我国南方红壤区氮磷湿沉降对森林流域氮磷输出及水质的影响

持续高通量的氮、磷输入导致水体富营养化的问题已引起广泛关注。通过对江西省千烟洲香溪流域水样(常规水样,降雨后的地表径流以及雨水水样)的季节性监测,研究大气氮、磷湿沉降对森林流域氮、磷输出动态及水质的影响。结果表明:从2013年6月至2014年5月,香溪流域内氮、磷湿沉降通量分别为11.86 kg/hm~2和0.38 kg/hm~2,其中氮湿沉降主要集中在夏秋两季,占全年输入量的64%,而磷沉降主要集中在夏季,占全年输入量的43%,表现出明显的季节性差异;水体p H值(6.22—8.89)的变化范围较大,而且氮、磷的输出受土地管理(施肥方式)及降雨事件的影响较为明显,尤其在耕作期,总氮的输出量占全年氮输出总量的96.2%,而总磷的输出量占全年磷输出总量的61.4%;对4场不同强度降雨(按降雨强度从大到小)的氮、磷输出动态过程分析,发现不同强度的降雨对水体氮、磷的输出过程影响不同,在径流未形成前以及降雨强度达到暴雨级别时,降雨对流域水体氮、磷的稀释作用明显,而在大雨强度下水体磷的输出量明显高于其他降雨;研究期间,香溪流域内氮湿沉降对水体的贡献量为101.97 kg,磷湿沉降的贡献量为0.60 kg,4场降雨氮对流域水体的贡献量为4.46kg,占流域氮输出负荷的15.22%,磷对水体的贡献量为0.032kg,占流域磷输出负荷的0.85%。同时,根据营养状态指数(EI),发现流域水体全年处于中至富营养状态,而且研究期间水体氮、磷浓度均超过水体富营养化阈值(氮1.5 mg/L,磷0.15 mg/L),存在爆发水体富营养化的威胁。     

汤溪水库富营养化特征与水质管理对策

通过2003年对广东省汤溪水库水生态学进行调查,分析了该水库的富营养化特征,并从流域管理和水动力学两个方面对水库水质管理对策进行了探讨。汤溪水库为中度富营养化水体,具有明显时空分布差异,丰水期富营养程度高于枯水期,溪头河流区高于新桥河流区。蓝藻是水库浮游植物的主要优势类群,其中引发水华的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为优势种。水库上游集水流域分布近30万居民,大量的生活排污和农业污染形成了主要的外源污染源,这些外源污染的输入是水库水体营养盐的主要来源;合理处理上游居民生活垃圾、减少生活污染中磷含量、增加流域和库区周围植被覆盖、合理使用农业化肥是降低水库表层水体中营养盐浓度的主要途径。由于该水库的蓝藻和富营养化水平直接与水体的稳定性有关,利用对水库排水的可控制性调节水库水体的稳定性,可作为控制蓝藻水华发生的有效途径。     

太湖典型菜地土壤氮磷向水体径流输出与生态草带拦截控制

农业面源氮磷输出是导致太湖流域地表水富营养化主要原因之一,查明该地区农田土壤地表径流氮磷向水体迁移形态与通量,并实施径流控制,对水体富营养化治理具有重要现实意义。蔬菜地是太湖流域重要的农业种植方式。通过设置野外径流小区,观测了春夏季蔬菜地土壤氮磷径流输出,并探讨了生态拦截草带对径流中不同形态氮磷拦截效果。结果表明,2004年10月25日至2005年8月17日,菜地土壤氮磷径流输出总量分别为3 010.9和695.0 g.hm-2;其中颗粒态为主,分别占64%和75%。可溶态氮中,NH4 -N为主,占50%,可溶态磷中H2PO4-为主,占87%。生态拦截草带对径流氮和磷拦截效率分别为42%~91%,30%~92%。生态草带对颗粒态氮磷拦截效率大于可溶态。拦截草带可有效地控制蔬菜地土壤氮、磷通过径流向水体迁移。     

