广西及越南农业外来有害生物入侵现状

【背景】广西地理环境独特,与越南水陆相连,气候、作物等条件相似,边境贸易往来频繁,致使其成为我国遭受外来有害生物入侵最严重的地区之一。【方法】通过本底调查,分析总结了广西农业外来有害生物入侵的现状。【结果】广西主要入侵动物26种,入侵微生物18种,入侵植物21种,高风险入侵物种包括辣椒实蝇、木薯绵粉蚧、扶桑绵粉蚧、稻水象甲、黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒等;来自越南的潜在危险性有害生物共38种。【结论与意义】广西受外来有害生物入侵的风险加剧,并有进一步扩散蔓延的趋势。提出应对入侵生物的综合防控对策,为广西外来入侵有害生物的防控提供参考。     

Genetic diversity of legume yellow mosaic begomoviruses in Indonesia and Vietnam

High incidences of yellow mosaic symptoms were observed in soybean and yard‐long bean crops in Indonesia in 2009 and in mungbean crops in Vietnam in 2011. All five soybean and 20 yard‐long bean samples from Java, Indonesia, and 15 mungbean samples from Vietnam with symptoms tested positive for begomovirus infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primer pair PAL1v1978B/PAR1c715H. On the basis of collection location and the nucleotide sequence comparisons of the 1.5 kb begomoviral DNA‐A components amplified, a subset of samples comprising two soybean and six yard‐long bean isolates from Indonesia and five mungbean isolates from Vietnam were taken forward for more detailed examination. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis of the full‐length sequences of all Indonesian and Vietnam isolates alongside other legume‐infecting begomoviruses revealed that all the isolates from Indonesia were Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) strain‐A, and all from Vietnam were Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) strain‐B. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first identification of MYMIV and MYMV associated with yellow mosaic of legumes in Indonesia and Vietnam, respectively. The epidemiological implications and potential consequences of the emergence of legume‐infecting begomoviruses on legume production in these areas of Southeast Asia are discussed.     

Ultrastructure of sensory receptors on the labium of the cassava mealybug,Phenacoccus manihoti Matile Ferrero

The ultrastructure of the sensory receptors located on the labium of the cassava mealybugPhenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Trichoid hairs of probable mechanoreceptive function are distributed over the labium. Uniporous chemosensilla which possess a mechanoreceptive dendrite, multiporous chemosensilla and mechanoreceptive pegs are present on the tip of the labium. The presence of contact and olfactory chemoreceptors on the labial tip ofP. manihoti suggests that tapping it on the cassava leaf provides the pest with information about the chemical nature of the leaf surface. ORSTOM     

Single versus multiple enemies and the impact on biological control of spider mites in cassava fields in West-Africa

To determine whether to use single or multiple predator species for biological pest control requires manipulative field experiments. We performed such tests in Benin (West Africa) in cassava fields infested by the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa, and the cotton red mite Oligonychus gossypii. These fields also harboured the cassava apex-inhabiting predator Typhlodromalus aripo and either the leaf-inhabiting predator Amblydromalus manihoti or Euseius fustis. We manipulated predator species composition on individual plants to determine their effect on prey and predator densities. In fields with T. aripo plus A. manihoti, M. tanajoa densities were reduced by T. aripo alone or together with A. manihoti, but neither of these predators, alone or together, reduced O. gossypii densities. In fields with T. aripo plus E. fustis, T. aripo alone or together with E. fustis exerted significant control over O. gossypii, but weak control over M. tanajoa. Densities of any of the predator species were not affected by co-occurring predator species, suggesting a minor role for intraguild predation in the field, contrary to earlier experiments on small plants in the laboratory. We conclude that (1) T. aripo is the most effective predator species in suppressing M. tanajoa, (2) two predator species, T. aripo and E. fustis, are needed to suppress O. gossypii, and (3) predator species together on the same plant do not negatively affect each other nor the extent to which they control their prey. We argue that intraguild predation is reduced due to partial niche separation among predator species.     

