南京市生态系统服务价值时间变化及区域差异分析

生态系统服务价值的变化决定着区域的可持续发展,其评估已成为生态学研究的热点之一。本文采用单位面积生态系统服务价值和生态经济协调度(EEH)指数,分析了南京市生态系统服务价值时间变化及区域差异。结果表明：2007年与1997年比较,所处单位面积生态系统服务价值分区不同的区域有建邺区等6个区,2个时段均处于同一单位面积生态系统服务价值分区的区域有高淳县等7个区、县;区域整体单位面积生态系统服务价值大体上呈现郊县>郊区>城区的特点;1997—2007年南京市11区2县属于5种不同类型的生态经济协调度分区,其中建邺区等5个区、县处于生态经济协调区,秦淮区等8个区处于生态经济不协调区。最后,探讨了南京市不同区域生态建设调整措施,为促进生态经济协调发展和实现区域的可持续发展提供决策参考。     

基于文献计量的自然资本研究现状及热点

文章以Web of Science数据库中检索的自然资本相关文献为数据源,利用文献计量方法,分析相关文献按年份的数量变化特征、世界各国中主要研究力量和高产作者发文情况,探究目前的研究现状。之后利用Bibexcel得出高频关键词共词矩阵,导入Ucinet和NetDraw得出共现网络可视图,最后对关键词进行聚类分析。研究表明,①自然资本相关文献数量整体呈上升趋势,可大体分为萌芽发展、加速发展和成熟发展3个增长阶段;②从研究力量上看,发达国家的影响力明显强于发展中国家,美国处于遥遥领先的地位,中国起步晚,影响力较小,国际合作需要加强;③根据共词分析得出生态系统服务的价值化和可持续发展是当前的研究热点;④利用聚类分析将高频关键词分成了生态脆弱性与适应性、资本经济与自然资源、生态系统服务和资本经济管理四类。分析结果表明,未来自然资本的研究将集中于生态系统服务的价值化研究、InVEST模型的应用、绿色经济发展与区域绿色经济转型、小尺度区域服务功能价值评估及自然资本的动态评估等方面。     

生态系统服务与自然资本价值评估

生态系统服务是生态系统提供的商品和服务,是人类生态和发展的物质基础和基本条件,是人类拥有的关键自然资本。概述了生态系统服务的内涵及类型,介绍了当前国内外有关生态系统服务及自然资本的价值理论、价值评估的各种方法及其类型;评述了研究的主要进展,存在的主要问题、难点和研究的主要趋向。认为生态系统服务及自然资本的价值评估研究是建立生态－环境－经济综合核算体系（可持续发展核算体系）的重要内容和关键环节,完善价值评估的理论与经济技术方法是生态系统服务价值评估研究亟待解决的问题。     

疏勒河中游生态服务价值对土地利用变化的响应

利用ArcGIS 9.2和ERDAS 9.1软件平台和生态经济学方法,采用Costanza等生态系统服务价值计算公式,结合中国陆地生态系统服务单位面积价值,探讨了疏勒河中游1990-2010年土地利用和生态系统服务价值变化特征.结果表明:1990-2010年,疏勒河中游土地利用以未利用地、牧草地、耕地为主,三者面积占研究区总面积的98.2％,20年间土地利用整体特征并未发生重大变化;疏勒河中游主要土地利用变化发生在耕地、建设用地和牧草地,土地利用动态度分别为13.6％、8.0％和7.7％;生态系统服务价值总体呈上升趋势,从344.85亿元增加到485.11亿元,牧草地和水域对研究区总体生态系统服务价值的贡献率最大.研究区生态经济的发展已经处于低度协调水平的边缘,需要加强生态环境保护力度.     

