NEW SPECIES OF SAWFLIES(HYMENOPTERA:TENTHREDINIDAE)IN THE COLLECTION OF ENTOMOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF NORTHWESTERN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

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Assessment of the Distribution,Sources and Potential Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals in the Dry Surface Sediment of Aibi Lake in Northwest China

The distribution, sources and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the sediment of lakes in eastern China and other areas of the world that have undergone rapid economic development have been widely researched by scholars. However, this is not true for heavy metals in the sediment of rump lakes in the arid regions of China and world-wide. Because of this, we chose Aibi Lake to serve as a typical rump lake in an oasis in an arid area in northwest China for our study. Sediment samples were collected from the lake and then the quantities of the heavy metals Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg and Cr were measured. Then using a variety of statistical methods, we analyzed the distribution, sources, pollution status and the potential ecological risk of these metals. The results show that: (1) The amounts of the seven heavy metals all fell within the Second Soil National Standard, but the average and maximum values were all higher than the background values of Xinjiang in northwest China. (2) Multivariate statistical analysis determined that the Cd, Pb, Hg and Zn in the sediment were mainly derived from man-sources, and Cu, Ni, and Cr were mainly from the natural geological background. (3) Enrichment factor analysis and the geo-accumulation index evaluation method show that Cd, Hg and Pb in the surface sediment of the Aibi Lake were at low and partial pollution levels, while Zn, Cr, Ni and Cu were at no and low pollution levels. (4) Calculation of the potential ecological hazards index found that, among the seven tested heavy metals, Cd, Hg and Pb were the main potential ecological risk factors, and the contribution of each was 42.6%, 28.6%, and 24.0%, respectively. Cd is the main potential ecological risk factor, followed by Hg and Pb. This work revealed that recent economic development of the Aibi Lake Basin has negatively influenced the accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of the lake, and, therefore, we should pay increasing attention to this problem and take effective measures to protect the ecology of the Aibi Lake Basin. This work can provide a scientific basis for an early warning of heavy metal pollution and for protection of the environment. Furthermore, it can serve as a reference when creating policies for the economic development in Aibi Lake Basin and environmental protection of rump lakes in arid regions of northwest China and other areas of the world.     

Historical changes in the aquatic environment and input of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over 1000 years in Lake Kitaura,Japan

We examined the vertical distributions of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total sulfur (TS), and 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a 100-cm-long sediment core collected from Lake Kitaura, a small and shallow eutrophic freshwater lake in central Japan, to elucidate changes in its aquatic environment and the input of PAHs with respect to human activity over the last 1000 years. Using a cross-plot of TOC and TS, the aquatic environment of this lake was well classified into four stages: a marine–brackish water period (≤1321 AD), a brackish–freshwater period (1394–1646 AD), a freshwater period (1726–1958 AD), and a eutrophication period (≥1971 AD). During the current eutrophication period, both TOC and TN have increased dramatically and TOC/TN (which is a useful indicator for distinguishing between aquatic and terrestrial plant sources) has decreased because algal production has markedly increased recently due to eutrophication. The vertical distributions of PAHs (which have derived primarily from combustion over the last 1000 years) showed increases in layers corresponding to periods of volcanic activity in the 18th century, as well as dramatic increases from 1971 to the present. Thus, both the aquatic environment and the input of PAHs in Lake Kitaura have been strongly affected by recent human activity. On the other hand, among all of the PAHs, only perylene—which is known to be of biological origin—was consistently formed via first-order kinetics over the period covered by the core. Its formation was barely influenced by fluctuations in the input of the precursor of perylene or how reductive the environment in the bottom water was.     