Attraction of the predatory mites Typhlodromalus manihoti and Typhlodromalus aripo to cassava plants infested by cassava green mite

The attraction of the predatory mites, Typhlodromalus manihoti and Typhlodromalus aripo, to the host plant-spider mite complex, Manihot esculenta – Mononychellus tanajoa, was investigated with a Y-tube olfactometer. Factors examined included predator starvation period, several combinations of cassava leaf biomass and initial M. tanajoa infestations, M. tanajoa-damaged leaves with mites and/or their residues removed, M. tanajoa alone, and mechanically damaged cassava leaves. We found that females of T. manihoti and T. aripo were significantly attracted to M. tanajoa-infested cassava leaves when the predators were starved for 2, 6, or 10 h. Satiated T. aripo was significantly attracted to infested cassava leaves whereas satiated T. manihoti did not discriminate between infested and non-infested leaves. When a choice was given between either two or four leaves infested with 200 female M. tanajoa and an equivalent number of non-infested leaves, 2 h-starved T. manihoti and T. aripo were significantly attracted to each of the infested groups of cassava leaves. At a density of 12 female M. tanajoa per leaf on four leaves, 2 h-starved T. manihoti was still attracted to M. tanajoa-infested leaves whereas 2 h-starved T. aripo was not attracted. When a choice was given between non-infested cassava leaves and either infested leaves from which only M. tanajoa females had been removed, or infested leaves from which all M. tanajoa and their visible products (web, feces) had been wiped off, T. aripo preferred odors from both types of previously infested leaves. Typhlodromalus manihoti was only attracted to infested leaves from which the M. tanajoa females only had been removed. Finally, the two predators were not attracted to 400 female M. tanajoa on clean cotton wool or to mechanically wounded leaves. This supports the hypothesis that M. tanajoa damage induces volatile cues in cassava leaves that attract T. manihoti and T. aripo to M. tanajoa-infested leaves.     

Origin of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium in Bali and Papua,Indonesia

Global distributions of zoonotic pathogens have been strongly affected by the history of human dispersal and domestication of livestock. The pork tapeworm Taenia solium is distributed worldwide as the cause of neurocysticercosis, one of the most serious neglected tropical diseases. T. solium has been reported in Indonesia but only endemic to restricted areas such as Bali and Papua. Previous studies indicated the distinctiveness of a mitochondrial haplotype confirmed in Papua, but only one isolate has been examined to date. In this study, genetic characterization of T. solium and pigs in Bali and Papua was conducted to clarify the distributional history of the parasite. Mitochondrial haplotype network analysis clearly showed that Indonesian T. solium comprises a unique haplogroup which was the first to diverge among Asian genotypes, indicating its single origin and the fact that it was not introduced in the recent past from other area in Asia in which it is endemic. Although phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial D-loop revealed multiple origins of pigs in Bali and Papua, the majority of pigs belonged to the Pacific Clade, which is widely dispersed throughout the Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) and Oceania due to Neolithic human dispersal. Given the results of our network analysis, it is likely that the Pacific Clade pigs played a key role in the dispersal of T. solium. The data suggest that T. solium was introduced from mainland Asia into Western Indonesia, including Bali, by modern humans in the late Pleistocene, or in the early to middle Holocene along with the Pacific Clade pigs. Introduction into New Guinea most likely occurred in the late Holocene through the spread of Pacific Clade pigs. Over time, T. solium has been eradicated from most of Indonesia through the middle to modern ages owing to religious and cultural practices.     

Reconstructing the history of introduction and spread of the invasive species, Lantana, at three spatial scales in India

This study sought to reconstruct the history of Lantana invasion and spread in India by considering two questions; (a) from where, by who, and when were Lantana species introduced into India? and (b) given its long history in the country, is it still spreading or more or less stable? We critically evaluated the archival and historical information on plant imports by the European powers into India during the period before and after British colonization. We then reconstructed the path of spread by analyzing the spatio-temporal patterns of occurrence and distribution of Lantana in India at both the national and local scale using a GIS platform. The spread of Lantana across the globe started as early as the 1690s. The European colonial powers moved the plants from Latin America to Europe and to their colonial countries in the early 1800s. Lantana species were introduced in India from 1807 onwards and thereafter the colonial powers moved this plant across the country. Following its introduction into India, the spread of Lantana across the country, either through subsequent multiple introductions from Europe to different British cantonments, or through moving the plants between cantonments within India, were reasonably rapid spanning only a few decades. In the absence of a rigorous control program, the spread of Lantana has gone on unabated and thereby impacting both wildlife and biodiversity.     