密云水库上游流域土地利用与地表径流营养物的关系

定量刻画土地利用与水体营养物浓度的关系,有助于指导流域土地利用管理,以控制水体富营养化.以往研究较多关注土地利用的数量结构,对其强度、空间分布等刻画相对不足.本研究以密云水库上游流域为例,基于覆盖全流域52个子流域的水质采样,通过遥感解译和空间计算,提取土地利用强度、所处坡度、与河道及监测断面距离以及位置邻接关系等信息,构建土地利用与总氮、总磷和化学需氧量浓度的多元线性回归方程.结果表明: 土地利用与总氮、总磷和化学需氧量浓度回归方程的决定系数由未纳入任何信息的0.294、0.471和0.223分别增加到0.532、0.685和0.489,显著提高了模型的解释能力.在厘定每一空间位置土地利用对监测断面营养物浓度贡献率的基础上,比较与河道不同迁移路径距离下土地利用对营养物浓度的平均累积贡献率及面积累计百分比,确定了距离河道1 km范围内的河岸带为水体富营养化的关键控制范围.最后提出了优化农田施肥管理、加强牲畜粪便处理、建设林地过滤带和河岸缓冲带等水质污染控制和调控的措施建议.     

北京市北环水系富营养化因子分析

以北京市北环水系水体为例,利用聚类分析将研究区分为河流子系统和湖泊子系统.因子分析表明,河流子系统第一主成分富营养元素为总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH₄-N),第二主成分为温度(T)和溶解氧(DO);湖泊子系统第一主成分为总氮和氨氮,第二主成分为总磷、酸碱度(pH)、透明度(SD)和温度,第三主成分为溶解氧和叶绿素a(Chla),表明研究区的水体富营养化主要由富营养盐负荷引起.结合逐步回归分析方法,建立富营养水平预测回归模型,根据模型自变量选择证明河流子系统富营养化特征为磷限制型,湖泊子系统为氮限制型.从水量和水质上对营养盐浓度负荷变化分析表明,研究区年最小生态环境用水为4872×10⁴m³,1990～1998年,除1998年外,现实的生态环境需水均不能满足需求.随着流域人口的不断增长,生活污水、城市径流和固体废弃物淋溶液中营养物质进入水体,研究区营养盐浓度负荷有随时间不断增长的趋势,针对这种趋势提出了应对措施.     

人工沉床对富营养化河道净化效果及水体微生物群落的影响

对于透明度低、富营养化严重的河道,难以直接在河底种植沉水植物净化水质。通过构建穗花狐尾藻人工沉床系统,对上海临港一典型富营养化河道进行生态修复。结果表明：人工沉床可通过沉水植物吸收和改变微生物群落结构及多样性,达到脱氮除磷、提高水体透明度效果。沉床修复30 d后,水体透明度升高了152.2%,水体叶绿素a浓度降低了87.4%,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH₃-N)和活性磷(PO₄^3--P)浓度平均去除率分别为61.0%、76.4%、91.8%和76.6%,与对照区差异显著(P<0.05)。修复后水体微生物多样性提高,改变了门、属水平群落结构以及水体氮处理细菌结构,提高了磷处理细菌丰度;冗余分析进一步表明,TP、NH₃-N、NO₃^--N和PO₄^3--P是导致沉床修复不同时期水体门水平群落结构差异的主要驱动因子,变形菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门与TP、NH₃-N、PO₄     

菰和菖蒲对富营养化水体净化效率的比较

研究了菰〔Zizania latifolia(Griseb.)Stapf〕、菖蒲(Acorus calamusL.)及它们的复合体系对富营养化水体的净化效果。结果表明,菰和菖蒲在供试富营养化水体中均能正常生长,二者单独种植体系或等量混合种植体系对富营养化水体均有一定的净化能力。单独种植的菰和菖蒲及二者的混合种植体系对供试水体中总氮的去除率分别为92.8%、92.7%和94.9%;对氨氮的去除率分别为95.5%、97.4%和96.6%;对总磷的去除率分别为83.9%、94.3%和84.7%;对CODCr的去除率分别为83.0%、85.5%和86.7%。单独种植的菖蒲对总磷的去除效果明显好于单独种植的菰和二者的混合种植体系。菰和菖蒲的混合种植体系对富营养化水体的净化效果与单独种植体系无明显差异。     

陕西省西坡村农果复合生态经济系统能量流特征

以陕西省淳化县西坡村农果复合系统为例,对比分析了2008和2010年农业、果业、畜牧业、人类子系统的能流路径、能流投入、产出结构和能量循环指数.结果表明： 2008-2010年间,研究区农果复合系统总投入下降了1.6%,总产出却增长了56.7%,产投比增加了594%.各子系统(农业子系统、果业子系统、畜牧业子系统和人类子系统)的能量产投比分别增长了36.6%、21.0%、10.0%和3.8%;西坡村仍需坚持“稳定农业、发展畜牧业和强化果业”的发展方针,以促进农果复合系统的发展和优化升级.     

