羊鼻蝇蛆病的防治

羊鼻蝇即羊狂蝇oestrusov0Llnnaeus属狂蝇科狂蝇属昆虫l‘’。羊鼻蝇蛆病是由于羊鼻蝇的幼虫寄生于羊的鼻腔和与其相通的腔窦内而引起的一种慢性寄生虫病。我国产羊地区均有流行,内蒙古及西北地区较为严重。主要危害绵羊,山羊受害较轻,也可侵袭鹿。成蝇也可将幼虫产于人的眼、鼻孔、唇部而引起一定的危害。回病原羊鼻蝇体色呈淡灰色,以黑色斑纹占优势,成虫（蝇）体长Ic～12mm,全身密生绒毛。形体似蜂,头大,呈半圆形,带黄灰色,胸部给节上有细长毛,腹部有银白色的闪光点,翅透明,口器退化,产完幼虫（蛆）后,雌蝇立即死亡,雄蝇…     

四种麻蝇早期幼虫形态的扫描电镜观察

对常见麻蝇早期幼虫的形态观察研究有助于蝇类早期幼虫的分类及其所致蝇蛆病的诊断。有关蝇类早期幼虫形态的扫描电镜研究报道很少。菊池滋(1972,1974)及作者先后对肠胃蝇(Gasterophilus intestinalis)、牛皮蝇(Hypoderma bovis)、纹皮蝇(H.1ineatum)、羊狂蝇(Oestrus ovis)及7种丽蝇与绿蝇(景涛1985)的早期幼虫与三龄幼虫用扫描电镜作过观察研究。但对麻蝇幼虫的观察至今尚未见详细报道。为此,1981年至1983年对常见4种麻蝇早期幼虫进行了扫描电镜观察。材料与方法标本来源从野外采到怀孕的雌性麻蝇,或用诱蝇笼在旁边开一12×12cm的口,缝…     

吗啡对丝光绿蝇发育积温的改变与死者死亡时间推断的相关研究

用盐酸吗啡注射家兔,处死后用家兔的肌肉组织饲养丝光绿蝇(Lucilia sericata)初孵幼虫,研究吗啡对丝光绿蝇幼虫和蛹生长发育的影响及其在法医学中推断死者死亡时间方面的应用。结果表明,在自然条件下,取食处理组兔肉的丝光绿蝇幼虫的体长和蛹的重量在不同程度上大于对照组;处理组发育积温均比对照组减少。在实验的剂量范围内(4.7~18.8 mg.kg-1),吗啡可促进丝光绿蝇幼虫和蛹的生长发育。根据幼虫或蛹的发育积温推断死者死亡时间,吗啡的这种影响可使推断值产生的最大偏差达80 h左右。     

黑须污蝇(Wohlfahrtia magnifica Schin.)——草原上常见的一种致蝇蛆症的蝇子

在我国西北、内蒙的草原上,牲畜常常因一些蝇类幼虫的寄生而罹致各种蝇蛆症,如寄生在牛的皮蝇,寄生在马的胃蝇,寄生在羊的狂蝇和寄生在各种牲畜的黑须污蝇,都是发生普遍和为害严重的一些种类。近年来我们到内蒙和西北等牧区调查的同时,对黑须污蝇也作了一些初步的观察,现在结合文献资料作一简单的报导。     

大头金蝇营养成分分析

分析大头金蝇Chrysomya megacephala(Fabricius)的营养成分。结果表明,大头金蝇幼虫、蛹、成虫干粉水分含量分别是6.83,2.07和3.70%,干体粗蛋白含量分别为63.72,76.81和70.54%,粗脂肪分别为16.43,12.82和7.23%。蛋白质中氨基酸总量百分比分别为56.39,55.61和59.12%,其中必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量(E%)的48.34,53.08和43.91%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸之比(E/N)分别为0.94,1.13,0.81,E/T为3.22,3.54,2.93。大头金蝇幼虫、蛹、成虫不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸含量依次是68.1,61.9和65.9%。含有人和动物所必需的常量和微量元素,但没有检测到有毒重金属镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)。大头金蝇与鱼粉、舍蝇幼虫、柞蚕蛹相比,营养成分指标较高,属于理想的昆虫蛋白资源。     

