有关猫听觉脑干电反应（ABR）两耳干涉作用的研究

用不同声强稳态白噪声和短声同时分别刺激两耳,观察白噪声负荷侧耳蜗破坏前后另一侧ＡＢＲ的改变,探讨两耳干涉作用及其可能的机制。结果显示,对侧耳蜗破坏前,４０ｄＢ和７５ｄＢ白噪声对０ｄＢ、４５ｄＢ、７０ｄＢ和７５ｄＢＳＰＬ的短声诱发的ＡＢＲ各波振幅均有明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５０．０１）。耳蜗破坏后,同样条件下记录的ＡＢＲ振幅基本无明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示白噪声对短声有一定的干涉作用。短声为７０ｄＢＳＰＬ时ＡＢＲＰ１波振幅的减小可能与中枢离中控制相关。     

白噪声对听觉脑干电反应(ABR)和耳蜗电图(ECochG)的影响

本文通过20例听力正常人和10例听力正常豚鼠研究了白噪声对耳蜗电图(ECochG)和听觉脑干电反应(ABR)的干涉作用。实验结果表明,白噪声比短声(信号)的声强级低30dB(SL)以上时,ECochG和ABR的振幅仅轻微减小。白噪声与短声的声强级相等时,ECochG与ABR的振幅和出现率会明显受到干涉而减小,甚至完全消失。但是,此时的耳蜗微音器电位(CM)并未观察到有明显的变化。这意味着白噪声对ECochG和ABR的干涉作用主要与围绕毛细胞基底部的突触产生的抑制密切相关。由于白噪声对ABR各波的干涉有些差异,所以认为这种抑制,可能既包括脑中抑制也包括侧方抑制。     

强噪声暴露后听觉脑干电反应及皮层电反应的变化

为了观察噪声作用豚鼠后,在暂时性或移和永久性阈移期间,听觉末梢和听觉各级中枢电反庆的变化规律,我们进行了６２ｄ的测定。听神经电反应振幅减小２９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,耳蜗核电反应振幅减小２８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,上橄榄核电反应反而增加２１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,中脑下丘的电反应振幅进而增大３７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,听觉皮层电反应振幅却意外地增加１３１％（Ｐ＜０．００１）。这说明强噪声（１２５ｄＢ １５０ｍｉｎ     

稳态白噪声对豚鼠听觉脑干诱发反应(ABR)功率谱的影响

本文对豚鼠125和131dBSPL稳态白噪声暴露后听觉脑干诱发反应(ABR)功率谱进行了研究.研究结果表明:125dBSPL噪声暴露组0—200、210—500Hz频段谱能量比对照组相应频段谱能量增多(P<0.05),而510—900Hz频段谱能量却显著下降(P<0.01);131dBSPL噪声暴露组0-200Hz频段谱能量显著下降(P<0.01),但210-500Hz、910-1400Hz频段谱能量却明显增多(P<0.01).     

强噪声对脑干听觉通路的影响

噪声暴露可造成听觉暂时性听阈偏移(TTS)和永久性听阈偏移。研究噪声对听觉中枢的影响对了解TTS的产生机制和防治噪声对听觉系统的损伤有重要意义。     

稳态白噪声对豚鼠耳蜗电位影响的研究

本工作利用面神经管慢性埋植电极在清醒动物上对噪声暴露前后听神经动作电位(AP)和微音器电位(CM) 进行了研究,结果表明:当改变测试声强和频率时CM应起始点会发生移位(CM-shift); 123dBSPL稳态白噪声暴露1小时后.AP各参数(幅值、潜伏期和阈值)均发生明显变化.而CM各参数(幅值、CM-shift和检测阈)变化则基本未达显著性.说明AP对产损伤的敏感性要高于CM另外发现噪声暴露后AP的N_2峰的恢复比N_1峰快、CM在恢复过程中会出现幅值加大现象.     

