中国农作物病虫图谱(第一集)

这本图谱是按照农作物的分类编著的,内容分为病害、虫害两部分。在虫害部分,计有稻作害虫16种、麦类害虫15种、杂粮害虫4种、薯类害虫3种、棉花和麻类害虫15种、桑树害虫4种、糖料作物和烟草害虫3种、豆类害虫3种、果树害虫17种、蔬菜害虫10种、储粮害虫9种、蝗虫12种。这些害虫,都是目前生产上的重要害虫。 每种害虫均绘制彩色图,分为各期虫态和被害物,并附有相应的简要说明,包括害虫的名称(学名、科     

温室害虫防治研究进展与展望

本文从温室害虫防治实践角度,对近20年来温室害虫研究进行了综述,主要内容包括:温室害虫种类与鉴定、重要害虫基础生物学研究、温室害虫共生微生物研究等温室害虫基础研究成果;从农业、物理、化学、生物等防治途径综述了温室害虫防治技术的主要进展。从加强植物检疫、重视温室内外害虫辗转规律研究、新型生防产品研发与应用、组合技术方案研发与应用、智慧温室害虫防控技术研发与应用及诱集及天敌庇护植物应用等方面进行了展望。     

973项目“重大农业害虫猖獗危害的机制及可持续控制的基础研究”简介

2006年9月,国家重点基础研究发展计划(973)农业领域2006年度项目“重大农业害虫猖獗危害的机制及可持续控制的基础研究”经科技部批准正式立项启动。该项目以全系统管理思想为指导,在基因、个体、种群、生态系统等不同层次,阐明我国重大农业害虫种群分化与暴发的分子基础,解析害虫与寄主作物及天敌间的相互作用机制,建立害虫监测与预警系统,提出重大农业害虫可持续控制的新途径和新方法,为我国农业减灾、经济的可持续发展奠定科学基础。项目的主要研究内容包括:害虫生长发育与生殖调控的分子机制;害虫对环境胁迫的适应机制;杀虫药剂诱导害虫再猖獗的机制;害虫与寄主植物的协同进化;天敌与害虫的互作及控害机制;作物-害虫-天敌食物网关系及其调控机理;重大害虫区域性暴发监测与预警。项目的总体目标为:阐明害虫生长发育、种群分化的分子基础,揭示害虫种群调节的内在机制;解析作物、害虫及天敌间的互作机制,丰富和发展植物-害虫-天敌协同进化理论;阐明主要害虫区域性灾变机理,发展害虫预警新技术;发展与环境相容的、增强自然控害功能的新技术,提出重大农业害虫可持续控制的新途径和新方法;凝炼一支害虫控制基础研究的创新团队,丰富和发展我国害虫管理的科学理论与实践,提升我国有害生物防控的原始创新和集成创新能力,扩大国际影响。     

二十一世纪以来棉花害虫治理成就与展望

本文对21世纪以来的20年间我国棉花害虫治理研究进展进行了回顾,从Bt棉花害虫种群地位演替、靶标害虫对Bt棉花抗性演化、棉花-害虫-天敌化学通讯三个方面总结了棉花害虫生物学与生态学研究进展,从预测预报、棉花抗虫性利用、生态调控、理化诱控、生物防治、化学防治等方面梳理棉花害虫防控关键技术研发概况,以棉铃虫、盲蝽两大主要害虫为例介绍了棉花害虫绿色防控技术体系创新应用。最后,从我国棉花产业发展现状出发,对今后一段时间我国棉花害虫防控研究与实践进行了展望。     

《害虫管理学理论与方法》

中国科学院动物研究所丁岩钦研究员主编的《害虫管理学理论与方法》于2005年7月由科学出版社出版。害虫管理学是研究控制害虫、增加产值、保护环境的一门科学。该书应用经济学与生态学的原理,对害虫管理提出了“害虫生态调控”的理论。又将系统科学与害虫管理相结合,创建了“害虫管理系统工程”作为害虫管理学的方法论。     