赣西地区生态系统服务价值与生态补偿策略

生态补偿是解决区域生态保护与经济发展诸多矛盾的一项重要措施。基于土地利用变化，采用当量因子计算方法，对赣西地区2002-2016年的生态系统服务价值时空变化特征进行了分析。综合考虑区域自然、经济发展水平，测算了区域内各县（市、区）生态补偿优先级和生态补偿额度，探讨了区域生态补偿策略。研究结果表明：（1）赣西地区林地的生态系统服务价值最高，占总价值比例的80.39%，水源涵养、土壤保持、气体调节等是生态系统内的主要服务类型，三者占到总比例的51.18%，但从整个区域来看，总的生态系统服务价值和生态系统各单项服务价值均呈不同程度降低趋势。从县域单元看，生态系统服务价值相对较低的分别是渝水区、樟树市、丰城市和高安市；相对较高的主要分布在铜鼓县、宜丰县、奉新县和靖安县；生态系统服务价值下降率最高的是安源区、袁州区和渝水区。（2）赣西地区理论生态补偿总额度为3.9262亿元，占总GDP的0.13%，林地生态系统的补偿额为3.1820亿元，占总补偿的81.04%。从县域单元看，铜鼓、靖安和宜丰县为优先补偿顺序的前三位，补偿额度分别为0.9622，0.6822和0.4735亿元，占总补偿额度的53.94%，处于后三位的分别是安源区、樟树市和上高县，占总补偿额度的1.66%。测算出的补偿顺序与理论补偿额度，与县区统计数据资料部分印证，这表明该研究具有一定的科学性和合理性。补偿资金占GDP值比重低，对地方财政压力小，在保护区域生态环境与可持续发展的具体实践中，具有一定的可操作性。     

青岛都市圈生态系统服务-经济发展时空协调性分析及优化利用

城镇化进程伴随着生态用地流失与生态系统服务下降。对生态系统服务与经济发展间一致性的量化与分析，是厘清区域差异、优化空间布局、实现可持续发展的基础。基于青岛都市圈1990-2017年遥感数据与统计年鉴数据，使用当量因子法对生态系统服务价值（Ecosystem Service Value，简称ESV）进行货币化定量核算，进而构建生态系统服务与经济一致性指数，以探讨二者时空协调性特征，并通过驱动因子分析提出区域生态系统服务与经济平衡的优化改善建议。研究表明：受土地利用变化影响，青岛都市圈2017年总ESV较1990年下降11.34亿元。空间上，ESV表现出北东-南西向展布的"高-低-高"分布格局。整体上，青岛都市圈生态系统服务和经济集聚表现出不协调，且不协调范围有所扩大；生态系统服务集聚高于经济集聚主要发生在青岛都市圈西北方向的城市，而经济集聚高于生态系统服务集聚的地区主要分布在东部沿海地带。驱动因子分析表明，ESV减少主要受与城市中心距离的影响。因此，经济集聚高于生态系统服务集聚的地区应管控城镇用地低效蔓延并加强集约利用，同时对具备重要生态功能的要素实施保护；生态系统服务集聚高于经济集聚的地区应积极探索新形势下生态产品转化路径，以实现区域之间的生态与经济协同发展。     

基于RS与GIS的赣江上游流域生态系统服务价值变化

研究土地利用背景下的生态系统服务价值变化对促进区域生态建设和可持续发展具有重要意义。以赣江上游流域为例,依据1990年、1995年、2000年和2005年4期的遥感数据,利用RS和GIS手段对土地利用数据进行了处理,并分析了土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值变化。结果表明,1990-1995年赣江上游流域生态系统服务价值变化不大,1995—2005年生态系统服务价值总量不断增加,且各类生态服务功能价值波动较大;各土地利用类型生态系统服务价值敏感性指数都小于1,表明生态系统服务价值对服务价值指数缺乏弹性。     

关中地区生态系统服务价值变化及其与经济发展耦合关系

探究区域生态系统服务价值变化及其与经济发展的耦合关系,对实现区域生态与经济可持续发展具有重要意义。关中地区人类活动剧烈,生态与经济可持续发展仍是该区域研究的热点问题之一。本文以2000—2018年为研究时段,基于改进的当量因子定量研究关中地区生态系统服务价值,并采用熵值法构建指标体系探讨区域经济发展水平变化特征,在此基础上,利用耦合协调度模型分析关中地区生态与经济的耦合关系。结果表明：关中地区生态系统服务价值呈现明显上升趋势,各土地利用类型中林地生态系统服务价值所占比重最大且增速最快;经济发展水平呈现上升趋势,空间上呈现以西安市为中心、咸阳市为副中心的双核分异特征;生态与经济发展协调度整体趋于好转,大多数县区由基本不协调趋于低度协调状态,但与良好协调状态仍有差距。     