减少农业对水体污染的对策与措施

水体富营养化是一个全球关注的问题。逐渐增加的化肥施用量和畜禽养殖业产生的粪便进一步引起营养流失,进而产生了N、P营养物质的不平衡。因此农业面源污染已被视为水体富营养化的主要污染源。本文简要地概述了农业面源污染对造成水体富营养化的危害,同时介绍了国内外防治农业面源污染的主要措施,包括面源控制措施和转移转化措施。指出了建立稳定、和谐与良性循环的农业生态系统是治理农业面源污染的长久之计。     

水体富营养化过程中氧含量变化问题探讨

随着经济的进一步发展 ,大量含氧、磷肥料的生产和使用、食品加工、畜产品加工等造成的工业废水和大量城市生活废水 ,特别是含磷洗涤剂产生的污水未经处理即行排放 ,使海水、湖水中富含氮、磷等植物营养物质 ,称为水体富营养化。在富营养化的水体中 ,由于有了充足的养料保证 ,藻类等浮游植物一有适宜条件即大量繁殖。此时鱼类等生物的消费能力 (以藻类为食 )赶不上藻类的繁殖速度 ,水中藻类越长越多 ,它使水中氮含量减少 ,导致水中的鱼类等生物大量死亡。在教学过程中 ,发现有许多学生错误认为藻类疯长 ,应该是光合作用增强 ,产生氧气量增多…     

Quantifying Phosphorus Flow Pathways Through Socioeconomic Systems at the County Level in China

Phosphorus (P) is a key factor in aquatic eutrophication, and P contamination has become a common issue worldwide. Many developing countries, including China, have made great efforts in the anti‐P contamination battle. In this article we mainly discuss the P flow in Wuwei, a typical county in China with insufficient wastewater treatment, using the method of static substance flow analysis. We show that characterizing P metabolic pathways and flows at the county level can provide useful information about P pollution. Through complex calculations, we found that Wuwei County released 3,552 metric tons (t) of P into the local aquatic environment in 2008 and that its P load (3.35 kilograms P per capita per year [kg P/cap/yr] or 19.43 kilograms P per hectare per year [kg‐P/ha/yr]) was greater than both the adjoining counties’ and Chaohu City's average levels combined. The agricultural subsystem discharged the largest quantity of P (2,572 t) and had a relatively low production conversion efficiency (32%) and P waste recycling rate (36%). The rural residential and small‐scale livestock breeding systems also accounted for substantial portions of P discharge. Anti‐P contamination efforts should consequently focus on those three subsystems. Based on the results of this case study, we also discuss the feasibility of potential efforts to reduce P contamination.     

Global Phosphorus Flows in the Industrial Economy From a Production Perspective

Human activity has quadrupled the mobilization of phosphorus (P), a nonrenewable resource that is not fully recycled biologically or industrially. P is accumulated in both water and solid waste due to fertilizer application and industrial, agricultural, and animal P consumption. This paper characterizes the industrial flows, which, although smaller than the agricultural and animal flows, are an important phosphorus source contributing to the pollution of surface waters. We present the quantification of the network of flows as constrained by mass balances of the global annual metabolism of phosphorus, based on global consumption for 2004, all of which eventually ends up as waste and in the soil and water systems. We find that on a yearly basis, 18.9 million metric tons (MMT) of P is produced, of which close to 75% goes to fertilizer and the rest to industrial and others uses. Phosphoric acid is the precursor for many of the intermediate and end uses of phosphate compounds described in this study and accounts for almost 80% of all P consumed. Eventually, all of the P goes to waste: 18.5 MMT ends up in the soil as solid waste, and 1.32 MMT is emissions to air and water. Besides quantifying P flows through our economy, we also consider some possible measures that could be taken to increase the degree of recovery and optimization of this resource and others that are closely related, such as the recovery of sulfur from gypsum and wastewater (sludge), and fluorine from wet phosphoric acid production.     