论害虫生态调控策略与技术

害虫生态调控作为害虫管理的一种"高级"策略,主要基于"预防为主,生态优先,整合治理,精准施策"的原则,通过调节与控制两个相辅相成的过程,整合包括生态调控技术、现代生物技术、农业防治、生物防治、理化诱控技术以及合理的化学防治等手段,构建"经济、简便、有效"的生态工程技术体系,将害虫控制在生态经济阈值水平之下。同时,它也是害虫管理的一种技术,包括景观生态设计、功能植物种植、推拉技术、生态自杀技术、作物合理布局、健康作物环境调控技术等措施。本文重点阐明了作为害虫管理策略与害虫管理技术"二重性"的害虫生态调控概念,明确了害虫生态调控的4项基本原理、6大独特技术和4个指导思想,比较了害虫生态调控策略与害虫综合治理策略的特征,解析了害虫生态调控技术与农业防治、生物防治的区别和联系,指出了未来害虫生态调控发展的趋势。     

我国花椒害虫研究进展

危害我国花椒的害虫种类达190余种,隶属于16目82科。文章对我国广泛分布及危害严重的花椒害虫的危害特点、发生规律及防治技术进行综述,将我国花椒害虫分布及危害区分为北部、东部、西南部、华南部4个区域。北部地区的主要害虫包括5目24科30余种,危害严重的害虫为花椒窄吉丁甲、花椒桔啮跳甲、台湾狭天牛等;东部地区的主要害虫包括4目11科20余种,危害严重的害虫为台湾狭天牛、二斑黑绒天牛、吹棉蚧等;西南地区的主要害虫包括5目19科20余种,危害严重的害虫为棉蚜、桑拟轮蚧、花椒伪安瘿蚊等;华南地区的主要害虫包括3目16科20余种,危害严重的害虫为棉蚜、花椒桔啮跳甲、星天牛等。     

害虫研究与防治中的生态学尺度

尺度已成为生态学上的一个重要概念和研究热点 ,但在害虫防治中尚未引起足够的重视 .本文从生态学尺度概念和等级理论出发 ,分析了不同尺度水平上害虫研究的方法、内容、关键问题及研究成果对害虫防治的意义 .在对害虫发生为害特征、害虫种群动力学原理、农业生态系统结构的演变、害虫防治的社会化、害虫防治技术的发展等因素的分析的基础上 ,指出害虫防治策略在时空尺度上拓展的趋势和必要性 .     

在转基因植物中利用植物凝集素防治害虫的研究

植物凝集素对包括同翅目在内的害虫具有有效抗性作用。本文就同翅目害虫的危害性、植物凝集素定义的不断深入认识、植物凝集素在植物体内的生理作用、对害虫的作用机理、并对人工饲喂害虫实验及转凝集素的抗虫基因工程研究进展、存在问题等方面作一阐述。     

基于生态调控的小麦害虫综合治理研究进展

中国是小麦种植面积最大的国家。近年来,受全球气候变化、农业产业结构调整等因素的影响,小麦虫害问题趋于严重。而目前化学农药是小麦害虫防治的主要手段,过度依赖化学农药带来了环境污染、害虫抗性等一系列问题。针对这些问题,我国科学家在阐明小麦害虫区域性灾变规律和机理的基础上,发展了小麦害虫生态调控技术,并构建了基于农田景观设计的生态调控工程。本文综述了我国小麦害虫治理的新进展,并基于国际上小麦害虫治理的发展趋势,展望了我国小麦害虫治理的未来发展方向。     

Effects of a broad spectrum and biorational insecticides on parasitoids of the Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

We examined effects of aerial application of acephate (Orthene), Bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki Berliner (Foray), and tebufenozide (Mimic) on larval/pupal parasitoids of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), in the southwestern Georgia coastal plain. Parasitism of tip moths in acephate-treated plots was significantly lower than in untreated plots. Bacillus thuringiensis and tebufenozide showed no significant effects on parasitism. A tachinid, Lixophaga mediocris Aldrich, comprised a significantly greater proportion of emerging parasitoids in acephate-treated than in untreated control plots, whereas a chalcidid, Haltichella rhyacioniae Gahan, was less abundant in the acephate-treated plots. Acephate has a negative, but somewhat species-specific, impact on tip moth parasitism.     

