不同砧木阔瓣含笑嫁接苗生长生理及亲和性评价

以白玉兰、紫玉兰、乐昌含笑、深山含笑作砧木的阔瓣含笑嫁接苗为材料,通过对嫁接苗生长特性的观测和生理生化指标的动态测定,运用主成分分析和隶属函数法计算亲和性综合指数,评价阔瓣含笑与4种砧木的苗期亲和性。结果表明:以深山含笑和紫玉兰作砧木的嫁接成活率较高(分别为88.33%、83.33%),白玉兰次之(为75%),乐昌含笑较低(为63.3%);砧木对嫁接苗的苗高有较大影响,以深山含笑和紫玉兰的苗高最高,白玉兰次之,乐昌含笑最矮;砧木对嫁接苗叶片数的影响表现为初期存在一定差异,生长后期差异逐渐缩小。在嫁接苗生长过程中,4种砧木嫁接苗的叶绿素含量均呈双峰型变化,类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、POD活性表现出先上升后下降的趋势,可溶性糖含量总体表现为先下降后上升的趋势。在4种砧木的嫁接苗中,深山含笑、紫玉兰和白玉兰的各项生理指标都相近,而乐昌含笑整个生长期都低于其它3种嫁接苗。从亲和性综合指数来看,深山含笑的亲和性指数最高(为0.518),乐昌含笑的最低(为0.470)。综合分析,认为4种砧木与阔瓣含笑都具有一定的亲和性,其中以深山含笑最好,乐昌含笑最差。     

低温胁迫下6种木兰科植物的生理响应及抗寒相关基因差异表达

分析了6种木兰科植物对低温胁迫的生理响应及耐寒相关调控基因HSP90和WRKY33的差异表达,为木兰科植物抗寒机理的研究和抗寒品种的选育提供理论基础。结果表明,6种木兰科植物的低温LT50在-10.64—-22.06℃,从高到低依次为红花深山含笑、峨眉含笑、杂交含笑、阔瓣含笑、六瓣含笑和乐东拟单性木兰;低温过程中,6种木兰科植物叶片可溶性蛋白(SP)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物歧化酶(POD)活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,可溶性糖(SS)和丙二醛含量(MDA)则不断积累;筛选出REC、MDA、SP、SS和Pro作为6种木兰科植物抗寒性评价的关键指标;聚类分析将6种木兰科植物在抗寒性能上分为强、中、弱三类,分别为乐东拟单性木兰和六瓣含笑,阔瓣含笑、杂交含笑和峨眉含笑,以及红花深山含笑。对HSP90、WRKY33基因的差异表达分析表明,2个基因在6种木兰科植物中的相对表达量呈先升高后降低的趋势,在临近各树种LT 50时,2个基因的表达被强烈抑制且后期表达量不可逆。0℃时,2个基因的表达量差异不显著;-5℃时,2个基因开始被激活,表达量增加;-10℃时,HSP90、WRKY33基因在红花深山含笑叶片中的表达量较-5℃时分别下调了0.76倍和0.68倍,而在其他5个树种中的表达被进一步激活;-15℃时,HSP90和WRKY33基因在抗寒性中等的阔瓣含笑、杂交含笑、峨眉含笑中亦被强烈抑制,较-10℃时分别下调了0.38倍、0.33倍、0.32倍和0.71倍、0.72倍、0.74倍,在抗寒性强的乐东拟单性木兰和六瓣含笑中的表达被进一步激活;-20℃以后,2个基因在6个树种中的表达均被强烈抑制,但在抗寒性最强的乐东拟单性木兰中的表达量仍高于其他5个树种。抗寒基因的激活与表达是影响植物抗寒性的重要因素,抗寒性不同的树种对低温的应答机制明显不同。抗寒性越强的树种越能快速启动低温应答机制,激活抗寒相关基因的表达,进而调整生理生化活动以抵御和适应冷应力。不抗寒树种中抗寒基因的表达则受到抑制,降低了其对低温逆境的耐受能力。     

