秦岭火地塘林区土壤大孔隙分布特征及对导水性能的影响

大孔隙广泛分布于森林土壤中,是定量研究与土壤水分运动有关的重要因素,其研究可深化森林涵养水源机理的认识。基于田间持水量到饱和含水量之间的土壤孔隙作为大孔隙的标准,利用土壤水分穿透曲线和Poiseulle方程研究了秦岭火地塘林区森林土壤大孔隙分布特征及其对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明,林区土壤大孔隙当量孔径主要分布在0.3—3.8 mm之间;当量孔径1.5 mm的大孔隙密度较小,其数量仅占大孔隙总数量的5.37%;各当量孔径的大孔隙密度随土层分布基本呈现为上层大、下层小的特点,且垂直分布差异显著,其与有机质含量分布有极显著的相关性。0—60 cm土层大孔隙平均面积比顺序为:针阔混交林油松林落叶阔叶林华山松林。不同当量孔径的大孔隙密度与饱和导水率呈显著正相关关系,当量孔径大于1.5 mm的大孔隙密度决定了饱和导水率84%的变异;大孔隙率平均在1.6%—13.3%之间,当其小于5%时,饱和导水率随着大孔隙率增大而增大。     

三峡库区森林土壤大孔隙特征及对饱和导水率的影响

土壤大孔隙是土体内孔径较大能优先传导水分的根孔、洞穴或裂隙,大孔隙内优先流的产生是土壤水分运动研究由均衡走向非均衡的标志。利用原状土柱的水分穿透试验,对三峡库区山地不同林型覆盖下土壤的大孔隙结构进行了研究,分析了温性阔叶林棕壤、针阔混交林黄棕壤、暖性针叶林黄壤及弃耕草地剖面内大孔隙的剖面分布特征及其对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:研究区内森林土壤的大孔隙当量孔径在0.3—3 mm之间,占土壤总体积的0.15%—4.72%。大孔隙中孔径0.3—0.6 mm的大孔隙密度最大,占大孔隙总数量的72.2%—90.4%;而孔径1 mm的孔隙仅占大孔隙总数量的1.26%—8.55%。土壤大孔隙密度和大孔隙面积比的顺序为:温性阔叶林棕壤针阔混交林黄棕壤针叶林黄壤弃耕坡地。各孔径段的大孔隙密度在不同样点均呈现A层-B层-C层逐渐减小的趋势,大孔隙密度与有机质含量呈显著正相关关系。土壤饱和导水率与不同孔径大孔隙的密度、面积比均成显著正相关关系,孔径1mm的大孔隙仅占大孔隙总数量的1.26%—8.55%,但决定了饱和导水率84.7%的变异。此外,森林土壤饱和导水率与各土壤层的有机质含量成显著正相关关系,有机质的增多有利于改善土壤的入渗性能。     

四面山阔叶林土壤大孔隙特征与优先流的关系

为研究土壤大孔隙数量、分布特征与优先流发生之间的关系,在使用亮蓝染色法划分林地优先流发生区域基础上,利用穿透曲线理论方法,对重庆四面山典型亚热带阔叶林土壤剖面染色和未染色区域内的土壤大孔隙进行了量化分析.结果表明：研究林地土壤剖面内大孔隙半径多在0.3～3.0 mm,大孔隙率为6.3%～10.5%,随着土壤深度的增加,大孔隙呈现出聚集态的分布特征.各孔径范围内,染色区域的土壤大孔隙数量较未染色区域高出约1个数量级.半径＞0.3 mm,尤其是半径＞1.5 mm的大孔隙数量,是影响林地优先流发生的主要通道.森林土壤0.3～3.0 mm孔径范围内,大孔隙数量与其对应的土壤水分稳定出流速率呈显著的正相关关系,其中在0.7～1.5 mm和1.5～3.0 mm孔径范围内大孔隙数量与稳定出流速率相关程度最大,相关系数分别为0.842和0.879.发生优先流的染色区内大孔隙联通状况优于未染色区,两区中1.5～3.0 mm孔径范围内的联通大孔隙数量差异最大,相差78.3%.染色区内大孔隙数量随土壤深度的增加逐渐减少,“漏斗”状的孔隙分布特征可以形成有效的水压梯度,有利于水分优先运移.     