喀左县农业生态系统能流的研究

本文根据辽宁省西部一个典型具(喀左县)农业生态系统的调查,分析该系统八十年代初期基本特征,进而提出改善该农业生态系统的措施。 整个系统由七个组分(或亚系统)组成(农田、牲畜、果园、人工林、人工草地、天然灌丛草地、当地居民)。作者根据有关统计数据和调查资料估算出该系统1981—1983年期间年平均流量,其中包括流入和流出能量以及系统内各组分之间的能流量。最后讨论了调整畜牧业结构,提高工业能量、生物质能量利用率和林分改造等问题。     

Nitrogen exchanges: testing the hypothesis of a country without agricultural production

Today, finding data on agricultural nitrogen balances is quite easy. Calculations of such balances are carried out by most of the European countries as an indicator of environmental pollution attributable to the agricultural sector. In France, average values of agricultural nitrogen balances show an excess of 1.5 to 2 million tons of nitrogen. This excess is enormous. What would the balance of a country be if agricultural activity were stopped? In the following article, a country (France is used as an example) without agriculture is studied in order to assess its nitrogen balance. Using a previously published model describing nitrogen input and output of a given country, nitrogen flows are identified. Inputs include deposition, fixation, and products not intended for agricultural use. Outputs are reduced to zero if agriculture disappears (in France, agriculture is the only sector exporting products containing nitrogen). All flows are calculated considering the hypothesis of disappearance of agriculture. Nitrogen requirements to feed people and pets in France are estimated based on medical and veterinary data (recommended daily amounts for proteins and/or usual average consumption). Indeed, most of the food that nourishes the French population is produced nationally. If agriculture stops, it will be necessary to import food from foreign countries. Results show an unexpectedly high excess (for a country without agriculture having a structure similar to France: number of human beings and pets) of 1.5 million tons of nitrogen. An attempt to calculate an agricultural balance with the same data gives a result close to 3 million tons. Differences in French agricultural balances found in the literature can mainly be explained by values taken into account for deposition and fixation (values used here are at least 300,000 tons higher than values used by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). In conclusion, nitrogen excess in agriculture is partly due to social demand; agriculture does not only produce food but also includes many other functions (landscape management, employment, and preservation of culture, for example). As a consequence, efforts that do not involve suppressing agriculture should be made to figure out alternative ways of production.     

城市化背景下白洋淀入湖营养盐负荷模拟研究

过量的营养盐输入导致白洋淀富营养化程度较高。雄安新区建设伴随着快速城镇化进程,将可能进一步增加入湖营养盐负荷。为摸清新区建设背景下白洋淀入湖营养盐负荷的变化趋势及削减量,基于入湖营养盐负荷模型计算了历史不同时期（1995-2015年）白洋淀入湖营养盐盐负荷,预测了土地利用、农业管理和污水处理系统变化下入湖营养盐负荷的变化趋势。结果表明,白洋淀历史时期入湖总氮和总磷年平均负荷分别为2018 t和313 t,主要来源分别是耕地和畜禽粪便排放。就土地利用变化而言,以2010年为基准,2050年白洋淀入湖总氮和总磷负荷在建设用地快速增长（RAP）情景下增长率最高,分别增长了56%和60%,主要原因在于城镇人口增加,从而增加了畜禽需求量和生活污水排放。就农业管理而言,削减化肥使用有利于降低入湖总氮负荷,控制畜禽粪便排放更有利于入湖总磷负荷的降低。2050年,生活污水将成为白洋淀入湖营养盐的重要来源,因此,在制定未来社会经济发展路径时,应重点提高农村地区生活污水收集率和处理效率。PCLake模型对不同入湖负荷下湖泊营养状态演变的模拟发现,削减入湖总磷负荷是白洋淀水质恢复的关键。白洋淀水质达到III类和IV类标准时,入湖总磷负荷阈值分别为2.1和2.6 mg P m^-2 d^-1。在建设用地快速增长情景下,若使白洋淀水质达到III类标准,入湖总磷负荷应减少131 t。     