Oviposition preferences in relation to larval growth rates and survival in the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea

Abstract. 1. Adult female pine beauty moths, Panolis flammea (D & S), when given a choice of whole plants or needle pairs of four provenances of Lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta (Douglas), laid most eggs on that provenance on which the larvae attained their greatest growth rates.
2. When presented with a greater number of Lodgepole pine provenances and Pinus sylvestris L, P.flammea oviposition preferences reflected the trade-off between growth rate and survival.
3. There is some evidence to suggest that the moths are responding to the monoterpene composition of the plants.
4. Adult moths showed no preference for Lodgepole pine needles of a range of ages (1–4 years), ovipositing uniformly on all age classes.     

Pollination of Platanthera chlorantha (Orchidaceae): new video registration of a hawkmoth (Sphingidae)

Documenting species interactions is a time consuming enterprise, in particular for rare interaction events and interactions taking place at night. Pollinators foraging on orchids have traditionally been monitored by discovering pollen vectors on collected insects, recording traces left by moths on the orchid, direct observations and recently by continuous video monitoring. Direct observations in the wild of orchids with low visitation rates is time demanding. In the present study I monitored greater butterfly‐orchids (Platanthera chlorantha), by using a event triggered video monitoring system. A total of 23 nights of monitoring were conducted, whereas only 6 nights had visits by one moth species, namely the pine hawk‐moth (Hyloicus pinastri). The total numbers of pine hawk‐moths registered were 18. In addition to species identification, the video recordings also enabled detection of pollinaria on the pine hawk‐moths. Most of the pine hawk‐moth visits took place around midnight. The visit lasted on average for 38.0 sec and the average number of flowers visited was 9.6. In future studies, this video system could give more details on interactions between orchids and insects and even link it to environmental factors (e.g. varying weather conditions).     

应用性外激素监测马尾松毛虫发生数量的初步研究

本研究采用持效期达 3 0天以上的复合橡胶载体的新型诱芯诱捕器对马尾松毛虫进行林间监测 ,发现诱蛾数量与田间调查的幼虫数量有很大的关联性 ,各乡镇每诱捕点平均诱蛾数与 1代、2代幼虫虫株率、平均虫口的变化趋势基本相同     

焦艺夜蛾的研究

焦艺夜蛾Hyssia adusta Draudt是新发现的马尾松严重害虫.一年1代,以蛹在土中越冬,翌年3月初羽化,产卵于松针上,3月中旬孵化.幼虫食叶,一般7龄,幼虫期49—77天,蛹期约250天.前一年冬季和当年早春的干旱是该虫于当年大发生的主要因素.可应用741烟剂或白僵菌粉炮防治.大星步(虫甲)Calosoma maximowiczi Morawiz是主要天敌,对害虫大发生有一定抑制作用.     

(5Z, 7E)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol: Female Sex Pheromone of the Pine Moth Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler

The sex pheromone of the pine moth Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler was tentatively identified as 5,7-dodecadien-l-ol by the use of the electroantennogram technique. Analyses of abdominal tip extracts of virgin females by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy showed the presence of a (5Z, 7E)-isomer and a (5E, 7E)-isomer in the ratio of about ca. 5:1. In field examinations with four synthetic isomers of 5,7-dodecadien-l-ol, only traps baited with the (5Z, 7E)-isomer captured an appreciable numbers of male moths.     