干湿交替对红河干旱河谷区土壤优先流形成特征的影响

为明确干旱河谷气候区干湿交替作用对土壤优先流形成的影响,本研究以红河干旱河谷区的荒草地为对象,通过模拟干湿交替的方法,基于染色示踪和水分穿透曲线试验并利用图像处理技术,对比分析模拟前后土壤优先流特征的差异性规律。结果表明: 模拟干湿交替条件下基质流发生区在0~10 cm土层,染色深度高达35 cm,其优先路径的水平宽度仅为3～10 cm,且染色面积曲线波动小。模拟干湿交替条件导致土壤稳定出流速率、大孔隙数量和大孔隙率明显增加,在0~20 cm土层,实施干湿交替后的土壤稳定出流速率较非干湿交替条件高约0.27 cm³·s^-1,染色区的大孔隙数量增加约1.4倍,大孔隙率则高13.4%。大孔隙数量与稳定出流速率呈极显著正相关,模拟干湿交替后大孔隙数量从大到小依次为: 0.6～0.8 mm＞0.8～1.0 mm＞1.0～1.5 mm＞1.5～2.0 mm＞2.0～3.7 mm,非干湿交替条件下为: 0.8～1.0 mm＞0.6～0.8 mm＞1.0～1.5 mm＞2.0～3.7 mm＞1.5～2.0 mm。各孔径范围的大孔隙数量与染色面积比呈极显著相关关系,经过模拟干湿交替处理后,其相关性增大,且影响优先流发生的主导因素由孔径1.5～2.0 mm的大孔隙数量变为孔径0.8～1.0 mm的大孔隙数量。干湿交替作用会通过影响大孔隙特征进而导致土壤更易发生优先流且程度增强。     

土壤大孔隙流研究现状与发展趋势

大孔隙流方面的研究是土壤水运动机理由均质走向非均质领域的标志而成为土壤物理学学目前的研究热点,研究成果对评估土壤污染物风险、确定灌溉、施肥、以及种植作物方案等提供理论依据。围绕大孔隙的分类标准、大孔隙流的影响因素、土壤大孔隙流量化方法3个方面综合介绍了土壤大孔隙流的研究现状,指出目前研究中存在的不足以及今后的发展趋势。旨在为深入研究大孔隙流提供新的思路及参考。     

非饱和土壤水力参数的模型及确定方法

土壤水力参数的选取和确定是土壤中水分运动和污染物迁移预测的基础,本文在国内外研究成果的基础上,综述了土壤水力参数的模型(土壤水分特征曲线模型、土壤导水率模型)及其直接测定法和间接推求法,并比较了土壤水力参数的模型及确定方法的适用性与局限性,以便为生态环境建设和农业可持续发展研究中土壤水力参数的选取提供依据。     

岷江上游森林土壤大孔隙特征及其对水分出流速率的影响

大孔隙是森林土壤中常见的现象 ,对土壤壤中流的产生有重要的影响。但由于大孔隙研究方法的不成熟 ,各种方法得到的大孔隙半径范围并不一致。一般认为田间持水量和饱和含水量之间的土壤孔隙为大孔隙 ,利用水分穿透曲线和 Poiseuille方程研究了岷江上游不同植被下土壤的大孔隙状况 ,这种方法一方面与传统的研究方法相衔接 ,另一方面所得到的大孔隙与土壤水分运动有关 ,反映了土壤大孔隙的研究目的 ,因而是一种相对合理的研究方法。岷江上游几种主要植被下土壤大孔隙半径主要集中于 0 .3～ 2 .4 mm之间 ,平均在 0 .4 8～ 1.17mm之间 ,均值为 0 .84 mm,均方差为 0 .2 2 6 ;且随着剖面的发育表现出上部土层多 ,下部土层少的特点。同时 ,半径在 2 .4～ 1.4 m m之间的特大孔隙较少 ,<1.0 m m的小孔隙较多。大孔隙的平均半径对于水分出流速率有重要的影响 ,特别是半径 >1.4 mm的孔隙数量影响最大 ,虽然其数量仅占大孔隙数量的 5 %以下 ,但决定了稳定出流速率 70 %的变异。大孔隙所占过水断面的最高比例为 2 1.2 2 % ,最低为 2 .6 % ;在大孔隙所占过水断面的比例小于 2 0 %的条件下 ,稳定出流速率随大孔隙的增多而增大     

连栽桉树人工林土壤大孔隙特征及其对饱和导水率的影响

速生人工林多代连栽容易导致土地水源涵养能力下降。土壤大孔隙以优先流的形式补充地下水,是定量研究土壤水分运动的重要指标。以连栽1-4代桉树人工纯林为研究对象（记录为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ）,采用水分穿透曲线法,绘制水分穿透曲线,结合Poiseulle方程计算出大孔隙数量、半径及饱和导水率等指标,对土壤大孔隙特征及其对饱和导水率的影响进行研究。结果表明：（1）桉树人工林土壤的出流速率总体表现先匀速增加后趋于稳定,稳定出流速率总体表现为I > II > III > IV。（2）大孔隙半径范围在0.3-1.5 mm,主要集中于0.4-0.6 mm,随土层深度增加显著减小（P<0.05）。大孔隙数量范围在3.56×10⁴-4.81×10⁵个/m²。随着连栽代次的增加,大孔隙孔径范围变小,同一孔径范围的大孔隙数量减少。土壤容重与大孔隙特征呈极显著负相关关系;有机质含量与大孔隙特征呈极显著正相关关系。（3）各样地土壤饱和导水率范围在0.41-4.50 mm/min,并随着连栽代次增加而降低。将大孔隙的总数量、平均体积与土壤饱和导水率进行线性拟合,拟合方程为：y=ax+b=,（R²>0.66）。综上,随着桉树人工林连栽代次的增加,土壤大孔隙孔径范围缩小、同等半径的大孔隙数量减少,饱和导水率降低,土壤入渗及导水性能减弱,容易造成水土流失。     

