新安江水域(屯溪段)轮虫的种群增长研究

应用群体培养法对采自新安江水域(屯溪段)的萼花臂尾轮虫在4种不同温度(15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃)下的种群动态进行研究。结果表明,温度对轮虫的种群增长率和休眠卵产量均有显著影响(P<0.05)。随着培养温度的升高,轮虫的种群增长率逐渐增大;休眠卵产量在15℃时最小,其余温度下无显著差异。轮虫的总雌体密度在25℃最大,15℃最小;4温度下,雄体和产雄卵的混交雌体的生产量15℃下最小,25℃下最大;而产休眠卵的混交雌体的生产量在15℃下最小,20℃下最大。温度对轮虫的平均混交雌体百分率和平均混交雌体受精率均无显著影响。     

两种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能分析

应用生命表技术分析了拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum Viggiani(T.c)和卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogramm-atoidea bactrae Nagaraja(T.b)在两种繁蜂条件组配下（分别用米蛾Corcyra cephalomica(Stainton)(RM)卵和小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)(DBM)卵繁育）对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能分析,结果表明：（1）在相同寄主繁蜂条件下,卷蛾分索赤眼蜂在小菜蛾卵上显示出较强的寄生潜能,米蛾卵上所繁的卷蛾分索赤眼蜂（T.b-RM)和小菜蛾卵上所繁的卷蛾分索赤眼蜂（T.b-DBM)的内禀增长率为0.3509和0.3450,而米蛾卵上所繁的澳洲赤眼蜂（T.c-RM)和小菜蛾卵上所繁的拟澳洲赤眼蜂（T.c-DBM)的仅为0.2391和0.1902,T.b-RM和T.b-DBM的每雌平均寄生卵数为70.75和46.13粒,而T.c-RM和T.c-DBM的仅为64.90和31.73粒,但拟澳洲赤眼蜂的雌蜂寿命较卷蛾分索赤眼蜂更长。（2）在不同寄主繁蜂条件下,同种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能以米蛾卵所繁的仔蜂的各项寄生特性参数（内禀增长率,每雌寄生卵量,净生殖力,平均世代历期和雌蜂寿命）均优于用小菜蛾卵所繁之蜂,米蛾卵是其适宜的中间寄主。（3）长期用中间寄主繁蜂,赤眼蜂对目标寄主表现出一定的不适应性,中间寄主的驯化对赤眼蜂的寄生潜能有不容忽视的削弱作用。     

萼花臂尾轮虫有性生殖、种群增长和休眠卵产量间的关系

利用种群指数增长和Logistic增长模型,通过计算机模拟研究了萼花臂尾轮虫有性生殖发生的频率,后代中的混交雌体发率对种群增长和休眠卵产量的影响。在所模拟的参数范围内,随有性生殖发生频率由100％减小到20％,获得了大休眠卵产量所需的混交雌体百分率由9％增大到69％,随密度制约作用的增大（环境容纳量K值由1000减小到100）,该混交雌体百分率由18％增大到69％,休眠卵产量由1072．10降低至133．67,种群的内禀增长率与获得最大休眠卵产量所需的混交雌体百分率间呈曲线相关。当有性生殖发生得越频繁,种群增长所受的密度制约作用较小时,后代中10％－30％的个体为混交雌体时的种群中休眠卵产量较大。     

微小花蝽对小菜蛾捕食控制的能力

为了明确微小花蝽以小菜蛾卵做为饲料的适宜性及其对小菜蛾的控制能力,在室内以桃蚜作为参比猎物,研究捕食小菜蛾卵对微小花蝽生长发育、繁殖的影响,并结合捕食功能反应评价微小花蝽对小菜蛾的捕食能力.结果表明: 微小花蝽取食小菜蛾卵能够完成世代发育,并能够正常繁育后代.取食小菜蛾卵时,微小花蝽雌、雄若虫的历期(♀: 12.3 d,♂: 12.2 d)、成虫体长[♀: (2.13±0.01) mm,♂: (1.91±0.00) mm]、体宽[♀: (0.87±0.01) mm,♂: (0.71±0.01) mm]、单雌产卵量(12.7±1.1)、产卵前期[(5.1±0.6) d]和产卵期[(3.7±0.4) d]均与桃蚜处理组无显著差异;雌、雄成虫寿命[♀: (10.7±1.4) d,♂: (9.1±1.3) d]显著长于桃蚜处理组[♀: (8.5±0.5) d,♂: (6.4±0.3) d];若虫存活率[(65.0±6.8)%]不及桃蚜处理组[(80.0±8.2)%],且雌性比例偏低.微小花蝽对小菜蛾的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程.微小花蝽1～5龄若虫对小菜蛾卵的日均最大捕食量(N_max)分别为7.5、16.3、23.3、29.1和38.7粒;雌、雄成虫的日均最大捕食量分别为39.0和26.9粒;5龄若虫对小菜蛾低龄幼虫的日均最大捕食量为41.3头;雌、雄成虫的日均最大捕食量分别为40.8和23.9头.单头雌、雄微小花蝽一生中最多可捕食小菜蛾卵(711.3±58.1)和(535.4±30.6)粒,小菜蛾低龄幼虫(371.9±52.0)和(253.9±32.3)头.微小花蝽以小菜蛾卵饲养可行,且对小菜蛾具有良好的控制作用.     