Interactions among moths, crossbills, squirrels, and lodgepole pine in a geographic selection mosaic

Repeated patterns among biological communities suggest similar evolutionary and ecological forces are acting on the communities. Conversely, the lack of such patterns suggests that similar forces are absent or additional ones are present. Coevolution between a seed predator, the red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra complex), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) exemplifies the ecological and evolutionary predictions for coevolving systems. In the absence of another seed predator and preemptive competitor (pine squirrels Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), natural selection by crossbills results in the evolution of larger cones with thicker distal scales, while relaxation of selection by squirrels results in the evolution of cones with more seeds and a greater ratio of seed mass to cone mass. However, in one range, the Little Rocky Mountains, distal scale thickness has diverged as expected but cone size has not. In these mountains seed predation by lodgepole pine cone borer moths (Eucosma recissoriana) was about 10 times greater than in other ranges lacking squirrels. We quantified moth predation and cone traits and found that moths select for smaller cones with fewer seeds. Thus, selection by moths in the Little Rocky Mountains counters both selection by crossbills for large cone size and relaxation of selection by squirrels favoring more seeds per cone and accounts for the relatively small and few-seeded cones in these mountains. It is also apparent that selection by crossbills changes seed defenses in a manner that favors seed predation by moths, whereas selection by squirrels likely reduces such predation. These results demonstrate the importance of considering the evolutionary consequences of community context in locally evolved (coevolved) traits and interactions.     

Moth pollination of Metaplexis japonica (Apocynaceae): pollinaria transfer on the tip of the proboscis

Asclepiad pollinaria (including pollen masses) attach to diverse body parts of flower visitors in many ways. In this paper, we observed nocturnal moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae and Noctuidae) transporting the pollinaria of the Japanese species Metaplexis japonica (Thunb.) Makino (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) on the tip of the proboscis. Flowers of this species may induce nectar-feeding moths to pull out the proboscis along a guide rail (anther slit), thus clipping the pollinaria onto the tip of the proboscis and transferring the pollinaria to the next flower. The transfer of pollinaria on the unique vector of a moth proboscis tip is an interesting pollination mechanism among previously reported entomophiles.     

Analysis of the causes of declines in Western Siberian outbreaks of the nun moth <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lymantria monacha</Emphasis>

This study presents the results of an investigation into the causal factors of precipitous population declines after five mass outbreaks of nun moths (Lymantria monacha) in territories of Western Siberian (Novosibirsk and Tyumen oblasts, Russia). Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) and parasitoids represented by the families Tachinidae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) were found to be major contributors to the degradation of these outbreaks. Viable occlusion bodies persisted on pine needles during a two-year observation period and contaminated nun moth eggs, resulting in the death of the insects from NPV infection. A high probability of insect/virus contacts was largely attributable to the poor flying ability of female moths. Moreover, a latent virus was apparently activated in part of the insect population due to asynchrony between the growth rate of larvae and pine phenology.     

Numerical and Functional Responses of Forest Bats to a Major Insect Pest in Pine Plantations

Global change is expected to modify the frequency and magnitude of defoliating insect outbreaks in forest ecosystems. Bats are increasingly acknowledged as effective biocontrol agents for pest insect populations. However, a better understanding is required of whether and how bat communities contribute to the resilience of forests to man- and climate-driven biotic disturbances. We studied the responses of forest insectivorous bats to a major pine defoliator, the pine processionary moth pityocampa, which is currently expanding its range in response to global warming. We used pheromone traps and ultrasound bat recorders to estimate the abundance and activity of moths and predatory bats along the edge of infested pine stands. We used synthetic pheromone to evaluate the effects of experimentally increased moth availability on bat foraging activity. We also evaluated the top-down regulation of moth population by estimating T. pityocampa larval colonies abundance on the same edges the following winter. We observed a close spatio-temporal matching between emergent moths and foraging bats, with bat activity significantly increasing with moth abundance. The foraging activity of some bat species was significantly higher near pheromone lures, i.e. in areas of expected increased prey availability. Furthermore moth reproductive success significantly decreased with increasing bat activity during the flight period of adult moths. These findings suggest that bats, at least in condition of low prey density, exhibit numerical and functional responses to a specific and abundant prey, which may ultimately result in an effective top-down regulation of the population of the prey. These observations are consistent with bats being useful agents for the biocontrol of insect pest populations in plantation forests.