Population genetic analyses of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine receptor transporter gene haplotypes reveal the evolutionary history of chloroquine-resistant malaria in India

Inferring the origin and dispersal of the chloroquine-resistant (CQR) malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is of academic and public health importance. The Pfcrt gene of P. falciparum is widely known as the CQR gene and two major haplotypes of this gene (CVIET and SVMNT) occur widely across CQR-endemic regions of the globe. In India, studies to date of the Pfcrt gene have indicated the widespread prevalence of the SVMNT haplotype (prevalent in the South America and Papua New Guinea), whereas the CVIET haplotype, primarily found in southeast Asia, was not detected at a high frequency in India. This distribution pattern of the two most common CQR-Pfcrt haplotypes in India is quite surprising. Thus, in order to understand probable evolutionary and migration patterns of the CQR-Pfcrt haplotypes into India, we generated new sequence data of exon 2 of the Pfcrt gene and collected published information on the CQR-Pfcrt haplotype data from India, Papua New Guinea, southeast Asia and South America, and performed several population and evolutionary genetic analyses. Among several interesting findings, statistically significant longitudinal clines for the CVIET and SVMNT haplotypes (in opposite directions) in India, and the clustering of India and Papua New Guinea under the SVMNT-specific clade in the phylogenetic tree, are the two most remarkable aspects of the data. It also appears that both the SVMNT and CVIET haplotypes in India have migrated from southeast Asia. In particular, whereas the Indian CVIET haplotype has a southeast Asian origin, the SVMNT haplotype, prevalent in India, seems to have originated in Papua New Guinea and entered India through southeast Asia.     

Plumatella mukaii,a new phylactolaemate bryozoan from Asia and South America

A new freshwater bryozoan species, Plumatella mukaii, is recognized from eastern Asia and western South America. Colonies and statoblasts both bear a resemblance to P. emarginata, and have often been confused with that species, especially in Japanese studies. Floatoblasts and sessoblasts are enclosed within a tough, wrinkled, membrane which resists removal by mechanical means. Floatoblasts are generally smaller than those of P. emarginata, but display unusually high variability in their overall dimensions. The species has been reported from both lentic and lotic habitats. In Asia, the range includes Japan, Korea, China, India and Indonesia. It has most recently also been found at several sites in Chile. The recognition of P. mukaii narrows the previously reported range of P. emarginata and invites a re-inspection of that species worldwide.     

Evaluating the efficacy of biological control of three exotic homopteran pests in tropical Africa

Techniques for evaluating biological control of cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero), mango mealybug (Rastrococcus invadens Williams), and spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus Russell) are described. In each case, two exotic hymenopterous parasitoids were introduced. Alone or together, they brought the pests under control, while indigenous and exotic coccinellids played a minor role. Control was achieved in large areas where the exotic parasitoid(s) had been present for more than 2–4 years. The impact was documented by (1) exclusion experiments; (2) long-term population dynamics studies; (3) laboratory and field experiments contributing to simulation models; and, most importantly, (4) quantitative results from large-scale surveys evaluated by multivariate analyses. In many countries, the main introduced parasitoid proved to be the most important factor contributing to the decline of the pest populations, recovery of plant growth and yields. Non-target species were only affected through the reduction in their food sources. The impact was scale-neutral, benefitting subsistence farmers and commercial farmers alike. The population reduction remained stable (in the order of ten times over outbreak levels). In economic terms, excluding ecological and health benefits, both theP. manihoti andR. invadens projects returned benefits to African farmers that amounted to a multiple of the research and implementation costs paid for by development agencies. Sound evaluation of the efficiency of biological control is considered to have been one of the pillars for the ultimate success of these projects.     

Release and establishment in Nigeria of Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti

The encyrtid wasp Epidinocarsis (= Apoanagyrus) lopezi (De Santis) was imported from Paraguay into Nigeria for the biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. It was mass-reared and released at four localities in Nigeria. The parasitoid is now established and it is dispersing throughout cassava growing areas of Nigeria.