温度对大头金蝇生长发育的影响及其用于PMI推断的探讨

分别在22℃、25℃、28℃恒温下,用处死家兔的肌肉饲养大头金蝇Chrysomya megacephala初孵幼虫,研究温度对大头金蝇生长发育的影响及其在法医学中推断死者死后间隔时间(postmortem interval,PMI)方面的应用.结果显示,不同温度下,幼虫体长、体重分别与取食时间呈线性相关(R2>0.96,R2>0.92),可用于推断PMI.另外,蛹长、蛹重、发育历期可作为辅助指标,提高推断的准确性.随温度升高,大头金蝇的生长发育明显加快.不同温度的大头金蝇生长发育差异显著,28℃下的大头金蝇发育历期为187.2 h,22℃下为279 h,比22℃发育时间缩短了91.8 h;28℃下的大头金蝇幼虫、蛹的体长和体重与处于25℃、22℃的大头金蝇也有明显差异.     

豌豆彩潜蝇幼期各虫态的形态学研究

【目的】豌豆彩潜蝇Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau)是我国蔬菜上常见的一种重要害虫,目前尚未见该虫幼期卵到蛹各虫态形态特征的系统研究。【方法】本研究采用野外取样和室内饲养的方法收集豌豆彩潜蝇的卵、不同龄期的幼虫以及蛹,对该虫从卵期到羽化成成虫的全过程进行了详细的观察,并通过测量幼虫口钩和头咽骨的长度对幼虫龄期进行了划分。【结果】卵期观察到了豌豆彩潜蝇及其他潜蝇科昆虫中从未记述过的卵的呼吸角。利用口钩和头咽骨长度将幼虫划分为3个龄期,并对不同龄期幼虫的形态特征进行了比较和描述,确定了通过骨化结构对幼虫龄期准确鉴定和通过外部形态快速鉴定的方法。根据豌豆彩潜蝇蛹期发育的形态特征变化将蛹期划分为5个明显的发育阶段。【结论】本研究记述了豌豆彩潜蝇卵到蛹期的形态特征并对幼虫龄期进行了划分,为潜蝇幼虫和蛹的形态学及豌豆彩潜蝇生物学、生理学和防治研究提供基础。     

一种麻蝇与家蝇的共栖现象

在进行家蝇MuscadomesticavicinaMa-cquart的人工饲养时,发现一种有趣的共栖现象,即麻蝇Sarcopohagesp.与家蝇的共栖。笔者于1992年在华中农业大学植保系期间,曾用罐头瓶装麦麸饲养家蝇幼虫。由于罐头瓶的纱网盖上缝隙较大,发现常有麻蝇飞到罐头瓶中的麦麸内产卵。于是,在同一罐头瓶中同时生活着麻蝇幼虫和家蝇幼虫。当麻蝇卵与家蝇共栖于同一瓶中时,麻蝇卵能正常孵化,幼虫生长良好,幼虫百头重及百头蛹重都为家蝇的2倍多,成虫比家蝇成虫大,所产的卵也比家蝇卵大。将麻蝇与家蝇分开单独饲养时,饲养家蝇幼虫的罐头瓶中的麦茨,经…     

玉米螟寄生蝇初步观察

1955年调查玉米螟时,发现第一代幼虫有被寄生蝇寄生的现象,但当时掌握的材料少,今年进行较细致的观察。 寄生蝇幼虫寄生在玉米螟幼虫体内,寄生早者不等玉米螟幼虫老熟即被寄生死了,晚者玉米螟也不能化蛹,因寄生蝇在寄主体内化蛹。每个奇主体内寄生1—2头。玉米螟幼虫被寄生后,初期从食性及身体看不出来,到中期体则发白,体上有1—2个针尖大小的小黑点,后期则变褐色而死亡。现将第一代玉米螟被寄生的调查列表如下:     