Lake Level Changes Recorded by Tree Rings of Lakeshore Shrubs： A Case Study at the Lake West-Juyan, Inner Mongolia, China

Variation in water resources is a main factor influencing ecohydrological processes and sustainable development in arid regions. Lake level changes are a useful indicator of the variability in water resources. However, observational records of changes in lake levels are usually too short to give an understanding of the long-term variability. In the present study, we investigated the tree rings of shrubs growing on the lakeshore of Lake West-Juyan, the terminus of the Heihe River in western China, and found that Lake West-Juyan had undergone degradation three times over the past 200 years. The lake level decreased from 904.3 to 896.8 m above sea level （a.s.1.） during the period 1800-1900, to 892.0 m a.s.1, from around 1900 to the late 1950s, and the lake dried out in 1963. The trend for changes in lake levels, which was represented by the composite chronology of three beach bars, showed that the phases of increasing lake levels over the past 150 years were during the periods 1852-1871, 1932-1952, 1973-1982, and 1995-1999. Comparison with the history of regional economic development showed that human activity has played an important role in regulating the water resources of the lower reaches of the Heihe watershed over the past 200 years.     

新疆两盐湖可培养嗜盐古菌多样性研究

从新疆地区艾比盐湖和艾丁盐湖卤水及泥土样品中分离到86株嗜盐古菌。16S rRNA基因序列分析结果表明,分离自艾比湖的嗜盐古菌分别属于Haloarcula、Halobacterium、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Natrinema和Natronorubrum6个属的11个分类单元,而分离自艾丁湖的嗜盐古菌分别属于Haloarcula、Halobiforma、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Natrialba、Natrinema6个属的8个分类单元,这一结果表明艾比湖可培养嗜盐古菌生物多样性稍高于艾丁湖。基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析表明代表菌株ABH15应为Natronorubrum属的中性嗜盐古菌新种,代表菌株ABH07、ABH12、ABH17、ABH19、ABH51和AD30可能是Halobacterium、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Haloarcula的新成员。     

Synergistic changes in river-lake runoff systems in the Yangtze River basin and their driving force differences

Climate change and human activities simultaneously alter river–lake relationships. Determining the dynamics of river–lake runoff systems on multiple time scales and their differences in response to driving forces can provide insights into hydrological processes and water resource management. This study investigates the synergistic evolution of river–lake runoff systems in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin (MLYR) using the cross-wavelet transform method. The effects of different driving force changes on river–lake runoff regimes are quantified based on the Budyko hypothesis, and an InVEST model is developed to assess the spatial and temporal patterns of habitat quality. The results indicate that during the variation period, the runoff distributions of the Yangtze River–Dongting Lake and Yangtze River–-Poyang Lake runoff systems are both skewed towards lower values in the flood seasons compared with those in the base period. The storage of lakes mitigates the extent of human disturbance to the mainstream hydrological regime, particularly under extremely low conditions. From 1960 to 2021, five significant resonance periods are indicated in the river–lake runoff system, and the phase–angle relationships indicate a positive phase coupling between the lake and mainstream hydrological regimes, with the lake lagging behind the mainstream; however, this interaction tends to weaken. In the mainstream and Dongting Lake basins, subsurface conditions are the dominant factor contributing to runoff variability, with contributions ranging from 50.9% to 72.6%; in the Poyang Lake basin, precipitation is the dominant factor, with a contribution of 50.6%; and in the Han River basin, changes in the potential evapotranspiration contribute to 50.6% of runoff variability. The proportion of high habitat quality in the MLYR is approximately 52%, the Dongting and Poyang Lake basins indicate a high habitat quality rating. However, frequent human activity is the main reason of conversion from higher habitats to lower ones, which may result in wetland habitat degradation.     