脑干缺血对听觉脑干反应影响的实验研究

目的 :探讨脑干缺血模型ABR变化特点及其在脑缺血早期诊断中的应用价值。方法 :阻断猫基底动脉不同部位血流 ,观察记录阻断血流后不同时间ABR变化特点及其规律。结果 :①夹闭基底动脉上、下段或小脑下前动脉 10min左右 ,ABRP3 ,P4振幅明显减小 (P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 ) ,60min恢复夹前水平 ;②夹闭基底动脉上段 10～60minP5明显减小 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,直到 12 0min尚未恢复至夹前状态。结论 :①猫的ABRP3脑区的血供主要来自小脑下前动脉 ,P1,P2产生部位基本不依赖基底动脉供血 ;②轻度暂短性脑缺血时ABR振幅比潜伏期更敏感 ,振幅减小的程度与脑干缺血的程度密切相关 ;③ABR可用于脑缺血定位诊断及脑功能动态观察的电生理检测。     

犬脑干缺血兴奋性氨基酸含量的改变对BAEP影响的初步研究

犬脑干缺血兴奋性氨基酸含量的改变对ＢＡＥＰ影响的初步研究岳桂明邓志宽（第三军医大学新桥医院神经内科,重庆６３００３７）目前的研究已经证实,兴奋性氨基酸（Ｅｘｃｉｔａｔｏｒｙａｍｉｎｏａｃｉｄｓ,ＥＡＡｓ）在脑缺血损伤中起重要病理作用。由于脑干内神经核...     

丹参注射液对顺铂致听力损伤的拮抗作用

目的:探讨丹参注射液对顺铂致小鼠耳毒性的保护作用,为顺铂耳毒性作用的防治提供实验依据.方法:应用听觉脑干反应(ABR)检测给药前后各组小鼠不同滤波click听力阈值的变化.结果:顺铂可引起小鼠体重明显下降和各滤波click听力阈值的升高.而丹参拮抗组小鼠给药前后体重和ABR听力阈值的改变明显低于单纯顺铂给药组,并呈剂量依赖关系.结论:丹参可明显减轻顺铂对小鼠的听力损伤.     

Specialization for underwater hearing by the tympanic middle ear of the turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans

Turtles, like other amphibious animals, face a trade-off between terrestrial and aquatic hearing. We used laser vibrometry and auditory brainstem responses to measure their sensitivity to vibration stimuli and to airborne versus underwater sound. Turtles are most sensitive to sound underwater, and their sensitivity depends on the large middle ear, which has a compliant tympanic disc attached to the columella. Behind the disc, the middle ear is a large air-filled cavity with a volume of approximately 0.5 ml and a resonance frequency of approximately 500 Hz underwater. Laser vibrometry measurements underwater showed peak vibrations at 500-600 Hz with a maximum of 300 μm s(-1) Pa(-1), approximately 100 times more than the surrounding water. In air, the auditory brainstem response audiogram showed a best sensitivity to sound of 300-500 Hz. Audiograms before and after removing the skin covering reveal that the cartilaginous tympanic disc shows unchanged sensitivity, indicating that the tympanic disc, and not the overlying skin, is the key sound receiver. If air and water thresholds are compared in terms of sound intensity, thresholds in water are approximately 20-30 dB lower than in air. Therefore, this tympanic ear is specialized for underwater hearing, most probably because sound-induced pulsations of the air in the middle ear cavity drive the tympanic disc.     

