（初孵幼虫和2龄）对玉米叶和豇豆叶表现出取食偏好性,而高龄幼虫（3龄和5龄）对3种寄主不同组织的取食选择性无明显差异;草地贪夜蛾取食3种寄主植物均可以完成世代发育,但取食豇豆叶和四季豆叶的幼虫历期、蛹历期显著变短,化蛹率、羽化率显著降低;取食豇豆叶对其蛹重、成虫寿命无显著影响,但取食四季豆叶的蛹重显著变轻、雄成虫寿命显著变短;种群生命表参数显示,草地贪夜蛾在3种寄主上的繁殖力表现为玉米叶（1 138.29）>豇豆叶（1 179.00）>四季豆叶（585.50）,处理间差异显著;取食2种非嗜好寄主的种群内禀增长率（rm）和周限增长率（λ）均显著降低,平均世代历期（T）显著延长,取食豇豆叶的雌雄性比显著降低;草地贪夜蛾对寄主玉米具有明显的产卵偏好性,选择豇豆和四季豆的产卵量仅占植物着卵量的4.19%和18.23%,显著低于玉米着卵量。结果表明草地贪夜蛾偏好选择玉米进行取食和产卵,但在豇豆和四季豆寄主植物上可以实现种群繁衍,当其种群密度大时存在转移为害豇豆和四季豆的潜在风险。     

紫茎泽兰粗提物对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

为明确紫茎泽兰粗提物对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响,在实验室条件下分别利用4个不同稀释浓度（20、15、10、5倍）的紫茎泽兰粗提物处理玉米叶片后喂养草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫,记录各虫态的发育历期、存活率、重量、成虫寿命以及后代性比、F2代卵孵化率、F2代卵的发育历期。结果表明,随着紫茎泽兰粗提物浓度的升高,草地贪夜蛾各虫态的发育历期延长,5倍稀释液处理下蛹的发育历期最长,达20.27 d,10倍稀释液处理下幼虫的发育历期最长,为21.46 d;随着处理浓度的增加,各虫态的重量逐渐降低,且存活率呈下降趋势,其中粗提物对蛹存活率的影响最大,对1~3龄幼虫存活率的影响较小;随着处理浓度的升高成虫的寿命均缩短,且雌成虫寿命长于雄成虫;随着处理浓度的升高,草地贪夜蛾的产卵前期和F2代卵发育历期延长,产卵期缩短;单雌产卵量、后代性比和卵的孵化率降低。总的来说,紫茎泽兰粗提物对草地贪夜蛾的生长发育及繁殖均造成消极影响。5倍稀释液对草地贪夜蛾的生长发育及繁殖的影响最显著,可作为草地贪夜蛾防治研究中的重要植物源杀虫剂材料。     

草地贪夜蛾对5种寄主植物和6种杂草的取食选择性和适应性

为明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith对不同寄主植物和主要杂草的取食选择及适应性,以玉米Zea mays、甘蔗Saccharum officinarum、花生Arachis hypogaea、大豆Glycine max、香蕉Musa nana、稗草Echinochloa crusgalli、马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、牛筋草Eleusine indica、莎草Cyperus rotundus、马齿苋Portulaca oleracea、鹅肠草Malachium aquaticum作为寄主,采用叶碟法测定草地贪夜蛾各龄幼虫对5种寄主植物和6种杂草的取食偏好,并测定了不同虫态的发育历期、单头蛹重、化蛹率以及单雌产卵量等。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾在5种寄主植物和6种杂草上均可完成世代发育。寄主作物中,香蕉处理的草地贪夜蛾成虫前期最长,为29.66 d;甘蔗处理下草地贪夜蛾蛹重和化蛹率分别为250.44 mg和71.67%,显著低于玉米和花生处理的蛹重和化蛹率;草地贪夜蛾取食花生后单雌产卵量最高,为768.93粒,与玉米上产卵量差异不显著,香蕉上最低,为498.76粒;1~2龄幼虫对玉米和香蕉的取食选择率有显著差异,3~6龄幼虫对玉米取食选择率显著高于其他寄主植物。6种杂草中取食莎草的成虫前期最长30.21 d,且单雌产卵量最低526.33粒;取食鹅肠草蛹重最低188.00 mg;取食马齿苋化蛹率最低为72.37%;草地贪夜蛾取食马唐后其蛹重、化蛹率、单雌产卵量最高,与取食其它5种杂草有显著性差异;2~4龄幼虫更偏向取食马唐,与其它5种差异显著。研究结果表明：寄主植物种类对草地贪夜蛾的生长发育有显著影响,其中草地贪夜蛾对玉米和马唐具有较高的取食偏好。     

CO2浓度升高对草地贪夜蛾生长发育的直接影响

草地贪夜蛾自2019年1月入侵云南以来,已迅速扩散至我国20个省,对我国的农业生产造成了极大危害。本研究通过在两种CO_2浓度(400 ppm和800 ppm)下用离体玉米叶片饲养草地贪夜蛾,分析比较了CO_2浓度升高对草地贪夜蛾生长发育和繁殖力的直接影响。结果表明:在800 ppm CO_2浓度下,草地贪夜蛾各虫态发育历期均长于400 ppm CO_2浓度下的发育历期;其中,1龄、6龄幼虫发育历期,幼虫总发育历期和蛹期在两种CO_2浓度下差异均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。此外,相同龄期草地贪夜蛾幼虫体重在两个CO_2浓度之间差异不显著,但蛹重存在极显著性差异,分别为198.82±3.45 mg(400 ppm)和245.89±4.18 mg(800 ppm)(P0.01);高CO_2浓度下雌虫的产卵期显著长于正常CO_2浓度下的产卵期,分别为2.4±0.8 d(400 ppm)和6.0±0.9 d(800 ppm),高CO_2浓度下平均单雌产卵量是正常CO_2浓度下的2.43倍,差异显著(P0.05)。研究结果为预测草地贪夜蛾未来的发生趋势提供了理论依据。     