Effects of thermal effluents from the Bergum power station on the phytoplankton in the Bergumermeer

Summary The Bergum power station (600 MW) of the Friesian Provincial Electricity Board is situated at the northern shore of the Lake Bergum. The lake has a mean depth of 1.3 m and a surface area of 4.4 km². Its northern half is separated by a break-water into an intake area in the north-west and a discharge area in the north-east.The Lake Bergum is connected with other water bodies in the northern provinces of the Netherlands by four canals. The whole yaer various amounts of water enter Lake Bergum mainly from the western canal (Prinses Margrietkanaal) and to a lesser extent from the southern canal (De Lits). In wet seasons lake water flows off, mainly after passing the power station, to the northern canal (De Zwemmer); then the heated water (22 m³.sec_–1) does not enter the discharge area of the lake. When evapo-transpiration exceeds precipitation lake water flows off mainly to the eastern canal (Kolonelsdiep). In these relatively dry periods most of the heated water returns to the lake in the discharge area.We found that the mean increase in water temperature effected by the condensors of the power station was ca. 5°C; the maximum increase was 7.5°C. On average about 25% of the whole lake had a noticable higher (1°C) temperature than the intake water, only 6.5% was about 2°C above ambient temperatures.For about 3.5 years (1974–Sept. 1978) water samples for analysis of the chlorophyll concentrations of the different areas within the lake and the surrounding canals were taken every week during the growing season, and fortnightly during the winter period. The chlorophyll concentrations of the intake water were about 5% higher than those of the discharge water leaving the power station. Near the mouth of the northern canal in the discharge area still small, but significant lower chlorophyll concentrations were found. The southern half of the lake, in which practically no elevated water temperatures were found, had significant higher chlorophyll concentrations (10–15%) than the intake area. Water entering the lake from the western canal had significant (10–15%) lower chlorophyll concentrations than the intake area of the lake. Probably, relatively chlorophyll-poor canal water and chlorophyll-rich water from the southern lake area mix in the intake area. While the water passes the power station the chlorophyll concentrations decrease. In the discharge area of the lake the chlorophyll concentrations of the discharge water gradually increase again to values equal to those of the intake area.During the last 2 years of the research period oxygen production and consumption experiments were conducted almost every month. In each experiment light and dark botties containing intake and discharge water were suspended in water with both water temperatures. The light intensities during the incubation periods (2–3 hours) were chosen according to maximum production values. The incubations were started within one hour and/or one day after sampling. Directly after sampling gross productivity of the intake water incubated at discharge temperatures was about 1.5 times as high as at intake temperatures. The gross productivity of the discharge water was always somewhat lower than the gross productivity of the intake water incubated at corresponding temperatures. After one day this inhibiting effect of passage through the power station had increased, even when the discharge water had been cooled down to intake temperatures immediately after sampling.The oxygen consumption of the discharge water incubated at discharge temperatures as well as at intake temperatures was about 1.3 times the oxygen consumption of the intake water at intake temperatures. After one day the discharge water, which had stayed at discharge temperatures, consumed 1.6–1.7 times as much as the intake water incubated at intake temperatures. The oxygen consumption of the discharge water which had been cooled down to intake temperatures directly after sampling, was after one day still 1.3 times the oxygen consumption of the intake water at intake temperatures.This research was financially supported by the Ministerie van Volksgezondheld en Millieuhygiëne (Ministry of Public Health and the Environment). An extensive report (in Dutch) will be published this year.     

Obligatory urea production and the cost of living in the Magadi tilapia revealed by acclimation to reduced salinity and alkalinity