城市居民食物磷素消费变化及其环境负荷——以厦门市为例

城市磷代谢不但关系到居民食品安全,还影响到城市生态系统的环境质量.快速的城市化进程及由此带来的居民生活水平的提高,会改变食物消费的数量、质量和结构,从而对城市磷代谢产生重要影响.分析了1988-2010年厦门市经食物消费进入城市系统的磷素变化动态,在此基础上对人均食物磷消费量与相关社会经济因子进行了Spearman相关分析,并计算了居民食物磷素消费的环境负荷.研究结果表明:(1)随着厦门城市化进程的推进,食物磷素消费总量波动上升;人均食物磷素消费量呈M型变化,两个峰值分别出现在1998年和2003年;高磷含量食物如奶制品、水产品,在人均食物磷素消费量中所占比例剧增,分别由0.3％和6.8％上升至14.9％和15.5％.(2)人均粮食磷素消费量与恩格尔系数、平均家庭人口数呈高度正相关,与人均可支配收入、食物价格指数以及具有大学学历以上人口比重呈高度负相关;而植物油、瓜果、畜禽肉、蛋类、奶类和水产品磷素消费量则与粮食所呈现的相关性相反.(3)随着食物磷素消费总量的增加,磷素的环境负荷总量也呈剧增趋势,尤其进入土壤的磷素量剧烈上升,所占比例由59.7％增至85.1％,这可能与禁磷措施的实行、污水处理率的提高、处理工艺的改进等有关.     

Global Phosphorus Flows and Environmental Impacts from a Consumption Perspective

Human activities have significantly intensified natural phosphorus cycles, which has resulted in some serious environmental problems that modern societies face today. This article attempts to quantify the global phosphorus flows associated with present day mining, farming, animal feeding, and household consumption. Various physical characteristics of the related phosphorus fluxes as well as their environmental impacts in different economies, including the United States, European countries, and China, are examined. Particular attention is given to the global phosphorus budget in cropland and the movement and transformation of phosphorus in soil, because these phosphorus flows, in association with the farming sector, constitute major fluxes that dominate the anthropogenic phosphorus cycle. The results show that the global input of phosphorus to cropland, in both inorganic and organic forms from various sources, cannot compensate for the removal in harvests and in the losses by erosion and runoff. A net loss of phosphorus from the world's cropland is estimated at about 10.5 million metric tons (MMT) phosphorus each year, nearly one half of the phosphorus extracted yearly.     

Water pollution control by aquatic vegetation of treatment wetlands

Supplying polluted river water to nature reserves in The Netherlands often leads to eutrophication of the reserve. The eutrophication can be caused directly by the high nutrient input (external eutrophication) or indirectly by altering nutrient availability due to changes in nutrient desorption or mineralization. This paper investigates the potential of a ditch system that is tested for its potential to improve the water quality of polluted river water prior to supplying to the wet meadow reserve De Meije in The Netherlands. Concentrations of the macro-ions chloride, sulphate, calcium and bicarbonate in the polluted river water were much higher than original background values, measured in the reserve. During transport of the river water through the ditch system, no decline was observed in the concentrations of these macro-ions. The phosphorus concentration, however, decreased along the flow path and was significantly negatively correlated with the distance from the inlet point. High phosphorus removal occurred in a stretch of the ditch system where submerged and free floating species such as Fontinalis antipyretica and Lemna trisulca were dominant. The N: P ratio of F. antipyretica was especially low (N : P < 5) at sampling stations where high phosphorus concentrations were measured. The high N: P ratio indicated a luxury consumption of phosphorus. With decreasing phosphorus concentrations, the N: P ratio of F. antipyretica increased to a maximum of N: P = 25. The nutrient budget of the ditch system showed that supply of river water was the main input of phosphorus (12 kg P) whereas the main inputs of nitrogen of the ditch system were atmospheric deposition (66 kg N) and leaching from the wet meadows (44 kg N). For both nutrients, harvesting the aquatic vegetation in September was the main removal mechanism from the ditch system with 92 kg of nitrogen (80% of the annual input N) and 14 kg of phosphorus (95% of the annual P input) removed. It was concluded that the ditch system with aquatic vegetation could successfully remove nutrients from polluted river water. The concentrations of macro-ions, however, are not influenced by the ditch systems and internal eutrophication due to changes in adsorption or mineralization may still occur.     