藏北草地退化与生态服务功能价值损失评估——以申扎县为例

藏北草地是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地和生态安全屏障。基于遥感和GIS技术,利用1990、2000、2010年3期不同时相的TM、ETM+和CEBERS遥感影像,对申扎县草地资源退化状况进行了遥感监测,并采用生态经济学评估模型对草地生态系统8个方面的服务功能价值损失进行了评估测算。结果表明:1990—2010年,申扎县草地退化面积增加了47.40×10~4hm~2,生态系统服务功能价值损失高达5.20×10~8元;其中1990—2000年,草地退化较严重,该时段也是生态系统服务功能价值损失较多的时期;2000—2010年,草地退化趋势变缓。藏北草地提供生物量价值仅约占生态系统服务功能总价值的7.0%,草地生态服务功能远大于其提供的生物量价值,因此必须从生态服务功能的的理念出发去经营草地,从而实现草地的可持续发展。     

黄河三角洲区域生态经济系统动态耦合过程及趋势

黄河三角洲地区正处于快速开发建设时期,资源丰富,但生态环境脆弱,区域生态经济耦合状况影响着区域可持续发展的态势。借鉴一般系统论的思想,构建了区域生态经济系统耦合过程模型,定量分析了黄河三角洲区域生态经济系统的耦合过程与演进趋势。结果表明:1990年以来黄河三角洲区域生态系统综合指数与经济系统综合指数均呈上升趋势,区域资源供给和生态环境调节能力逐渐提高,经济生产能力和社会消费水平不断提升;黄河三角洲区域生态系统与经济系统总体上处于互动协调发展状态,1990—2007年区域生态经济系统耦合度指数先增加后减少,耦合过程经历了由相悖发展到良性耦合的过程;按照区域生态经济系统耦合趋势外推,2019年将接近最佳耦合点45°;区域生态经济系统仍处于较低水平的良性耦合,区域生态经济发展的速度和质量有待进一步提升。应协同推进区域经济生态化和生态经济化建设,建立高效生态经济体系,努力实现区域生态资源资产化、价值化,提升区域生态经济系统耦合的状态水平。     

The Environmental Impact of Getting the News

The environmental impact associated with reading an on-line and a printed newspaper is analyzed and compared with respective parts of a television (TV) broadcast. Two reference units were chosen for comparison to account for differences between media in presentation and consumption (reading or watching a news item) and consumption of the daily news as a whole. The environmental impact is assessed using life-cycle assessment (LCA).
Key drivers of the environmental impact for both electronic delivery systems are energy consumption and power generation. Not only do the manufacturing of the products and their use have an environmental impact, but so does the use of the necessary infrastructure, that is, energy consumption of the telephone network or data transfer via Internet. Printing of on-line information also turned out to be important.
In the case of the printed newspapers, energy consumption is again important, here for the manufacturing of pulp and paper. Complete printed newspapers (the form in which they are typically purchased) have a very high environmental burden relative to watching the TV news or reading on-line news, even if the propensity to extend TV viewing is taken into consideration.     

Environmental impact of adjuvants in crop protection

The overall performance of chemical and biological plant protection products is enhanced by the use of adjuvants in the formulation (formulation adjuvants) or in the spray tank (spray adjuvants). Both types of adjuvants aim to stabilize the formulation, to improve the efficiency of the active ingredients and to reduce application and environmental risks. As an important part of the formulation, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the environmental impact and toxicology of adjuvants can not always be considered as inert. However, little is known of their impact as part of plant protection products compared with the active substances. Therefore an experimental framework is needed as a tool for a consistent environmental legislation.     

Environmental Implications of Consumer Convenience: Coffee as a Case Study

Products of convenience are playing an increasingly large role in today's society. These products provide a competitive advantage over their conventional counterparts by requiring less time and effort to produce a similar service or experience. At the same time, these products are often also more materials intensive to produce and create a greater amount of waste. A comparative midpoint life cycle assessment of different coffee brewing systems is presented in order to explore the comparative impact of three different systems: drip filter, french press, and pod style (a product of convenience). Utilizing a comparative functional unit, the drip filter system method was found to have the greatest environmental impact in all impact categories, whereas the pod style had the least in six of the impact categories (with the french press having the least in two of the impact categories, and a tie between pod style and french press in a single impact category). This suggests that contrary to popular belief, the pod style coffee may be the more environmentally friendly option. The two most significant contributors to environmental impact in all of the categories considered was the amount of dry coffee utilized and the energy needed to brew the coffee, although in some categories considered transportation was also significant. There is the potential for the environmental impact of coffee brewing to shift if coffee wastage occurs (likely in the case of the drip filter and french press system) or if substantial changes in materials or energy consumption were to occur (in the case of the pod‐style brewing system). From the perspective of industrial ecology, this analysis suggests that, in regard to products of consumer convenience, the convenient alternative may not have a significantly greater environmental impact than its conventional counterpart, and that it may be time to question that often‐held assumption.     