Alcolapia grahami is a unique ureotelic tilapia that lives in the highly alkaline, saline Lake Magadi, Kenya (pH, approximately 10.0; alkalinity, approximately 380 mmol L(-1); Na(+), approximately 350 mmol L(-1); Cl(-), approximately 110 mmol L(-1); osmolality, approximately 580 mosm kg(-1)). The fish survived well upon gradual exposure to dilute lake water (down to 1%, essentially freshwater). Urea excretion continued, and there was no ammonia excretion despite favorable conditions, indicating that ureotelism is obligatory. Levels of most ornithine-urea cycle enzymes in the liver were unchanged relative to controls kept for the same period in 100% lake water. The fish exhibited good abilities for hypo- and hyperregulation, maintaining plasma Na(+), Cl(-), and osmolality at levels typical of marine and freshwater teleosts in 100% and 1% lake water, respectively. Plasma total CO(2) did not change with environmental dilution. Routine oxygen consumption (Mo(2)) was extremely high in 100% lake water but decreased by 40%-68% after acclimation to dilute lake water. At every fixed swimming speed, Mo(2) was significantly reduced (by 50% at high speeds), and critical swimming speed was elevated in fish in 10% lake water relative to 100% lake water. Osmotic and Cl(-) concentration gradients from water to plasma were actually increased, and osmotic and Na(+) gradients were reversed, in 10% and 1% dilutions relative to 100% lake water, whereas acid-base gradients were greatly reduced. We suggest that approximately 50% of the animal's high metabolic demand originates from the cost of acid-base regulation in the highly alkaline Lake Magadi. When this load is reduced by environmental dilution, the energy saved can be diverted to enhanced swimming performance.     

Some features of the thermal and dissolved oxygen structure in boreal,shallow ice-covered Lake Vendyurskoe,Russia

The 5-year-long (2001–2005) studies of the winter thermal structure and the dissolved oxygen (DO) dynamics in Lake Vendyurskoe, Russia, a typical boreal shallow mesotrophic lake of glacial origin, revealed still poorly studied features of lake-wide dynamics, such as net lateral heat flux towards deeper parts of a lake and development of the anaerobic zone over the deepest points of the lake basin. We estimated magnitude of the heat transport along the bottom slope based on scaling analysis. The seasonal changes in DO concentration appear to be controlled mostly by biochemical consumption. We identify four factors controlling the extent of anoxic zones in shallow ice-covered lakes: (1) the amount of organic matter stored in the bottom layers, including the sediments surface during the autumnal bloom; (2) the length of the ice-covered period; (3) heat content of bottom sediments; and (4) the initial water temperatures at the time of the ice cover formation.     

Lake Level Changes Recorded by Tree Rings of Lakeshore Shrubs:A Case Study at the Lake West-Juyan, Inner Mongolia, China

Variation in water resources is a main factor influencing ecohydrological processes and sustainable development in arid regions. Lake level changes are a useful indicator of the variability in water resources. However, observational records of changes in lake levels are usually too short to give an understanding of the long-term variability. In the present study, we investigated the tree rings of shrubs growing on the lakeshore of Lake West-Juyan, the terminus of the Heihe River in western China, and found that Lake West-Juyan had undergone degradation three times over the past 200 years. The lake level decreased from 904.3 to 896.8 m above sea level (a.s.l.) during the period 1800-1900, to 892.0 m a.s.l. from around 1900 to the late 1950s, and the lake dried out in 1963. The trend for changes in lake levels, which was represented by the composite chronology of three beach bars, showed that the phases of increasing lake levels over the past 150 years were during the periods 1852-1871, 1932-1952, 1973-1982, and 1995-1999. Comparison with the history of regional economic development showed that human activity has played an important role in regulating the water resources of the lower reaches of the Heihe watershed over the past 200 years.     

Water quality of rivers in the drainage basin of Lake Peipsi

Water quality and general regularities that have taken place in the water quality of rivers in the drainage basin of Lake Peipsi have been studied. The lake is located in the basin of the Narva River. Several changes of the water quality of the lake in 1970–1990, caused by increasing human impact, have been observed. The water quality of Lake Peipsi depends on its pollution load whereby the main part of the pollution reaches the lake via rivers. In 1985–1989 an extensive research programme of the lake and its drainage basin was carried out. In this paper a part of these results as well as recent changes in the water quality of the rivers of the Estonian side are studied. In the last years an improvement of the general state of rivers in the drainage basin of Lake Peipsi has taken place; the content of organic substances and nutrients in the inflows of Lake Peipsi and in the Narva River (lake outflow) is decreasing.