区域环境承载力评价指标体系的构建——以黄河上游水电开发区域为例

基于生态系统健康的环境承载力概念模型,采用层次分析法,建立区域环境承载力评价指标体系,确定各个评价指标值对区域环境承载力的基本权重,运用该评价指标体系对黄河上游流域青海片的环境承载力进行定量化计算。结果表明,1985—2009年,黄河上游流域青海片的人类潜力指数呈波动上升趋势,生态弹性力指数处于波动下降趋势,资源承载力指数以及相应的区域环境承载力指数也呈缓慢下降趋势。如何发挥区域经济发展和水电资源利用对区域生态系统状况和环境承载能力的提升作用,是未来区域发展需要重视的问题。     

基于PSR框架,针对土壤侵蚀小流域的土地质量评价

土壤侵蚀与水土流失是我国土地退化的重要形式.建立基于"压力-状态-响应(PSR)"模式的土地质量指标体系能够比较明确反映出土地质量变化的因果关系,从而有助于决策者采取合适的土地政策和管理措施,进行退化土地的恢复重建.在我国水土流失较为严重的黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,选取安塞县大南沟小流域进行案例分析,分别以栅格(10m×10m)和小流域整体为评价对象建立起基于PSR框架,针对土壤侵蚀的土地质量指标体系.前者(以栅格为评价对象)的压力指标主要为坡度,状态指标包括土壤侵蚀强度、土壤肥力和植被盖度,响应指标为土地利用类型;后者(以小流域整体为评价对象)指标包括3个方面,即基于栅格计算的指标、统计指标和格局指标.具体的的压力指标包括地形压力、耕地压力、农作物收入压力以及格局压力等指标,状态指标包括土壤侵蚀强度、土壤肥力、植物盖度、流域出口水土流失和格局状态指标,响应指标包括非农地面积比重和梯田占农地面积比重等指标.以小流域1998年土地利用图为基础,运用模型模拟和统计分析对小流域整体和小流域内土地质量的相对差异进行了评价.结果表明,小流域平均坡度27.85°,最大坡度高达59.39°,耕地平均坡度24.56°,耕地面积比重42.8%,农作物收入比重63%,小流域整体压力评价等级为5等;小流域平均土壤侵蚀强度为36.39t/hm2,流域出口的侵蚀总量为6.03t/hm2,土壤肥力低,植被盖度平均为2.83%;整体状态评价等级为4等;小流域非耕地面积比重为57.2%,梯田占耕地面积比重只有4.01%,小流域整体响应评价等级为4等.小流域内部土地质量的空间异质性较低,流域面积一半的土地质量等级均为4等.不同土地利用类型的土地质量差别较大,质量由高到低依次为林地/灌木林、荒草地、果园/经济林、休闲地、耕地.该研究可为流域土地规划和不同流域土地质量的比较提供一定的科学依据.     

生态系统健康评价——概念构架与指标选择

在探讨生态系统健康概念构架的基础上,寻求对管理景观中的生态系统健康进行整体性评价的合适指标.健康的生态系统不仅在生态学意义上是健康的,并能维持健康的人类群体及有利于社会经济的发展.健康生态系统的一般特征是恢复力、多样性和生产力.建立生态系统健康评价指标的第一步是指标选择原则的确定,根据生态系统健康评价的目的和指标筛选的原则,把生态系统健康指标体系(Ecosystem Health Indicaror,EHI)分为生物物理指标、生态学指标和社会经济指标.     

基于PSR的黄河河口区生态系统健康评价

根据压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架模型,从广义上定义河口区生态系统,将河口及毗邻的陆域、海域生态系统作为一个整体,从压力指标、状态指标、响应指标3个方面构建了黄河河口区生态系统健康评价的指标体系,以研究区1991年数据和相关国家标准为基准,2013年代表现况,利用综合指数法(CEI)评价了黄河河口区的生态系统健康状况。结果显示:黄河河口区生态系统健康评价的响应指数最高(0.9055),压力指数居中(0.8288),状态指数最低(0.6458),综合指数为0.7427。总体来看,与1991年相比,目前黄河河口区生态系统仍处于"健康"状态,但健康状况明显下降,其中状态指数下降最为严重。从区域轻度开发到人类活动强烈干扰阶段,黄河河口区存在过度捕捞、湿地不合理开发、浅海养殖过度及污染物排放等一系列影响生态系统健康的问题,应进行区域的生态恢复和科学管理。     

侵蚀环境小流域生态经济系统健康定量评价

生态经济系统健康是黄土丘陵区侵蚀环境下水土保持与生态建设的目标.在分析侵蚀环境下生态系统健康特征和诊断指标筛选原则的基础上,从资源环境支持、社会经济人文影响和生态综合功能3个方面,选择17个因素作为参评因子,建立了一套适合于侵蚀环境小流域生态经济系统健康诊断的指标体系.以均方差决策法确定各指标的权重,运用递阶多层次综合法、线性加权函数法分别建立二级层次和综合指标健康诊断模型——健康指数.分析研究侵蚀环境小流域生态经济系统健康动态,结果表明,该环境系统健康状况相对稳定,健康指数呈逐年波动式上升趋势（由1985年的0.370增大到2003年的0.573）,具有较强的可持续发展能力.同时,以现实生态经济最佳水平为目标,引入障碍度、优势度等概念,运用通经分析对该环境小流域系统健康进行障碍和优势诊断,并据此提出了建设对策和建议,为该环境小流域生态环境建设提供科学依据.     