Can carbon footprint serve as proxy of the environmental burden from urban consumption patterns?

Carbon footprint (CFP) is widely applied as an indicator when assessing environmental sustainability of products and services. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the validity of CFP as overall environmental indicator for representing the environmental burden of residents from urbanized areas. Applying four different Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methods environmental impact profiles were determined for the consumption patterns of 1281 Danish urban residents. Six main consumption components were distinguished including road transport, air travel, food, accommodation (covering consumption of materials for the construction of dwellings) and use of energy in terms of thermal energy, and electricity. The results for the individual consumption components showed a strong correlation between CFP and nearly all other impact indicators for all the applied LCIA methods However, upon aggregation of the indicator results across consumption components, the impact indicators for the total consumption showed no significant correlation between CFP and the other impact scores for any of the four impact assessment methods. These findings suggest that while CFP can be a good indicator of the environmental burden associated with specific activities, this is not the case for more complex activities (such as consumption patterns related to urban life styles). This conclusion discourages the use of CFP as sustainability measure in relation to regulation of private or public consumption.     

How Can the Eco‐efficiency of a Region be Measured and Monitored?

The concept of eco-efficiency is commonly referred to as a business link to sustainable development. In this article, ecoefficiency is examined at a regional level as an approach to promoting the competitiveness of economic activities in the Finnish Kymenlaakso region and mitigating their harmful impacts on the environment. The aim is to develop appropriate indicators for monitoring changes in the eco-efficiency of the region. A starting point is to produce indicators for the environmental and economic dimensions of regional development and use them for measuring regional eco-efficiency. The environmental impact indicators are based on a life-cycle assessment method, producing different types of environmental impact indicators: pressure indicators (e.g., emissions of CO₂), impact category indicators (e.g., CO₂ equivalents in the case of climate change), and a total impact indicator (aggregating different impact category indicator results into a single value). Environmental impact indicators based on direct material input, total material input, and total material requirement of the Kymenlaakso region are also assessed. The economic indicators used are the gross domestic product, the value added, and the output of the main economic sectors of Kymenlaakso. In the eco-efficiency assessment, the economic and environmental impact indicators are monitored in the same graph. In a few cases eco-efficiency ratios can also be calculated (the economic indicators are divided by the environmental indicators). Output (= value added + intermediate consumption) is used as an economic indicator related to the environmental impact indicators, which also cover the upstream processes of the region's activities. In the article, we also discuss the strengths and weaknesses of using the different environmental impact indicators.     

Predicted environmental impact and expected occurrence of

The necessity of the impact assessment phase in life-cycle assessment (LCA) is presently debated. The crux of the debate lies in the poor accordance in some I.CA studies between the predicted environmental impact and the expected occurrence of actual environmental impact. That is in particular the case for impacts of a continental, regional and local character. We consider an impact assessment as being an indispensable phase of LCA, and see options for solving the identified problem. This article takes a closer look into the nature of the assessed impact in LCA in order to provide the basis for enhancement of life-cycle impact assessment. LCA is one of the analytical tools to support environmental policy focused on the control of present environmental problems. Nowadays, environmental problems are caused by concentration levels that result from the emissions of many sources together, rather than from single sources alone. The contribution from a single source is usually small or even marginal in comparison with the total contribution from all sources together. The multiple source character of the related impact categories provides the justification for the linear nature of the assessed impact in LCA. An article in the next issue of this journal will build further on this article, and will discuss the inclusion of temporal and spatial aspects (by a site-dependent approach) in order to enhance the accordance between the predicted environmental impact and the expected occurrence of actual environmental impact.     