硫酸卡那霉素对成年大鼠的耳毒性效应

本研究旨在观察硫酸卡那霉素(kanamycin sulfate,KM)对成年大鼠的耳毒性效应。6～7周龄的雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠40只,随机分为2组:实验组,每天腹腔注射KM(500mg/kg)2周;对照组,注射等量生理盐水2周。通过检测脑干听觉诱发电位(auditory brainstem response,ABR)观察大鼠听力改变。ABR检测结束后,分离出耳蜗进行基底膜铺片、耳蜗冰冻切片,观察耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞(spiral ganglion cells,SGCs)的密度和耳蜗形态学改变。结果显示,注射KM2周后,大鼠在各频率的听觉阈值均有明显升高,其上升幅度超过60dB;随着时间推移,KM组SGCs密度逐渐降低,Corti器结构尚存,但外毛细胞及内毛细胞均有不同程度的缺失,以外毛细胞为甚;内毛细胞缺失与SGCs的密度下降相平行。以上结果表明,6～7周龄大鼠经过KM作用2周后,听力会明显下降,达到重度耳聋甚至全聋。KM的耳毒性作用与SGCs和内外毛细胞的损伤密切相关。     

Chronic exposure of primates to 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields: III. Neurophysiologic effects

The neurophysiologic effects of combined 60-Hz electric (E) and magnetic (B) fields, of magnitudes comparable to those produced by high-voltage powerlines, were investigated in 10 monkeys (Macaca nemestrina). Six animals (experimental group) were each exposed to three different levels of E and B fields: 3 kV/m and 0.1 G, 10 kV/m and 0.3 G, and 30 kV/m and 0.9 G. Field exposures were preceded and followed by sham exposures, during which factors of field generation were present (e.g., heat, vibration, noise, etc.) without E and B fields. Each of the five segments (i.e., the three exposure segments and the initial and final sham exposure segments) lasted 3 weeks. Animals were exposed for 18 h/day (fields on at 1600 h, off at 1000 h). Four other animals (external control group) were given sham exposure for the entire 15-week period. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded twice a week, during the daily 6-h field-off period. E- and B-field exposure had no effect on the early or mid-latency evoked potential components, suggesting that exposure at these levels has no effect on peripheral or central sensory afferent pathways. However, there was a statistically significant decrease in the amplitudes of late components of the somatosensory evoked potential during the 10kV/m and 0.3 G, and 30 kV/m and 0.9 G exposure levels. This result is possibly related to the opiate antagonist effect of electromagnetic field exposure reported by others.     

Effects of Boat Engine Noise on the Auditory Sensitivity of the Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas

Fishes are constantly exposed to various sources of noise in their underwater acoustic environment. Many of these sounds are from anthropogenic sources, especially engines of boats. Noise generated from a small boat with a 55 horsepower outboard motor was played back to fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, for 2 h at 142 dB (re: 1 Pa), and auditory thresholds were measured using the auditory brainstem response (ABR) technique. The results demonstrate that boat engine noise significantly elevate a fish's auditory threshold at 1 kHz (7.8 dB), 1.5 kHz (13.5 dB), and 2.0 kHz (10.5 dB), the most sensitive hearing range of this species. Such a short duration of noise exposure leads to significant changes in hearing capability, and implies that man-made noise generated from boat engines can have far reaching environmental impacts on fishes.     

Connexin 26 (GJB2) mutations as a cause of the KID syndrome with hearing loss

KID syndrome (MIM 148210) is an ectodermal dysplasia characterized by the occurrence of localized erythematous scaly skin lesions, keratitis and severe bilateral sensorineural deafness. KID syndrome is inherited as an autosomic dominant disease, due to mutations in the gene encoding gap junction protein GJB2 (connexin 26, Cx26). Cx26 is a component of gap junction channels in the epidermis and in the stria vascularis of the cochlea. These channels play a role in the coordinated exchange of molecules and ions occurring in a wide spectrum of cellular activities. In this paper we describe two patients with Cx26 mutations cause cell death by the alteration of protein trafficking, membrane localization and probably interfering with intracellular ion concentrations. We discuss the pathogenesis of both the hearing and skin phenotypes.     