如何辨别真假乐昌含笑种子

乐昌含笑（Micheliachapen－sis），是木兰科乔木树种。其树体高大雄伟，生长迅速，适应性强，叶色翠绿，花大芳香，很受人们喜爱，是近年长江以南地区城市绿化、美化的首选树种，苗价也因此不断上扬。由于各地育苗户争相抢购，使乐昌含笑种子价格猛涨。２０００年秋，每公斤乐昌含笑种子价高达２０００元，等于每粒种子价０．３元（每公斤约６６６０粒）。２００１年秋，乐昌含笑种子是个丰年，价格回落，但每公斤仍在６００元上下。然而，有人花高价买回的却不是乐昌含笑种子，而是阔瓣含笑、深山含笑等的种子，也有用多花含笑种子冒充的…     

华南五种木兰科植物精油成分和抗氧化活性

对广东南岭自然保护区内野生的毛桃木莲（Manglietia moto）、乳源木莲（M．yuyanensis）、乐昌含笑（M．chapensis）、金叶含笑（M．foveolata）和深山含笑（M．maudiae）5种木兰科芳香植物精油进行了化学成分对比分析和抗氧化活性研究。化学成分鉴定采用气质联用技术,同时结合了保留指数比较法;精油抗氧化活性采用β-胡萝卜素漂白试验法。深山含笑芳香精油的主体成分以单萜烯为主,另外4种木兰科芳香精油所含成分均以倍半萜类为主。毛桃木莲和乳源木莲精油在成分构成上具有高度一致性,而且在主要成分上具有相似性,这可能表明它们具有非常近的植物亲缘关系。4种精油的抗脂质氧化半抑制浓度分别为6．6g／L（毛桃木莲精油）、9．8g／L（乳源木莲精油）、11．3g／L）金叶含笑精油）和12．2g／L（乐昌含笑精油）,在本试验条件下,未能测出深山含笑的半抑制浓度。     

6种含笑属植物抗寒性分析与综合评价

以6种含笑属植物为试材,进行田间冻害调查,拟合Logistic方程计算其低温半致死温度,采用石蜡切片技术,测定9项叶片解剖结构指标,运用隶属函数法对各树种的抗寒性进行综合分析与评价.结果表明: 6种含笑属植物叶片的相对电导率与0～25 ℃低温处理3 h的半致死温度之间呈显著正相关.6种含笑属植物低温半致死温度在-20.48～-8.67 ℃,高低顺序为深山含笑>红花深山含笑>峨眉含笑>杂交11-8>阔瓣含笑>六瓣含笑;叶片表皮细胞1～2层,垂周壁略呈波浪状,栅栏组织细胞1～3层,9项叶片解剖结构指标差异显著,栅栏组织厚度、栅海比和主脉厚度是影响抗寒性的主要叶片解剖结构指标.电导法和隶属函数法对6种含笑属植物的抗寒性评价结果与田间调查结果基本一致.6种含笑属植物抗寒性强弱顺序为:六瓣含笑>阔瓣含笑>杂交11-8>峨眉含笑>红花深山含笑>深山含笑.     

自然降温过程中5个常绿阔叶树种的抗寒性分析

对自然降温过程中(2006年10月至2007年3月)乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis Dandy)、红花木莲[Manglietia insignis(Wall.)Bl.]、浙江樟[Cinnamomum japonicum Sieb.var.chekiangense(Nakai)M.P.Tang et Yao]、秃瓣杜英(Elaeocarpus glabripetalus Merr.)和乐东拟单性木兰[Parakmeria lotungensis(Chun et C.H.Tsoong)Lawl5种常绿阔叶树种的叶片相对电导率和低温半致死温度(LT50)进行了测定,并分析r各树种的LT50与月平均最低温度的相关性.结果显示,在自然降温过程中,5个树种叶片的相对电导率有明显变化,除乐东拟单性木兰外,其他树种的相对电导率均呈现先升后降再升高的变化趋势.实验期内,乐东拟单性木兰和浙江樟的LT50为-13℃～-19℃,抗寒能力较强,其他3个树种的LT50为-3℃～-11℃,抗寒能力较弱.根据LT50,可将5个树种的抗寒适应性分为抗寒性较弱期、抗寒性增强期、抗寒性最强期和抗寒性减弱期4个时期.各树种在不同月份的LT50与月平均最低气温的变化趋势一致,其中乐东拟单性木兰的LT50与月平均最低温度极显著相关.研究结果表明,乐东拟单性木兰和浙江樟的抗寒能力较强,在南京的适应性较强,可以广泛栽植.     