草地贪夜蛾对不同品种玉米的适应性比较研究

为了解不同玉米品种对草地贪夜蛾生长发育的影响,本文通过比较草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda取食2种糯质型玉米(明玉1203和苏玉糯5号)与3种普通玉米(苏玉29、苏玉30和郑单958)后的发育历期、死亡率、蛹重、成虫畸形率、繁殖力与幼虫取食选择率等生物学参数,分析了草地贪夜蛾对不同品种玉米的适应性差异.结果表明:以糯质型玉米饲养的草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期与成虫寿命均长于取食普通玉米的个体,而蛹重与单雌产卵量低于取食普通玉米的个体.草地贪夜蛾最高总体死亡率(50.82％)与成虫畸形率(41.38％)均来自于取食糯质型玉米明玉1203处理,而最低总体死亡率(37.29％)与成虫畸形率(12.50％)则分别来自于取食糯质型玉米苏玉糯5号和普通玉米苏玉30处理组.此外,仅6龄幼虫对不同玉米品种的取食偏好性存在显著差异,更倾向于取食普通玉米.综合可见,草地贪夜蛾对普通玉米的适应性好于糯质型玉米,且对糯质型玉米明玉1203的适应性最差.研究结果为所选品种玉米的安全生产与草地贪夜蛾的发生为害评估奠定了研究基础.     

模拟降雨对草地贪夜蛾卵和幼虫的影响

为探究降雨对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda种群的影响，本研究通过室外模拟降雨研究了雨水冲刷对草地贪夜蛾卵和幼虫的影响。结果表明：在4种不同降雨强度0 mm/h（对照）、10.2 mm/h（中雨）、26.5 mm/h（暴雨）、42.8 mm/h（大暴雨）处理下，卵块的掉落率随着降雨强度的增加而增加；在暴雨、大暴雨条件下卵块的孵化率分别为75.14%、43.58%，显著低于对照和中雨；对比有无鳞毛层覆盖的卵块之间的掉落率和孵化率，二者在各个降雨强度之间差异不显著；对比玉米叶片不同位置卵块的掉落率和孵化率，在中雨降雨强度影响下，二者差异不显著，而在暴雨、大暴雨条件下，玉米叶片背面卵块的掉落率低于正面，孵化率高于正面。此外，在相同的降雨强度下，草地贪夜蛾幼虫（2龄、3龄、4龄、5龄）的掉落率随着龄期的增加而降低；当降雨强度增加时，3龄幼虫的掉落率增加。结果表明降雨，特别是暴雨和大暴雨，对草地贪夜蛾的卵和幼虫均有不利影响，为预测草地贪夜蛾种群提供一定依据。     

草地贪夜蛾人工饲料及饲养条件的优化

改良草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E Smith)人工饲料配方及优化饲养条件,为草地贪夜蛾室内批量饲养奠定基础。利用不同人工饲料配方及制作工艺、不同温湿条件、对草地贪夜蛾进行群体饲养,研究其对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响,并开展不同产卵介质对草地贪夜蛾成虫产卵量及卵孵化率的影响。结果显示,在温度27℃±0.5℃、相对湿度70%±5%、光周期L∶D=16 h∶8 h的人工气候箱中,采用饲料配方4进行幼虫群体饲养的效果最好,其发育历期最短,仅为27.1 d,幼虫存活率高达83.8%,化蛹率为91.2%,雌雄性比为1∶1.08,单雌产卵量为836粒。另外,草地贪夜蛾幼虫最喜食加热20 min的饲料,成虫于粉色塑料纸上产卵量最大。该饲料配方非常适宜草地贪夜蛾室内饲养,优化的饲养条件也为其室内规模化饲养提供参考。     

棉铃虫蛹期土壤水分对其种群发生的影响

1999-2000年在室内通过模拟试验研究了棉铃虫蛹期的不同阶段土壤水分状况对其入土化蛹和羽化出土的影响,以及对出土成虫的后效应。结果表明不同的土壤相对含水量和不同时间土壤浸水对棉铃虫的入土和化蛹无影响,但却能显著影响其羽化和出土。此期土壤干燥（土壤相对含水量≤20％）对棉铃虫的羽化出土十分有利,大于40％的土壤相对含水量对其羽化出土不利,饱和的土壤相对含水量对棉铃虫的影响则是毁灭性的（羽化出土率≤10％）;而棉铃虫入土后的第2天、第3天和第10天土壤浸水对其羽化出土的影响也很大,羽化出土率分别为16.33％、9.28％和21.05％。此外,土壤水分状况通过影响棉铃虫的土中生态而间接影响出土成虫的存活、卵巢发育、交配和产卵,乃至下代卵的孵化,进而影响下代种群的发生。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.