不同杀菌剂对柑桔红蜘蛛生物学特性的影响

本研究报道柑桔园5种常用杀菌剂。在田间使用浓度下。对柑桔红蜘蛛Panonychus cltrl生物学特性的影响．在25±1℃．相对湿度75±5％,光照周期14L：10D的条件下,70％甲基托布津可湿性粉剂1500倍液、80％代森锌可湿性粉剂800倍液、50％多苗灵可湿性粉剂800倍液．20％叶青双可湿性粉剂800倍液和0．5％等量式渡尔多液。对柑桔红蜘蛛各螨态历期、雌雄成螨寿命和雌成螨产卵量没有影响．仅70％甲基托布津1500倍液和50％多菌灵800倍液会降低柑桔红蜘蛛卵的孵化率,比对照卵孵化率91.0％分别减少了27．7％和24．3％．     

蓝尾石龙子杭州和宁德种群繁殖生活史特征的差异

测定处于不同纬度的浙江杭州和福建宁德的蓝尾石龙子(Eumeceselegans)种群的个体大小和繁殖特征。宁德种群的产卵时间为5月27日—6月22日,早于高纬度杭州种群(6月4日—7月12日)。宁德种群最小繁殖雌体及性成熟个体大小均显著小于杭州种群。宁德和杭州两种群的相对窝卵重无显著差异;当统计去除母体体长的影响之后,两地种群的窝卵数和窝卵重也无显著差异,但杭州种群的卵重量显著大于宁德种群。蓝尾石龙子窝卵数和卵重量呈负相关,窝卵数和卵大小的权衡存在种群间差异。特定窝卵数条件下,杭州种群的卵重量显著大于宁德种群。由此可见,蓝尾石龙子种群间的繁殖生活史特征存在显著差异,而且与母体大小的差异密切相关。推测不同纬度地区的蓝尾石龙子种群的繁殖策略存在差异。     

真水狼蛛的生物学和田间种群动态研究

真水狼蛛在湖北武汉1a发生3个不完整的世代,以第2代历期最短,第3代(越冬代)历期最长。主要以亚成蛛越冬。雌、雄均可多次交配。真水狼蛛1生最多可产4个卵袋,平均2.8个,含卵量较大(平均90粒)。雌蛛有较强的护卵、护幼习性。卵的孵化率较高,平均孵化率为91.36％。真水狼蛛共蜕皮6次,有7个龄期。性比各个世代均为雌蛛多于雄蛛。真水狼蛛捕食叶蝉、飞虱等多种水稻害虫,捕食量与龄期、蜕皮和性别有关。真水狼蛛在6月5日左右开始由田埂向稻田内迁移,1a有2个发生高蜂,分析了影响真水狼蛛种群动态因素。     

蓝尾石龙子杭州和宁德种群繁殖生活史特征的差异

测定处于不同纬度的浙江杭州和福建宁德的蓝尾石龙子(Eumeces elegans)种群的个体大小和繁殖特征。宁德种群的产卵时间为5月27日—6月22日，早于高纬度杭州种群(6月4日—7月12日)。宁德种群最小繁殖雌体及性成熟个体大小均显著小于杭州种群。宁德和杭州两种群的相对窝卵重无显著差异；当统计去除母体体长的影响之后，两地种群的窝卵数和窝卵重也无显著差异，但杭州种群的卵重量显著大于宁德种群。蓝尾石龙子窝卵数和卵重量呈负相关，窝卵数和卵大小的权衡存在种群间差异。特定窝卵数条件下，杭州种群的卵重量显著大于宁德种群。由此可见，蓝尾石龙子种群间的繁殖生活史特征存在显著差异，而且与母体大小的差异密切相关。推测不同纬度地区的蓝尾石龙子种群的繁殖策略存在差异。     

小菜蛾卵表和雌蛾腹部鳞片提取液的GC-MS分析

来源于小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)卵表和雌蛾腹部鳞片的挥发性化学物质影响着卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja、拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum Viggiani、短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum Riley和玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen的搜索行为,为明确这些挥发性化学物质的主要成分,本文利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对小菜蛾卵表和雌蛾腹部鳞片正己烷提取液的化学成分进行分析。结果总共分离到48种挥发性化学物质,其中卵表中16种,雌蛾腹部鳞片中32种。经NIST数据库检索,并与标准图谱比较,应用色谱峰面积归一法测定各成分的相对含量,结果表明,鉴定出卵表中有11种化学物质,占其总挥发性组分总量的93.95%;雌蛾腹部鳞片中有17种化学物质,占其总挥发性组分总量的88.47%。结果表明,小菜蛾卵表和雌蛾腹部鳞片中的主要成分为12～36碳的直链和支链饱和烷烃及一些脂肪酸衍生物。     

黑胸大蠊浓核症病毒对雌成虫生殖的亚致死影响

用黑胸大蠊浓核症病毒(Periplaneta fuliginosa densonucleosis virus,PfDNV)三种浓度处理黑胸大蠊8-9龄雌性若虫,对雌成虫生殖有亚致死影响。试验结果表明,雌成虫寿命分别平均减少121d、145d和179d;产卵期分别平均缩短62d、56d和121d;每雌成虫产卵鞘数分别平均减少16个(占57％)、20个(占72％)和25个(占88％),每雌成虫产卵数分别平均减少354粒(占55％)、453粒(占71％)和558粒(占86％);生殖力分别平均下降177倍(占55％)、226倍(占71％)和279倍(占88％)。卵鞘活力分别下降28％、28％和20％。雌成虫在产卵盛期的前4个月持续受到DNV的影响,每雌每月平均产卵数分别减少30粒(占40％)、69粒(占48％)、63粒(占47％)和55粒(占50％),生殖力分别下降15倍、34倍、31倍和28倍。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.