南亚果实蝇各虫态发育历期及有效积温研究

【背景】南亚果实蝇是世界性的检疫性害虫,在我国多个省市发生为害,对瓜果作物造成了严重的经济损失。【方法】采用人工恒温饲养方法,分别设置10、14、18、22、26、30、34℃7个恒温条件,测定不同温度条件下南亚果实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的生长发育历期,并推算出相应的发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】南亚果实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为7．36、2．43、7．64℃,卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的有效积温分别为20．21、187．69和156．65日度。完成整个世代的发育起点温度是7．64℃,有效积温为364．55日度。当温度达到34℃时,卵的发育历期相对延长,而蛹则不能正常发育,无法羽化为成虫。【结论与意义】在10～30℃,南亚果实蝇的卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,各虫态的发育速率和温度呈显著正相关;在26和30℃下,卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期均显著短于其他各处理温度的发育历期。该试验结果为了解南亚果实蝇的发育温度极限和进一步开展该害虫的适生性分析提供了基础信息,进而为制定该虫的检疫措施提供依据。     

温度对食蚜瘿蚊生长发育的影响

在19,22,25,28,31℃和RH为80%的组合下,测定食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani的发育历期,分析发育速率与温度的关系,并且测定各温度下食蚜瘿蚊的化蛹率和羽化率等生物学参数。实验结果表明:温度对食蚜瘿蚊的生长发育有较大影响。在19~28℃范围内,食蚜瘿蚊各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,而在28~31℃范围内,食蚜瘿蚊各虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而略为延长。采用线性日度模型和Logistic模型对卵期、幼虫期、蛹期和全世代的发育速率进行模拟分析,2种模型均能较好地反映各虫态的发育速率。不同温度下食蚜瘿蚊的5天化蛹率和总羽化率差别较大,但以25℃下为最高,分别为88.00%和94.70%;而22℃下的化蛹率和羽化率与25℃下较为接近,分别为84.00%和90.66%,经分析差异不显著。食蚜瘿蚊最适生长发育温度为22~25℃。     

Predatory efficiency of the water bug Sphaerodema annulatum on mosquito larvae (Culex quinquefasciatus) and its effect on the adult emergence

The daily number of IV instar larva of Culex quinquefasciatus killed, rate of pupation and adult emergence was noted in presence of the predatory water bug Sphaerodema annulatum for a period of seven consecutive days, experimentally, in the laboratory. The rate of IV instar larva killed by the water bugs on an average was 65.17 per day. The rate of pupation ranged between 7.6 and 48 in control while in presence of water bugs it ranged between 6 and 35. The rate of adult emergence in control experiments varied between 1.4 and 4.8 per day, which was reduced to only 0.4-28.8 per day in case of the water bugs. The results clearly indicate that the water bugs on its way of predation reduces the rate of pupation and adult emergence of Cx. quinquefasciatus significantly which calls for an extensive field trials.     

Pupation site preference and body orientation of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella

ABSTRACT. Pupation site preference and body orientation of potato tuber moth larvae, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Geleehiidae), were examined in the laboratory. The larvae preferred a dry, enclosed, dark place as their pupation site. Dryness was the strongest of the three categories of stimulus; the second was stimuli evoking thigmotaxis; the third was darkness. Having selected a pupation site, a larva oriented its head to the open side of the site. If two or more openings were present, final orientation was influenced by light and gravity. These preferences and orientation habits enhance pupal protection, and the ultimate successful exit of the adult pupation crevices.     

Developmental changes of the antenna and its neurons in the silkworm,Bombyx mori,with special regard to larval-pupal transformation

The larval antenna of Bombyx mori has 13 sensilla and about 52 sensory neurons in its distal portion. The axons form two nerve cords which unite in the cranial hemocoel to supply the brain as the olfactory nerve. The antennal imaginal disc, which is a thick pseudostratified epithelium continuous with the antennal epidermis, thickens markedly during the 5th instar by rapid cell proliferation. At the prepupal stage cell proliferation ceases and the disc everts to form a large pupal antenna. Simultaneously, an extensive cell rearrangement occurs in the antennal epidermis and the disc tissue becomes much thinner because of the abrupt expansion of antennal surface area. The two larval nerve cords thin down markedly by degeneration of axons, but they do not disintegrate totally even after the onset of pupation. The epidermis of the larval antenna forms the distal portion of the pupal antenna, while the imaginal disc forms the more basal portion. Development to the adult antenna occurs almost immediately after the onset of pupation; many adult neurons appear in the simple epidermis facing toward the thick outer side of the newly formed pupal cuticle. By 12 hours after the onset of pupation, these neurons align themselves in many transverse rows which are the first sign of the adult antennal configuration. Addition of these neuronal axons to the once-thinned nerve cords causes resumed thickening of the cords during the first 24 hours and thereafter. Differentiation of adult sensilla begins in the next 24 hours and is almost completed at the third day of pupation, which requires a total of 10 days.     

