张掖麦蚜对菊酯类杀虫剂的抗药性

麦长管蚜[Sitobion avenae(Fab.)]和麦二叉蚜[Schizaphis graminum(Rond.)]是为害麦类作物的主要蚜虫,在我国分布很广,为害严重。麦蚜的防治多采用乐果、氧化乐果、甲胺磷等农药。近年防效有下降趋势,故有改用杀螟松、抗蚜威等农药,也有用溴氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯类杀虫剂的。 在进行麦蚜抗药性研究中,作者发现防效较好的菊酯类杀虫剂,在甘肃省张掖的田间防蚜效果很差、于是我们选用5种菊酯类杀虫剂对不同地区麦蚜进行了毒力比较,同时作了田间防治试验,以期查明张掖麦蚜对菊酯类杀虫剂是否确有抗性存在。     

几种常用农药对拉萨麦蚜的毒力测定

<正> 麦蚜是危害我区麦类作物的重要害虫,具有直接造成产量损失和传播病毒病双重危害。主要种类有:白无网长管蚜Metolophium albidum Hille Ris hambers、麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(F.)和禾缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(L.)。为监测其抗药性发生发展和科学用药提供依据,1986～1987年作者测定了几种常用农药对这些麦蚜的毒力。     

我国北方部分地区苹果黄蚜的抗药性

采用点滴法测定了我国北方九地区苹果黄蚜对氰戊菊酯与氧化乐果的抗药性,结果表明,以山东莒南苹果黄蚜为相对敏感种群,河北沧州,河南商丘,山东蒙阴,辽宁朝阳,山东泰安,河北昌黎,安徽砀山,山东荣城等地苹果黄蚜种群均已产生抗药性,对氰戊菊酯抗性倍数（LD50R/S）分别为25.00,28.60,74,17,87.78,157.33,167.53,218.46,291.56倍;对氧化乐果抗性倍数分别为：16.08,26.53,15.88,29.46,25.83,30.73,48.19,64.58。采用相同的方法测定了山东泰安苹果黄蚜对8种杀虫剂的敏感性,结果为：硫丹与灭多威相对毒力较高,而有机磷类和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂相对毒力较低。     

五个不同抗病品种小麦对麦长管蚜生长发育的影响

【目的】麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)是我国麦区常发性的一种害虫,其寄主范围广、繁殖力强,适应机制多样,每年都对我国的小麦产量造成重大损失。【方法】为选育优良抗性品种小麦,比较不同品种小麦对麦长管蚜生长发育的影响,本实验在室内选取了5种抗蚜性未知的不同小麦品种,观察并统计麦长管蚜在不同品种小麦上的发育历期及成蚜体重和繁殖力。【结果】不同品种小麦对麦长管蚜若蚜的生长发育影响不同,其中,用绵阳31号饲养的麦长管蚜若蚜平均发育历期最长为180.86 h,用棉农4号饲养的若蚜平均发育历期最短172.92h,且差异显著。川麦55号上的麦长管蚜的成虫平均发育历期最高为20.93 d,棉麦1403上的麦长管蚜的成虫平均发育历期最低为15.57 d,差异显著。棉农4号上的麦长管蚜成蚜平均体重最大为0.70 mg,荣麦4号上的成蚜平均体重最小为0.50 mg,其余3个处理间差异不显著。川麦55号上的麦长管蚜的平均产蚜量最高为23.1只,显著高于其他4个处理,而其余4个品种小麦上的麦长管蚜繁殖力差异不显著。【结论】麦长管蚜取食棉农4号后缩短了其若蚜的发育历期,其种群增长速率可能加快从而加重对小麦的危害;而取食绵阳31号的若蚜发育历期延长,种群增长延缓,为害减弱。就繁殖力和成虫发育历期来说,麦长管蚜在川麦55的适合度更高,为害更重。     