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Libération et installation au Nigéria d'Epidinocarsis lopezi, parasitoïde de la cochenille du manioc Phenococcus manihoti

Résumé Epidinocarsis lopezi (Apoanagyrus) lopezi a été introduit du Paraguay au Nigéria pour lutter contre la cochenille du manioc, Phenacoccus manihoti. Il a été lâché dans quatre champs de manioc pour étudier son acclimatation et son installation au Nigéria. Trois ans après les lâchers, les résultats ont permis de conclure que E. lopezi s'est établi avec succès et se disperse dans la plupart des zones de culture du manioc au Nigeria; il a aussi survécu à trois saisons pluvieuses pendant lesquelles les populations de P. manihoti ont été très faibles. Quatorze mois après les premiers lâchers, cet encyrtide a été obtenu à environ 150 km du lieu de libération.

     

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is not invasive through Asia: It's been there all along

Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a highly polyphagous fruit fly which, in the last 15 years, has invaded (with or without establishment) Africa, Europe and North America. As a direct result of these invasions, there is increasing research interest in the invasion history and spread patterns of this fly. A statement being repeatedly used in the B. dorsalis invasion literature is that the species was first identified from Taiwan in 1912 and that it subsequently spread through South‐East and South Asia during the 20th century. This assumption is incorrect and stems from: (a) an incomplete knowledge of B. dorsalis taxonomic history; and (b) a confounding of first taxonomic record with first invasion record. Rather than being first detected in Taiwan in 1912, the first record of oriental fruit fly was from “East India” (India orientali) under the synonymous name of Musca ferruginea by Fabricius in 1794, and in the 1910s, it was known not only from Taiwan, but widely across tropical Asia with records from India, Burma, Bengal, Sri Lanka (as Ceylon), Singapore and Indonesia (multiple islands). The taxonomic literature is very clear that oriental fruit fly has not invaded the rest of Asia from Taiwan since 1912, and this error should not continue to be repeated in the literature.     

Infochemical-Mediated Niche Use by the Predatory Mites Typhlodromalus manihoti and T. aripo (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

In Africa, Typhlodromalus manihoti and T. aripo, two introduced predators of the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa, occupy different parts of cassava foliage. In the present study, niche use by these two predators, as mediated by prey-induced infochemicals, was investigated. In response to prey feeding damage, cassava plant parts emit volatile blends, that attract phytoseiidae predators. When given a choice between old cassava leaves infested with M. tanajoa and either apices or young cassava leaves infested with M. tanajoa, T. aripo displayed a marked preference for odors emitted from either infested apices or infested young leaves over infested old leaves but showed no preference for odors from apices versus young leaves, all infested with M. tanajoa. Typhlodromalus manihoti did not discriminate between volatiles from the three infested cassava plant parts. Our data show that T. aripo uses differences in volatile blends released by infested cassava plant parts and restricts its fundamental niche to a realized niche, which enables coexistence with its competitor T. manihoti.     

On the fauna and systematics of the Stenopelmatoidea (orthoptera) of indochina and some other territories: XI

19 new species of the subfamily Rhaphidophorinae (Stenopelmatoidea: Rhaphidophoridae) are described and illustrated. These species belong to the first group of the genus Rhaphidophora A.-Serv.; the material originates from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos and also from the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and India.     

Mapping Risk of Nipah Virus Transmission from Bats to Humans in Thailand

Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus that can pose a serious threat to human and livestock health. Old-world fruit bats (Pteropus spp.) are the natural reservoir hosts for NiV, and Pteropus lylei, Lyle’s flying fox, is an important host of NiV in mainland Southeast Asia. NiV can be transmitted from bats to humans directly via bat-contaminated foods (i.e., date palm sap or fruit) or indirectly via livestock or other intermediate animal hosts. Here we construct risk maps for NiV spillover and transmission by combining ecological niche models for the P. lylei bat reservoir with other spatial data related to direct or indirect NiV transmission (livestock density, foodborne sources including fruit production, and human population). We predict the current and future (2050 and 2070) distribution of P. lylei across Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Our best-fit model predicted that central and western regions of Thailand and small areas in Cambodia are currently the most suitable habitats for P. lylei. However, due to climate change, the species range is predicted to expand to include lower northern, northeastern, eastern, and upper southern Thailand and almost all of Cambodia and lower southern Vietnam. This expansion will create additional risk areas for human infection from P. lylei in Thailand. Our combined predictive risk maps showed that central Thailand, inhabited by 2.3 million people, is considered highly suitable for the zoonotic transmission of NiV from P. lylei. These current and future NiV transmission risk maps can be used to prioritize sites for active virus surveillance and developing awareness and prevention programs to reduce the risk of NiV spillover and spread in Thailand.