中国中东部平原亚热带湿润区湖泊营养物生态分区

湖泊营养物生态分区是实现湖泊分区控制的前提和基础。以中国中东部平原亚热带湿润区为案例区,根据区域特点,从自然地理要素、生态系统和人类活动三方面建立指标体系,对各指标进行归一化得到各指标数据的分值;采用AHP方法确定各指标的权重值,结合各指标分值计算栅格尺度上湖泊营养物生态分区综合评价分值;根据研究区域DEM数据划分小流域,将栅格尺度的湖泊营养物生态分区综合评价分值投影到小流域尺度上,采用双约束空间聚类算法对小流域尺度上湖泊营养物生态分区评价分值进行聚类得到湖泊营养物生态分区结果。结果表明:(1)AHP可以用来确定复杂指标体系中各指标的权重,适合用于确定湖泊营养物生态分区指标体系中各指标的权重;(2)采用双约束空间聚类进行湖泊营养物生态分区,保证了分区结果在空间上的连续性和评价分值上的接近性;(3)根据自然地理条件、土地利用和人类活动强度的不同,可以将中东部平原亚热带湿润区划分为长江中下游平原湖区、湘赣平原丘陵湖区、湘渝山地湖区、四川盆地湖区、川西—大巴山山地湖区5个营养物生态区。     

塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价

通过收集2000 年以来塔里木河流域的生态、经济和社会状况资料,分析影响该流域生态系统健康的因素,采用指标体系分析法和专家咨询法,确立塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价指标体系和评价标准,计算得出流域生态健康评价指标权重,并对流域生态健康状况进行了评价.结果表明:塔里木河源流的阿克苏河、叶尔羌河和开都河-孔雀河流域的山区生态系统的健康状态处于"中等"级别,和田河流域的山区生态处于"优"级别;阿克苏河、叶尔羌河和和田河流域的平原绿洲区生态处于"优"级别,开都河-孔雀河流域的平原绿洲区生态处于"中等"级别;四源流的荒漠区生态处于"差"级别;塔里木河干流上游生态处于"优"级别,中游生态处于"中等"级别,下游生态处于"差"级别.评价结果基本与实际相符,说明使用的评价方法是切实可行的.该研究结论将为流域生态环境的综合治理提供科学依据.     

生态城市指标体系与评价方法

生态城市是依据生态学原理提出的一类社会-经济-自然协调发展的城市。目前生态城市理论研究主要应用在城市的规划、设计和管理上。生态城市建设的评价是衡量生态城市规划、建设、管理成效的主要依据。在对生态城市理论和内涵详细分析的基础上,采用专家咨询的定性和定量信息构建了扬州生态城市评价指标体系,该指标体系包括了城市复合生态系统中社会、经济、自然3个子系统,反映生态城市的内涵和衡量生态城市各子系统的状态、动态和实力。为对各级指标进行综合,提出了全排列多边形图示指标评价方法,评价生态城市在各个规划时段的建设成效。评价结果表明,扬州生态城市的综合发展能力市在2005规划年将达到0.44,在2010规划年将达到0.64,在2020规划年将达到0.85。评价方法简单直观,代数计算结果考虑了各级指标临界值对综合指标的放大和紧缩效应,反映了整体大于或者小于部分之和的系统整合原理。     

内蒙古黄土丘陵沟壑区生态系统健康评价

采用指标体系评价法,按自然指标体系,从生态系统活力、组织结构、系统服务功能和土壤健康等方面,以内蒙古黄土丘陵沟壑区为研究对象,分别选择原生植被区、人工恢复治理区、退化未治理区等3个样区,对其生态系统健康状况进行分析和评价,提出了适合于该区域的生态系统健康评价指标体系和权重体系,建立了适合于该区域的生态系统健康评价指数、评价模型和指标分级标准。最后,从自然生态学角度,结合研究区的实际情况,对该区域的生态系统健康恢复途径、生态系统管理和可持续发展策略提出了一些具有针对性的建议和措施,并对生态系统健康评价的进一步研究进行了展望。     

生态系统健康评价—概念构架与指标选择

在探讨了生态系统健康概念构架的基础上,寻求对管理景观中的生态系统健康进行整体性评价的合适指标,健康的生态系统不仅在生态学意义上是健康的,并能维持健康的人类群体及有利于社会经济的发展,健康生态系统的一般特征是恢复力,多样性和生产力,建立生态系统健康评价指标的第一步是指标选择原则的确定,根据生态系统健康评价的目的和指标筛选的原则,把生态系统健康指标体系（Ecosystem Health Indicator,EHI)分为生物物理指标,生态学指标和社会经济指标。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.