7种木莲属植物抗寒性评价及其生理机制

为建立木莲属(Manglietia)植物的抗寒性综合评价体系,对7种木莲属植物扦插苗进行低温胁迫处理,测定叶片的抗寒性关键生理指标,拟合Logistic方程计算低温半致死温度,隶属函数法筛选抗寒性关键指标并综合评价。结果表明,7种木莲属植物的低温半致死温度依次为木莲红花木莲荷花木莲巴东木莲球果木莲锥花木莲粗枝木莲,且与相对电导率显著正相关。7种木莲属植物叶片的游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量及超氧化物酶、过氧化物酶活性均随温度降低呈先升后降的趋势,而可溶性糖和丙二醛含量则不断增加、后趋于平稳。聚类分析结果表明7种木莲可分为3类,木莲和红花木莲抗寒性较强;荷花木莲、巴东木莲和球果木莲抗寒性中等;粗枝木莲和锥花木莲抗寒性较弱。     

醉香含笑和金叶含笑幼苗期的动态生命表

本文运用动态生命表研究方法,观察和分析了南京地区苗圃露地栽培的醉香含笑(Michelia macclurei Dandy)和金叶含笑(M. foveolata Merr. ex Dandy)的幼苗生长动态.结果显示,2种含笑幼苗的早期生长阶段存活率下降快、死亡率和致死力高,醉香含笑和金叶含笑前3个统计时段的死亡率分别高达42.9%和51.3%.其存活曲线属Deevey Ⅲ型,表明幼苗早期个体死亡率较高,此阶段是种苗繁育管理的关键时期.幼苗期动态生命表的研究结果可以为醉香含笑和金叶含笑田间育苗养护管理措施的制定提供科学依据.     

江西木兰科植物修订

通过野外采集及标本的整理鉴定,对江西木兰科植物进行了修订,归并了3个学名,即将落叶木莲组(Manglietia Sect.Decidua Q.Y.Zheng)并入华木莲属(Sinomanglietia Z.X.Yu),将Manglietta decidua Q.Y.Zheng并入Sinomanglietia glauca Z.X.Yu et Q.Y.Zheng,将江西含笑(Michelia jiangxiensis Chang et B.L.Chen)并入乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis Dandy).至此,确认江西产木兰科植物7属22种1亚种.     

车八岭保护区及其邻近地区的木兰科植物种群及其保护现状

报道了广东省始兴县车八岭国家级自然保护区及其邻近地区木兰科植物种群特点及保护现状。木兰科植物通常位于人为破坏较轻 ,林相保存较好 ,以壳斗科、樟科、茶科为主要建群种的中亚热带常绿阔叶林中。共设置了 9个面积为 4 0 0 m2的样方。在样方中共记录了 3种木兰科植物 :观光木 ( Tsoongiodendron odor-um Chun)、深山含笑 ( Michelia maudiae Dunn)和金叶含笑 ( M.foveolata Merr.ex Dandy)。其中 ,深山含笑的种群较大 ,呈稳定结构 ,但主要局限于保护区内保护较好的地域 ;金叶含笑种群面临濒危 ,种群小 ,在保护区呈零星分布 ;观光木的分布区域相对较广 ,在保护区内外均见分布 ,但种群较小 ,特别是在保护区外的种群 ,由于人为的干扰 ,种群在急剧减少。大多数木兰科植物的种群在原生境均表现出自然更新不良 ,必须加以保护。分析了影响车八岭及其邻近地区木兰科植物种群及其群落发展的主要限制因素 ,建议加强自然保护知识的宣传和木兰科植物的人工保育 ,促进该区域木兰科植物资源的管理和发展     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.