     

Clonality Despite Sex: The Evolution of Host-Associated Sexual Neighborhoods in the Pathogenic Fungus Penicillium marneffei

Molecular genetic approaches typically detect recombination in microbes regardless of assumed asexuality. However, genetic data have shown the AIDS-associated pathogen Penicillium marneffei to have extensive spatial genetic structure at local and regional scales, and although there has been some genetic evidence that a sexual cycle is possible, this haploid fungus is thought to be genetically, as well as morphologically, asexual in nature because of its highly clonal population structure. Here we use comparative genomics, experimental mixed-genotype infections, and population genetic data to elucidate the role of recombination in natural populations of P. marneffei. Genome wide comparisons reveal that all the genes required for meiosis are present in P. marneffei, mating type genes are arranged in a similar manner to that found in other heterothallic fungi, and there is evidence of a putatively meiosis-specific mutational process. Experiments suggest that recombination between isolates of compatible mating types may occur during mammal infection. Population genetic data from 34 isolates from bamboo rats in India, Thailand and Vietnam, and 273 isolates from humans in China, India, Thailand, and Vietnam show that recombination is most likely to occur across spatially and genetically limited distances in natural populations resulting in highly clonal population structure yet sexually reproducing populations. Predicted distributions of three different spatial genetic clusters within P. marneffei overlap with three different bamboo rat host distributions suggesting that recombination within hosts may act to maintain population barriers within P. marneffei.     

Revision of the genus Parasapyga Turner (Hymenoptera,Sapygidae), with the description of two new species

Two new species, Parasapyga boschi sp. n. from Vietnam and P. yvonnae sp. n. from Indonesia are described. Parasapyga walshae van der Vecht, 1940, is treated as a valid species instead of a subspecies of P. moelleri Turner, 1910. A key to the species of the genus is added and all species are illustrated.     

Evolutionary and dispersal history of Eurasian house mice Mus musculus clarified by more extensive geographic sampling of mitochondrial DNA

We examined the sequence variation of mitochondrial DNA control region and cytochrome b gene of the house mouse (Mus musculus sensu lato) drawn from ca. 200 localities, with 286 new samples drawn primarily from previously unsampled portions of their Eurasian distribution and with the objective of further clarifying evolutionary episodes of this species before and after the onset of human-mediated long-distance dispersals. Phylogenetic analysis of the expanded data detected five equally distinct clades, with geographic ranges of northern Eurasia (musculus, MUS), India and Southeast Asia (castaneus, CAS), Nepal (unspecified, NEP), western Europe (domesticus, DOM) and Yemen (gentilulus). Our results confirm previous suggestions of Southwestern Asia as the likely place of origin of M. musculus and the region of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India, specifically as the ancestral homeland of CAS. The divergence of the subspecies lineages and of internal sublineage differentiation within CAS were estimated to be 0.37–0.47 and 0.14–0.23 million years ago (mya), respectively, assuming a split of M. musculus and Mus spretus at 1.7 mya. Of the four CAS sublineages detected, only one extends to eastern parts of India, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Philippines, South China, Northeast China, Primorye, Sakhalin and Japan, implying a dramatic range expansion of CAS out of its homeland during an evolutionary short time, perhaps associated with the spread of agricultural practices. Multiple and non-coincident eastward dispersal events of MUS sublineages to distant geographic areas, such as northern China, Russia and Korea, are inferred, with the possibility of several different routes.     

Redescription of Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin, 1900 (Crustacea,Cladocera)

A rare species, Diaphanosoma celebensis (Stingelin, 1900) is redescribed from type material and material from the South of Vietnam. In comparative morphological aspect it is close to D. volzi, but it is relatively less specialized. D. celebensis is known from single locations in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam. It probably also occurs in Malaysia. The size frequency and sex structure of a population from Vietnam is described.