主要抗蚜小麦品种(系)的抗性类型及其生化抗性机制

通过对10个抗麦蚜品种(系)室内苗期生命参数、抗性类型和抗蚜次生物质的研究,明确了不同抗性级别的品种对麦蚜种群控制力及部分生化抗蚜机制。实验结果表明,参试的抗蚜品种(系)中30%左右为不选择性：表现为爬行频繁,定殖率低,但是定殖个体生长发育良好;70%为抗生性;表现为使麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(F.)和禾谷缢管蚜只Rhopalosiphum padi(L.)的发育历期分别延长2.1%～28.2%和3.7%～13.9%,若蚜死亡率增加1.0～3.6倍和1.0～2.25倍,平均寿命缩短10.2%～96.5%和37.5～97,1%,繁殖力下降3.4%～72.8%和25%～97.2%。苗期生化测定结果表明：不同抗源的单宁和总酚含量明显高于感蚜品种,其总酚含量与抗麦长管蚜级别呈显著负相关,以抗生性为主的品种其总酚含量亦与麦长管蚜的内禀增长力(r_m)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表明总酚是小麦抗长管蚜的关键因子之一,而与禾谷缢管蚜抗性水平无关;单宁含量与麦蚜抗性关系不密切。     

常用杀虫剂对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜羧酸酯酶活性的抑制及对高效氯氰菊酯的增效作用

【目的】有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类药剂对拟除虫菊酯的增效作用与其对羧酸酯酶(Car E)(EC3.1.1.1)活性的抑制有关。本研究旨在评价13种常用有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类药剂及4种增效剂在防治麦蚜中对高效氯氰菊酯的增效作用。【方法】利用离体活性抑制的方法测定了13种杀虫剂及两种Car E抑制剂对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi无翅成蚜Car E活性的抑制中浓度(I50),利用玻璃管药膜法测定了8种杀虫剂及两种抑制剂分别与高效氯氰菊酯以3∶1混配后对两种麦蚜的毒力效果,采用共毒系数(co-toxicity coefficient,CTC)法评价其联合作用。【结果】除硫双灭多威外,测定的其他12种药剂对麦长管蚜Car E活性的抑制作用显著高于对禾谷缢管蚜Car E活性的抑制作用,其中敌敌畏对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜Car E活性的抑制作用最强,I50分别为(5.40±0.74)×10-8mol/L和(1.41±0.41)×10-5mol/L。抗蚜威、灭多威、丁硫克百威、西维因、三唑磷、丙溴磷、马拉硫磷、敌敌畏及两种增效剂DEF和TPP分别与高效氯氰菊酯联合毒力测定表明,除丙溴磷外,上述药剂均可显著增强高效氯氰菊酯对禾谷缢管蚜的毒力,其中与马拉硫磷混配增效作用最强(CTC=467.59);除灭多威、丙溴磷和马拉硫磷外,其余7种药剂均可显著增强高效氯氰菊酯对麦长管蚜毒力,CTC在146.87~626.30之间,其中与三唑磷混配的增效作用最强(CTC=626.30)。【结论】筛选出对两种麦蚜毒力效果较好的杀虫剂或增效剂与高效氯氰菊酯的组合,包括抗蚜威、丁硫克百威、三唑磷、敌敌畏、DEF和TPP,对小麦蚜虫的有效防治具有重要指导意义。     

我国小麦抗麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)研究概况

麦长管蚜是我国小麦的重要害虫之一。选育和种植抗虫品种是防治麦长管蚜的理想方法。本文就我国小麦抗麦长管蚜种质资源筛选、抗性机制和小麦品种对麦蚜种群动态影响等方面的研究进展进行了概括,同时指出今后应加强小麦抗麦长管蚜基因的研究。     

麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦植株挥发物及蚜害诱导挥发物的行为反应

用四臂嗅觉计测定了麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi对小麦植株挥发物及麦蚜取食诱导挥发物的行为反应,揭示了2种麦蚜的嗅觉及小麦植株的诱导防御反应特点.在所选的13种小麦植株挥发物及蚜害诱导挥发物组分中,6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇和水杨酸甲酯对这2种蚜虫表现出强的驱拒作用;反-2-己烯醛对麦长管蚜的有翅和无翅蚜的吸引作用最强;反-2-己烯醇对禾谷缢管蚜的无翅蚜吸引作用最强,反-3-己酰醋酸酯对禾谷缢管蚜有翅蚜的吸引作用最强.说明麦蚜取食能诱导小麦植株的防御反应,麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜及其不同蚜型间嗅觉反应的特点不同.     