Pupation by Viburnum leaf beetle (coleoptera: chrysomelidae): behavioral description and impact of environmental variables and entomopathogenic nematodes

Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull), a new landscape pest in the United States, feeds in both the larval and adult stages on foliage of plants in the genus Viburnum. The insect is univoltine, with larvae active in spring and adults throughout the summer months. Experiments were conducted to determine the depth of pupation in the soil; the impact of substrate texture, moisture content, and temperature on pupation success; and ability of entomopathogenic nematodes to kill larvae when they enter the substrate to pupate. Larvae burrowed only a short distance into the substrate when pupating; 97-100% were found within the top 3 cm of a column of soil or sand and soil mixture in the laboratory. Larval mortality before pupation was low at 22 degrees C but considerably higher at 30 degrees C; at both temperatures, pupation success was lowest on a mixed substrate and higher (and equivalent) on sand or soil alone. Survivorship to adult was influenced by both temperature and substrate moisture content; at 22 degrees C, 56% percent of pupating larvae emerged as adults at 75% moisture content compared with only 25 at 25% moisture content. Emergence of adults was negligible at 30 degrees C, regardless of moisture content. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae were very effective biocontrol agents in laboratory bioassays, reducing adult emergence by 76-100%, with nematode applications made before pupation being more effective than those made after pupation, and H. bacteriophora consistently (but not significantly) more effective than S. carpocapsae. Management methods that take advantage of pupation behaviors are discussed.     

Ecdysteroid synthesis and molting by the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, in the absence of prothoracic glands

When a pair of prothoracic glands (PGs) were removed from Manduca sexta pupae on the day of pupation, the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer remained at a low level. When a portion of the gland pair was extirpated from pupae after the critical period for prothoracicotropic hormone release, the maximum hemolymph ecdysteroid titer was reduced in proportion to the mass of the PGs removed. These findings clearly showed that the PGs in intact pupae are responsible for the elevated ecdysteroid titer required to elicit adult development on schedule. When brains were removed on the day of pupation, the initiation of adult development was delayed for weeks or months. In contrast, pupae whose PGs were removed on the day of pupation initiated development only 7 days late, indicating the existence of an additional source of pupal ecdysteroids. Further, abdomens of male M. sexta that were isolated on the day of pupation initiated adult development spontaneously within 70 days. The implantation of day 0 pupal brains into these isolated abdomens accelerated the initiation of adult development and elicited synchronous adult development. The hemolymph ecdysteroid titer of those isolated abdomens receiving implants of brains increased within 5 days and reached a maximum level of 1.5 micrograms/ml. The analysis of hemolymph ecdysteroids by reverse-phase HPLC revealed that ecdysone was the major moiety and that the ecdysteroid composition was similar to that of normal, intact pupae that had just initiated adult development. These results demonstrate that the PGs are not requisite for adult development. An increased hemolymph ecdysteroid titer was also observed in isolated abdomens from which the testes were removed and in abdomens devoid of their digestive tract. Indeed, in the latter case, the ecdysteroid titer attained much higher levels than those observed for abdomens with intact guts. Despite numerous attempts to identify the tissue(s) in the isolated abdomens responsible for the increase in ecdysteroid titer, its identity remains unknown.     

Biochemical and morphological changes accompanying light organ development in the firefly, Photuris pennsylvanica

The larval light organs of the firefly, Photuris pennsylvanica, regress and are replaced by the adult lantern during metamorphosis. Larval and adult light organs are present and capable of periodic light emission during the latter stages of pupation and the early adult. The whole pupa emits a continuous, low level, glow throughout pupation.During pupation levels of luciferase and luciferin, the enzyme and substrate required in the light reaction, were found to remain constant in the posterior half of the pupa and to show an initial increase followed by a decrease in the anterior half. Levels of luciferase and luciferin in anterior halves were not affected by ablation of the larval light organs. The ratio of luciferase to luciferin concentrations changed from less than 1, in larval and pupal stages, to greater than 1, in the adult. Changes in the concentration and the localization of luciferase and luciferin were correlated with observed light organ development.     