Using a Strategic Environmental Assessment framework to quantify the environmental impact of bioenergy plans

Renewable energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets are driving an acceleration in the use of bioenergy resources. The environmental impact of national and regional development plans must be assessed in compliance with the EU Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive (2001/42/EC). Here, we quantify the environmental impact of an Irish Government bioenergy plan to replace 30% of peat used in three peat‐burning power stations, located within the midlands region, with biomass. Four plan alternatives for supplying biomass to the power plant were considered in this study: (1) importation of palm kernel shell from south‐east Asia, (2) importation of olive cake pellets from Spain and (3) growing either willow or (4) Miscanthus in the vicinity of the power stations. The impact of each alternative on each of the environmental receptors proposed in the SEA Directive was first quantified before the data were normalized on either an Irish, regional or global scale. Positive environmental impacts were very small compared to the negative environmental impacts for each of the plan alternatives considered. Comparison of normalized indicator values confirmed that the adverse environmental consequences of each plan alternative are concentrated at the location where the biomass is produced. The analysis showed that the adverse environmental consequences of biomass importation are substantially greater than those associated with the use of willow and Miscanthus grown on former grassland. The use of olive cake pellets had a greater adverse environmental effect compared to the use of peat whereas replacement of peat with either willow or Miscanthus feedstocks led to a substantial reduction in environmental pressure. The proposed assessment framework combines the scope of SEA with the quantitative benefits of life cycle assessment and can be used to evaluate the environmental consequences of bioenergy plans.     

Evolutionary rescue can be impeded by temporary environmental amelioration

Rapid evolutionary adaptation has the potential to rescue from extinction populations experiencing environmental changes. Little is known, however, about the impact of short‐term environmental fluctuations during long‐term environmental deterioration, an intrinsic property of realistic environmental changes. Temporary environmental amelioration arising from such fluctuations could either facilitate evolutionary rescue by allowing population recovery (a positive demographic effect) or impede it by relaxing selection for beneficial mutations required for future survival (a negative population genetic effect). We address this uncertainty in an experiment with populations of a bacteriophage virus that evolved under deteriorating conditions (gradually increasing temperature). Periodic environmental amelioration (short periods of reduced temperature) caused demographic recovery during the early phase of the experiment, but ultimately reduced the frequency of evolutionary rescue. These experimental results suggest that environmental fluctuations could reduce the potential of evolutionary rescue.     

Life Cycle Impact assessment of land use based on the hemeroby concept

The impact category ‘land use’ describes in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology the environmental impacts of occupying, reshaping and managing land for human purposes. Land use can either be the long-term use of land (e.g. for arable farming) or changing the type of land use (e.g. from natural to urban area). The impact category ‘land use’ comprises those environmental consequences, which impact the environment due to the land use itself, for instance through the reduction of landscape elements, the planting of monocultures or artificial vegetation, or the sealing of surfaces. Important environmental consequences of land use are the decreasing availability of habitats and the decreasing diversity of wildlife species. The assessment of the environmental impacts of land use within LCA studies is the objective of this paper. Land use leads to a degradation of the naturalness of the area utilised. In this respect the naturalness of any area can be defined as the sum of land actually not influenced by humans and the remaining naturalness of land under use. To determine the remaining naturalness of land under use, this study suggests applying the Hemeroby concept. “Hemeroby is a measure for the human influence on ecosystems” (Kowarik 1999). The Hemeroby level of an area describes the intensity of land use and can therefore be used to characterise different types of land use. Characterization factors are proposed, which allow calculating the degradation of the naturalness of an area due to a specific type of land use. Since the resource ‘nature/naturalness’ is on a larger geographical scale by far not homogeneous, the assessment of land use needs to be regionalised. Therefore, the impact category ‘land use’ has been subdivided into the impact sub-categories ‘land use in European biogeographic regions’. Following the general LCA framework, normalization values for the impact sub-categories are calculated in order to facilitate the evaluation of the characterization results with regard to their share in a reference value. Weighting factors, which enable an aggregation of the results of the different land use sub-categories and make them comparable to other impact categories (e.g. climate change or acidification) are suggested based on the assumption that the current land use pattern in the European biogeographic regions is acceptable.     

The valuation step within LCA

International human rights conventions and international environmental laws and conventions have been used to deduce criteria for a valuation procedure for life cycle assessment. The valuation procedure relates to the impact oriented assessment of the Centrum voor Milieukunde in Leiden (CML). The panel method is suitable for comparison LCAs of two systems, or optimization LCAs. The method consists of four steps. Step one is the normalization of the results of the impact assessment. In step two, a panel of experts values the results by three qualitative criteria (time, space, hazard). In step three, a ranking diagram technique is used for a formalized priority setting and a preliminary identification of the product causing the most environmental burdens. Step four includes a sensitivity analysis and a plausibility check based on an energy and waste analysis. Discrepancies between the plausibility check and step three may cause a reevaluation of parts of the valuation, impact assessment, inventory table or goal definition of the LCA.