SV1对4种杀虫剂的增效及延长残效期的研究

SV1是一种增效范围较广的农药增效剂,对多种杀虫剂具有增效作用。经室内毒力测定．与敌百虫混用对棉铃虫、粘虫和二化螟的增效比值分别为2．93倍、2．43倍和2．7倍;与氧化乐果、久效磷和氰戊菊酯混配对棉蚜、褐稻虱和萝卜蚜的增效比值分别为1．63—10．67倍。杀虫毒力随着加入SV1成分的增加而提高,一般常用农药与SV1混配之比需要1：3以上才明显增效。防治钵栽棉蚜通过系统观察,在防治效果相仿情况下,SV1可使氧化乐果药效延长9天,久效磷药效延长7天,氰戊菊酯药效延长6天以上。SV1可以成为生产上与有机磷及拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂混用的增效剂优势品种。     

春小麦品种对麦长管蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内25 ℃条件下研究了7种不同抗性的春小麦品种（系）对麦长管蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明,不同抗性品种（系）对麦长管蚜若蚜发育历期、存活率、成蚜寿命和生殖力有显著的影响,麦长管蚜在抗性强的品种上成蚜寿命短、产仔量少;以内禀增长率作为测定抗生性的指标,供试小麦品种（系）对麦长管蚜抗生性的大小依次为辽春10号>02C-MB >新春6号>巴丰1号>永良4号>内麦19>蒙花1号,与田间抗性鉴定结果基本相同.     

宁夏地区麦长管蚜远距离迁飞的研究

通过1992—1978年的调查试验, 初步明确了以下事实:本地越冬的麦长管蚜尚未羽化, 田间已出现有翘成蚜;小麦苗期发现了穗期才能产生的穗型蚜;在冰冻期的高山上多次捕到有翅麦蚜;有翅成蚜大范围的“同期突发”现象;外来麦蚜占春季田间有翅蚜的98.8%以上.首次提出, 在有本地蚜源的情况下, 存在外来蚜源, 且外来蚜源可以成为春季田间麦长管蚜群的主体.本文分析讨论了迁入蚜源的可能基地和须进一步研究的问题.     

3个新引进小麦品种对麦长管蚜抗性的初步研究

以小偃-22和Amigo(美国)为对照对麦长管蚜在3个新引进小麦品种Astron、Batis和Xanthos(德国)上的抗蚜性进行了测定。在室内控制条件下,麦长管蚜在5个品种上的发育历期(DD)、体重差(dW)、相对日均体重增长率(MRGR)和生殖力(F)的测定结果表明,Astron、Xanthos与Amigo、小偃-22的抗性水平相当,均优于Batis;在大田自然条件下,通过对不同品种在不同生育期的感蚜指数以及感蚜量动态曲线的监测分析表明,Astron、Xanthos在我国的抗蚜水平与抗性品种Amigo的抗蚜性水平相当,优于Batis和小偃-22。可初步说明Astron、Xanthos在我国也具有较好的抗蚜性,可作为我国抗蚜育种材料。     

An investigation of the differential performance of clones of the aphid Sitobion avenae on two host species

Individuals of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae were collected from wheat and cocksfoot stands around Hampshire, UK, during March and April 1994. Eight wheat and eight cocksfoot aphid clones were chosen on the basis of readily distinguishable RAPD-PCR fingerprint profiles. The performances (weight, fecundity and survival) of successive generations of each of these clones were then carefully monitored in the laboratory as new generations of aphids were transferred either to winter wheat or to cocksfoot in planned sequences. Even those clones that were originally caught on the same host showed significant variability in performance. Clones generally performed better on their host of origin than they did on the alternate host, and they performed less well on the alternate host compared to the clones that had originated there. A comparison of the performance of third generation aphids with first generation aphids showed that the experience of the mother in the second generation often influences the subsequent performance of their offspring. As the sequence of host transfers had more effect on the performance of wheat clones than cocksfoot clones, it is likely that wheat clones are more specialised, such that wheat is a satisfactory host for cocksfoot clones but not vice versa. The study provides evidence of genetic variation in performance on host and evidence for clonal adaptation to particular host species. This adaptation may well be a major cause of the observed consistent genetic differentiability of populations of S. avenae found on wheat and roadside grasses in early spring in southern England.     