土壤无机CO_2通量(R_(io))研究进展

土壤无机CO_2通量(R_(io))是土壤CO_2通量(R_s)的重要组分,当前对土壤CO_2通量多基于完全来自有机源的假设,忽略无机过程影响的研究影响了碳循环过程及源汇评估的科学性和准确性。对R_(io)分离方法、特征与影响因素、形成机制等方面的研究进行了归纳总结。1)目前R_(io)分离方法主要有氯化汞灭菌法、加热法、高压灭菌法和~(13)C同位素法,不同的分离方法均具有一定的局限性,且研究成果之间的差异性较大降低了其可比性;2)特定研究地区R_(io)能够主导或暂时主导R_s的方向和大小,且变化特征受温度、含水量、pH、盐分和土壤粒径等因子的影响较大;3)形成机制主要有碳酸盐系统的溶解/沉淀、地下孔穴储藏与通风作用两大观点。在此基础上,针对今后的研究方向提出如下建议:1)探究更通用、简便和精确的分离措施并进行标准化,提高不同研究结果之间的可比性;2)进一步拓展研究的区域和范围,形成基于多生态系统的数据网络;3)深入探究土壤无机碳循环过程,为正确判定陆地生态系统碳源汇功能提供参考;4)加强对土壤R_(io)在生态系统中作用的研究,为寻找全球"碳失汇"提供更为科学的解释。     

六盘山典型植被下土壤大孔隙特征

利用水分穿透曲线法和Poiseuille方程研究了六盘山8种典型植被类型下土壤大孔隙的半径与密度特征.结果表明:研究区典型植被下土壤大孔隙半径在0.4~2.3 mm,加权平均半径为0.57~1.21 mm,平均值为0.89 mm;大孔隙密度变化范围为57~1117个.dm-2,平均408个.dm-2;半径>1.4 mm的大孔隙密度较小,其数量仅占大孔隙总数量的6.86%;大孔隙面积与土柱水分出流面积的百分比(简称土壤大孔隙面积比)介于0.76%~31.26%,平均为10.82%.研究区土壤大孔隙密度为阔叶林大于针叶林,亚高山草甸与阔叶林相当,灌丛与针叶林相当;土壤大孔隙面积比为阔叶林高于针叶林,灌丛与阔叶林相当,亚高山草甸与针叶林相当.     

Differentiation of soil properties related to the spatial association of wheat roots and soil macropores

Under certain soil conditions, e.g. hardsetting clay B-horizons of South-Eastern Australia, wheat plants do not perform as well as would be expected given measurements of bulk soil attributes. In such soils, measurement indicates that a large proportion (80%) of roots are preferentially located in the soil within 1 mm of macropores. This paper addresses the question of whether there are biological and soil chemical effects concomitant with this observed spatial relationship. The properties of soil manually dissected from the 1–3 mm wide region surrounding macropores, the macropore sheath, were compared to those that are measured in a conventional manner on the bulk soil. Field specimens of two different soil materials were dissected to examine biological differentiation. To ascertain whether the macropore sheath soil differs from rhizosphere soil, wheat was grown in structured and repacked cores under laboratory conditions. The macropore sheath soil contained more microbial biomass per unit mass than both the bulk soil and the rhizosphere. The bacterial population in the macropore sheath was able to utilise a wider range of carbon substrates and to a greater extent than the bacterial population in the corresponding bulk soil. These differences between the macropore sheath and bulk soil were almost non-existent in the repacked cores. Evidence for larger numbers of propagules of the broad host range fungus Pythium in the macropore sheath soil were also obtained. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Macropore sheath: quantification of plant root and soil macropore association