长三角平原区县域土壤磷素流失风险及其空间不确定性的快速评估

磷素是水体富营养化的关键限制因子,其中从农田土壤中流失的磷往往是水体磷素的主要来源。然而,土壤磷素的流失风险不仅与土壤磷素水平直接相关,其他环境因子,如距受纳水体距离、磷肥施用量、地表径流潜力等也强烈影响其流失风险。同时,基于有限样本预测得到的流失风险必然具有一定的空间不确定性。以长三角典型县域金坛区为研究案例,首先结合多个环境因子构建快速磷指数(RPI)评估模型,再利用稳健地统计学方法识别土壤全磷的空间离群值,并利用序贯高斯模型(SGS)模拟土壤全磷可能的空间分布格局,最后将其多个可能的模拟结果及上述主要因子输入到RPI模型,用以快速评估土壤磷素流失风险及其空间不确定性。结果显示,金坛区土壤磷素流失的高风险区和土壤全磷高值区分布格局在研究区北部、中部具有一定的相似性,而在中西部的旱地区两者出现差异性。高风险区主要沿着河流呈现条带状及斑块状分布,较高及以上风险区(快速磷指数值大于0.93)的面积占金坛区面积的65.88%。概率阈值分别设定为0.50、0.75、0.85、0.95时,其超标面积占金坛区总面积分别达到16.71%、5.74%、2.84%、1.04%。引入多个相关环境因子并结合经稳健处理的SGS进行流失风险指数的空间模拟和不确定性评估,可以快速评估区域农田土壤磷素流失风险及不确定性,进而为区域土壤磷素调控提供必要的空间决策支持。     

Eutrophication: An ecological vision

The present review deals with the studies conducted on the impact of phosphorus on growth of aquatic plants causing eutrophication in well-known water bodies the world over. The review covers the definition and concept of eutrophication and the adverse effects on quality and ecosystem functioning. The eutrophication of several water bodies leads to significant changes in the structure and function of the aquatic ecosystem. Several activities of human interest, including navigation and power generation, are hampered. A large number of lakes in the United States, Europe, and Asia have recently been found to be highly eutrophic. Water, the precious fluid, is not uniformly distributed throughout the surface of the earth. Most of the water bodies world over are surrounded with densely populated human settlement areas and agricultural fields. The size of smaller water bodies in human settlement areas is on the decrease with rise in population. After treatment, a large quantity of sewage from the households is regularly discharged into the water bodies. The runoff brings down fertilizers and other chemicals from agricultural fields. The phosphorus contained in these effluents is known to promote excessive growth of plants. This review is an account of the role, sources, and monitoring of phosphorus, as well as its cycle. The natural phosphorus cycle originating from the weathering of phosphate rock is now a two-way operation, due to significant addition of phosphorus from anthropogenic sources. The detergents that are the major source of phosphorus inputs into water bodies (through sewage and drainage systems) have been thoroughly discussed. The major part of detergents comprises builders containing polyphosphate salts. An environment-friendly and effective synthetic builder is yet to be developed to replace existing phosphorus containing builders of detergents. The utility of the alternative builders available has been reviewed. Nitrogen has also been reported to affect the phytoplankton production in eutrophic waters in temperate regions. Several environmental factors have also been found to add to the problem of eutrophication in addition to nutrients. Several limiting factors—namely, CO₂ level, temperature, pH, light, and dissolved oxygen—are known to affect eutrophic water bodies. Eutrophication not only results in algal bloom but also affects wetland plants and activates early onset of natural succession at a relatively faster rate. Some of the plant species reported and studied world over are the best indicators of the level of eutrophication. The studies on the change in structure, function, and diversity of the ecosystem have been used as parameters to assess the level of eutrophication. In several countries adequate control measures have been adopted in to control eutrophication. But these measures were found to be only partially effective in controlling the phosphorus unloading in water bodies. In this review some control measures are suggested, with emphasis on biological control. The review concludes by taking into account the ecological prospective of the water—the precious fluid and a basis of life on the earth.