Effect of wheat resistance, the parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi, and the entomopathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis, on population dynamics of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae

The influence of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) resistance, the parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphiDe Stephani-Perez (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the entomopathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis(Remaudière et Hennebert) Humber (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) on the density and population growth rate of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae(F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was studied under laboratory conditions. Partial wheat resistance was based on hydroxamic acids, a family of secondary metabolites characteristic of several cultivated cereals. The partial resistance of wheat cultivar Naofén, the action of the parasitoid and the joint action of the parasitoid and fungus, reduced aphid density. The lowest aphid densities were obtained with the combination of the parasitoid and the fungus, but wheat resistance under these circumstances did not improve aphid control. Significant reductions of population growth rate (PGR) of aphids were obtained with the joint action of wheat resistance and natural enemies. In particular, the combined effects of parasitoids and fungi showed significantly lower PGR than the control without natural enemies in both wheat cultivars. Our results support the hypothesis that wheat resistance and the utilization of biological control agents could be complementary strategies in an integrated pest management program against cereal aphids.     

Increased nitrogen fertilization inhibits the biocontrol activity promoted by the intercropping partner plant

The examination of the compatibility between agricultural practices and biocontrol activities is crucial for establishing an efficient, eco-friendly, and sustainable pest management program. In this study, we examined the population dynamics of two specialist aphids, the English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) on potted wheat and the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) on potted alfalfa, as well as the biocontrol activity of a generalist predator, the harlequin ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis). We investigated their responses to the presence of the intercropping partner plant species (alfalfa and wheat, respectively) through plant volatiles or visual cues at three nitrogen fertilizer levels in a greenhouse. In the absence of the predator, the English grain aphid population growth rate increased significantly with increasing nitrogen levels, whereas the pea aphid population increased significantly more slowly in response to high nitrogen levels. The English grain aphid and pea aphid population dynamics were unaffected by the presence of the intercropping partner. However, the presence of the intercropping partner enhanced the control of both aphid populations by the harlequin ladybird beetle. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels decreased the predation rates, which were otherwise increased by the intercropping partner. The beneficial effects of the intercropping partner were eventually non-existent at the highest nitrogen level tested. These results imply that the interaction between the presence of intercropping partner and the nitrogen fertilizer application affects the biocontrol activity of the natural enemies of insect pests. Thus, the compatibility between agricultural intensification and biocontrol strategies in integrated pest management programs need to be investigated.     

Quantifying the impact of polyphagous invertebrate predators in controlling cereal aphids and in preventing wheat yield and quality reductions

Exclusion barriers were used to manipulate numbers of polyphagous invertebrate predators so that their impact on cereal aphids and consequently wheat yield and quality could be examined. Experiments were conducted within the framework of the LINK Integrated Farming Systems Project which allowed comparisons to be made between the integrated and conventional farming systems under examination on a study farm in Hampshire, UK. Only in 1995 were the numbers of aphids per tiller, the aphid peak and rate of increase to the peak significantly greater in the exclusion areas where the density of polyphagous predators had been reduced. The maximum increase in aphids as a result of excluding polyphagous predators was 31%, which was equivalent to 130 aphid days. However, the polyphagous predators did not reduce the number of tillers infested. The relatively low impact of polyphagous predators was attributed to the aphid population phenology and greater effects may have been found had aphids infested the crops earlier in their development. Sowing date was shown to govern the time over which a crop may be susceptible to yield loss from aphids, with later-drilled crops being more susceptible to late-summer aphid infestations. Aphid numbers rarely affected grain yield but were found to be related to some grain quality parameters, but reducing polyphagous predators had no direct impact on grain yield or quality even where the aphid burden increased. The peak period of activity and density differed between the species of Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Araneae consequently influencing their relationship with the aphids. Some negative correlations were found between these groups of polyphagous predators and aphids. Species composition and abundance differed between fields thereby influencing the level of aphid predation. The exclusion barriers were most effective at reducing numbers of Carabidae although numbers of Staphylinidae and Araneae were also reduced. The consequences for Integrated Crop Management are discussed.     