Plants require roots to supply water, nutrients and oxygen for growth. The spatial distribution of roots in relation to the macropore structure of the soil in which they are growing influences how effective they are at accessing these resources. A method for quantifying root-macropore associations from horizontal soil sections is illustrated using two black vertisols from the Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia. Two-dimensional digital images were obtained of the macropore structure and root distribution for an area 55 × 55 mm at a resolution of 64 μm. The spatial distribution of roots was quantified over a range of distances using the K-function. In all specimens, roots were shown to be clustered at short distances (1–10 mm) becoming more random at longer distances. Root location in relation to macropores was estimated using the function describing the distance of each root to the nearest macropore. From this function, a summary variable, termed the macropore sheath, was defined. The macropore sheath is the distance from macropores within which 80% of roots are located. Measured root locations were compared to random simulations of root distribution to establish if there was a preferential association between roots and macropores. More roots were found in and around macropores than expected at random. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

土壤大孔隙流研究进展

介绍了大孔隙及大孔隙流的定义、多种表现形式及其重要特征、产生机理和室内外实验研究概况,以及染色示踪、切片、穿透曲线、张力入渗仪、X射线CT扫描摄像和雷达探测等方法的研究进展,揭示这些实验方法的优点与存在的问题.并指出由于影响大孔隙及大孔隙流的因素较复杂,应将大量的野外实验和室内实验相结合,同时改进观测方法, 提高模拟手段,不断完善大孔隙流理论,使大孔隙流研究迈上一个新台阶.     

Soil strength influences wheat root interactions with soil macropores

Deep rooting is critical for access to water and nutrients found in subsoil. However, damage to soil structure and the natural increase in soil strength with depth, often impedes root penetration. Evidence suggests that roots use macropores (soil cavities greater than 75 μm) to bypass strong soil layers. If roots have to exploit structures, a key trait conferring deep rooting will be the ability to locate existing pore networks; a trait called trematotropism. In this study, artificial macropores were created in repacked soil columns at bulk densities of 1.6 g cm⁻³ and 1.2 g cm⁻³, representing compact and loose soil. Near isogenic lines of wheat, Rht-B1a and Rht-B1c, were planted and root–macropore interactions were visualized and quantified using X-ray computed tomography. In compact soil, 68.8% of root–macropore interactions resulted in pore colonization, compared with 12.5% in loose soil. Changes in root growth trajectory following pore interaction were also quantified, with 21.0% of roots changing direction (±3°) in loose soil compared with 76.0% in compact soil. These results indicate that colonization of macropores is an important strategy of wheat roots in compacted subsoil. Management practices to reduce subsoil compaction and encourage macropore formation could offer significant advantage in helping wheat roots penetrate deeper into subsoil.     

长白山北坡两种类型森林土壤的大孔隙特征

运用亮蓝溶液染色示踪法和图像分析技术,对长白山北坡棕色针叶林土和暗棕色森林土大孔隙特征及分布进行研究,探讨影响2种类型土壤大孔隙形成的因素．结果表明：由水平剖面染色面积随土层深度的变化情况,可间接得出大孔隙在垂直土壤剖面上的变化规律;随着土层深度的增加,2种土壤的染色面积均呈减少趋势;在24h内,棕色针叶林土较暗棕色森林土大孔隙流的运移深度多10～20cm,且其大孔隙流路径多,相同面积上,前者达6条,后者只有1条;大孔隙流的存在可以使水分在土壤中的运移速度增加2～3倍;生物因素是2种土壤大孔隙形成的主要因素,由土壤动物运动形成的大孔隙数量较多,直径多为2～4mm．     

Experiments using split-root chambers on water uptake from soil macropores by sunflowers

The purpose of this study was to use split-root chambers to determine whether sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), which possess high transpirational demand, can preferentially extract macropore water when they are given the option of using either micropore or macropore water. Sunflower plants were grown in split-root chambers with half of their roots in a macroporous soil and half in a microporous soil of identical mineralogy. The two chambers were irrigated with water of different stable hydrogen isotope compositions (D) (tap water and melted snow water). By measuring the D of the sunflower xylem sap, it was possible to determine from which soil type the sunflowers were extracting water. It was found that sunflowers did not preferentially extract macropore water. Since sunflower plants possess very high transpiration rates on a whole-plant basis, and because transpiration remains high even under soil drying, we believe sunflower roots must have a consistently very low water potential compared with the soil water potentials of either the macroporous or microporous soils. If root water potentials are sufficiently low, then root water uptake cannot discriminate between macropores and micropores.     

Association of soil macroporosity and relative saturation with root rot severity of spring cereals

An empirical model was developed using multiple regression to describe the relationship between measured values of relative saturation, macropore volume, and soil moisture content in a Charlottetown fine sandy loam, an Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (Cryorthod). The model was used to characterize the incidence of root rot severity in spring cereals, under a mouldboard ploughed and direct drilled tillage system. As soil macropore volume decreased from 14.5 to 8.5% (v/v) root rot severity increased from 50 to 72%. This was associated with an increase in relative saturation from 60 to 74%. The results illustrate the interaction between soil structure and root disease under humid soil moisture regimes.