Salivary gland development in the blowfly,Calliphora erythrocephala

The salivary gland of adult Calliphora erythrocephala is a tubular structure composed of secretory, reabsorptive, and duct regions. Development of these structures has been followed during the six days of larval and ten days of pupal growth. Two small groups of imaginal cells located at the junction between larval gland and duct give rise to the adult gland. These presumptive adult cells divide during all larval stages and appear to be functional components of the larval gland. Shortly after pupation, the larval gland breaks down and the imaginal cells proliferate rapidly, forming sequentially the duct, reabsorptive and secretory regions. Proliferating regions of the developing gland are frequently encrusted with haemocytes. As it elongates the gland establishes intimate contacts first with the basement membrane of the degenerating larval gland, later with an epithelial layer surrounding the main dorsal tracheal trunks, and then with the gut. Cell division continues until about five days after pupation, bu t the gland is unable to secrete fluid in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine stimulation until two hours after the adult fly emerges. The Golgi complex appears to be involved in forming the highly folded membranes of the canaliculi in the secretory region. Presumptive adult salivary gland cells appear to increase in number logarithmically from the time of hatching of the larva until five days after pupation. This contrasts with the development of classical imaginal discs, in which cell division ceases prior to pupation.     

Quantitative short-day photoperiodic response in larval development and its adaptive significance in an adult-overwintering cerambycid beetle, Phytoecia rufiventris

The chrysanthemum longicorn beetle, Phytoecia rufiventris, overwinters in the adult stage and reproduces in spring. Larvae of this beetle develop during summer inside a host stem or root. In the present study, photoperiodic control of larval development and its adaptive significance were examined in this beetle using an artificial diet. Larvae showed a short-day photoperiodic response at 25 °C with a critical day length of around 14 h; larvae reared under short-day conditions pupated, whereas those reared under long-day conditions entered summer diapause with some supernumerary molts and did not pupate. A similar response was found at 30 °C, but with a shorter critical day length. Below the critical day length, a shorter day length corresponded to a shorter larval period. Larvae transferred from long-day conditions to various photoperiods showed a similar quantitative response. Field rearing of larvae starting at various times of year showed that pupation occurs within a relatively short period in early autumn. Field rearing of pupae and adults at various times indicated that only pupation in early autumn results in a high survival rate until winter. Earlier or later pupation led to a low survival rate due to death before overwintering in the adult and pupal stages, respectively. Thus, in P. rufiventris, timing of pupation regulated by the quantitative short-day photoperiodic response is vital for survival. Relatively lower developmental threshold in the pupal stage supports this hypothesis.     

Neuroendocrine roles of the brain in the regulation of 20-hydroxyecdysone responsiveness in two types of diapause pupae of the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae

The cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae, has winter-and aestival- diapause pupae (WD- and AD-pupae) showing differences in the strength of diapause. We tried to quantify diapause-strength by measuring the doses of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) required to induce adult development in WD-, AD- and decerebrated non-diapause pupae (ND-pupae). The role of the brain in the regulation of diapause-strength was studied through the decerebration and brain-reimplantation of WD-and AD-pupae. The 20-E doses required for adult development were small within the first 2 days of pupation, and increased thereafter to reach a constant level about 10 days after pupation in AD- and decerebrated ND-pupae. The required 20-E doses in WD-pupae increased for more than 40 days after pupation. When 0-day-old WD- and 0-day-old AD-pupae were decerebrated, required 20-E doses increased after pupation and reached a constant about 10 days later. The required 20-E dose reached a constant level in decerebrated WD-pupae that was smaller than that observed for decerebrated ND- and WD-pupae. Furthermore, the required doses increased when 0-day-old WD-pupal brains were reimplanted into decerebrated WD- and decerebrated ND-pupae. In WD-, AD- and decerebrated ND-pupae, diapause-strength can be represented as the 20-E dose required for adult development. Diapause-strength is weak after pupation, increases thereafter, and reaches a constant about 10 days later in AD- and decerebrated ND-pupae. In WD-pupae, diapause-strength increases for more than 40 days after pupation and reaches a level that is twice that estimated for AD-pupae. Brains of diapausing WD-pupae may secrete a factor that suppresses the 20-E responsiveness of pupal organs, for the purpose of maintaining winter-diapause.