Assessment of cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii, and their natural enemies on aphid-resistant and aphid-susceptible wheat varieties in a wheat–cotton relay intercropping system

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), is an important cotton pest in northern China, especially in the seedling stage of cotton. After large scale commercial use of transgenic Bt cotton, cotton aphids became one of the most important cotton pests. A 2‐year study was conducted to evaluate the role of four winter wheat varieties that were resistant or susceptible to wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae Fabricius (Homoptera: Aphididae), in conserving arthropod natural enemies and suppressing cotton aphids in a wheat–cotton relay intercropping system in northern China. The results indicated that wheat–cotton intercropping preserved and augmented natural enemies more than a monoculture of cotton. The density of natural enemies in cotton was significantly different among relay‐intercropping fields with different wheat varieties. The highest density of natural enemies and low cotton aphid populations were found in the treatment of cotton in relay intercropped with the wheat variety Lovrin10, which is susceptible to wheat aphid. The lowest density of predators and parasitoids associated with high cotton aphid populations were found with the wheat variety KOK1679, which is resistant to wheat aphid. The results showed that wheat varieties that are susceptible or moderately resistant to wheat aphid might reduce cotton aphids more effectively than an aphid‐resistant variety in the intercropping system by enhancing predators to suppress cotton aphids during the cotton seedling stage.     

小麦蚜虫田间调查及监测技术

小麦蚜虫是世界范围内小麦生产中一类重要害虫。针对麦蚜世代历期短、繁殖力强,具有趋光、趋化及迁飞等生物学及行为习性;在田间多呈聚集分布,且麦蚜易受寄主植物抗性、天敌、气象因素及农田生态条件等生物与非生物因素影响等发生为害特点,本文阐述了我国小麦蚜虫田间调查、监测技术及防治策略,以期为我国小麦蚜虫综合防控提供基础科学支撑。     

高压静电场对小麦叶片保护酶系统及麦长管蚜种群动态的影响

为明确高压静电场胁迫小麦种子对其叶片以及麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae Fabricius产生的影响。测定了小麦苗期叶片及麦长管蚜体内抗氧化酶(SOD,POD,CAT)的活性,并采用盆栽种群实验研究了麦长管蚜的种群动态。实验结果表明:(1)在未被麦长管蚜取食的小麦叶片中,SOD和POD活性最大值均出现于4 k V/cm处理组,且与对照组差异显著(P0.05),CAT活性在未被取食的叶片中无显著差异(P0.05);而被取食过的叶片中,4 k V/cm处理组的SOD和POD活性均显著低于对照组(P0.05),而CAT活性结果显示4 k V/cm和6 k V/cm处理组均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。(2)静电场处理组中麦长管蚜的SOD和CAT活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05),但POD活性均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。(3)种群动态和逻辑斯蒂模型参数显示4 k V/cm处理组的小麦环境容纳量(K)最小。研究的创新点在于对影响麦长管蚜的介质(小麦)的抗氧化酶活性进行了测定,进一步明确了高压静电场对动植物的影响,说明了4 k V/cm是影响小麦和麦长管蚜的关键强度,为高压静电生态控蚜提供了新思路。     

Effect of methoxyphenols on grain aphid feeding behaviour

Methoxyphenols might be important in the resistance of cereals to aphids. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings were used to determine the effect of caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids, and scopoletin on the feeding behaviour of the grain aphidSitobion avenae (F.). Aphids on wheat seedlings treated systemically with these phenols showed reduced ingestion of phloem sap and salivation into sieve elements in most cases. The earlier pathway phases of probing were prolonged. Moreover increase in number of probes as well as reduction of total time of probing was observed. In addition, no O-demethylase activity was found in homogenates of aphids fed on moderately-resistant (phenolic rich) or susceptible (phenolic poor) wheat varieties. The significance of these results for understanding the resistance of cereals to aphids is discussed.