越冬地东方白鹳繁殖生物学的初步研究

近年来,陆续在长江中下游越冬地发现东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)繁殖个体。为了了解该种在当地的繁殖对策和种群现状,2004-2006年在安庆市望江县武昌湖地区(116°51.15′-116°49.47′E,30°19.53′-30°19.79′N)对东方白鹳的繁殖生物学进行了研究。东方白鹳在当地开始营巢时间不一致,最早为2月5日,而受干扰的繁殖个体则延至5月6日。观察到的巢全在高压线塔上,巢高34.6±0.8m(n=11),巢间距908.8±1039.4m(n=6)。产卵期最早开始于2月11日,最晚6月21日,窝卵数4.2±0.4(4-5)枚(n=6)。育雏期71.0±16.1d(n=3),日育雏5.1±2.6(n=38),雏鸟离巢时间最早6月14日,最晚9月20日。2004和2005年东方白鹳在该地区共营巢8窝,产卵25枚,孵出雏鸟9只,出飞7只。繁殖失败5巢,其中,人工干扰造成4巢失败,高压电击毁1巢。繁殖不同时期,亲鸟的觅食、休息、警戒、取材、翻卵、育雏、交配、在巢、视野外行为时间分配差异显著,而飞翔、行走、理羽、击喙、整巢和其它行为差异不显著。雏鸟在发育的不同时期,觅食、飞翔、休息、整巢、在巢、行走、视野外行为时间分配差异显著,理羽、警戒、击喙和其它行为差异不显著     

Identifying the Threshold of Iron Deficiency in the Central Nervous System of the Rat by the Auditory Brainstem Response

The deleterious effects of anemia on auditory nerve (AN) development have been well investigated; however, we have previously reported that significant functional consequences in the auditory brainstem response (ABR) can also occur as a consequence of marginal iron deficiency (ID). As the ABR has widespread clinical use, we evaluated the ability of this electrophysiological method to characterize the threshold of tissue ID in rats by examining the relationship between markers of tissue ID and severity of ABR latency defects. To generate various levels of ID, female Long-Evans rats were exposed to diets containing sufficient, borderline, or deficient iron (Fe) concentrations throughout gestation and offspring lifetime. We measured hematological indices of whole body iron stores in dams and offspring to assess the degree of ID. Progression of AN ID in the offspring was measured as ferritin protein levels at different times during postnatal development to complement ABR functional measurements. The severity of ABR deficits correlated with the level of Fe restriction in each diet. The sufficient Fe diet did not induce AN ID and consequently did not show an impaired ABR latency response. The borderline Fe diet, which depleted AN Fe stores but did not cause systemic anemia resulted in significantly increased ABR latency isolated to Peak I.The low Fe diet, which induced anemia and growth retardation, significantly increased ABR latencies of Peaks I to IV. Our findings indicate that changes in the ABR could be related to various degrees of ID experienced throughout development.     

The Hearing Sensitivity of the Little Skate, Raja erinacea: A Comparison of Two Methods

We determined the hearing sensitivity of the little skate, Raja erinacea using two methods: Behavioral conditioning and the auditory brainstem response (ABR). This marks the first time that the hearing in any member of the Rajiformes has been examined and the first time that the ABR method has been used with an elasmobranch. We obtained audiograms of R. erinacea using each method and were found to be statistically similar. The best hearing sensitivity for R. erinacea was between 100 and 300Hz. We compared the audiograms to audiograms obtained from other species of elasmobranchs. This analysis showed that R. erinacea, a bottom-dwelling elasmobranch, has less sensitive hearing than the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris, and the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, a free-swimming, raptorial elasmobranch. However, R. erinacea showed sensitivity comparable to that of the horn shark, Heterodontus francisi, another bottom-dwelling elasmobranch; both species feed primarily on benthic prey. These findings are in agreement with Corwin's hypothesis (1978) that hearing sensitivity is correlated with feeding behavior. An examination of the macula neglecta of R. erinacea found a total count of 10000 hair cells, which is within the range of other bottom-dwelling elasmobranchs.     

Deafness-related plasticity in the inferior colliculus: gene expression profiling following removal of peripheral activity

The inferior colliculus (IC) is a major center of integration in the ascending as well as descending auditory pathways, where both excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters play a key role. When normal input to the auditory system is decreased, the balance between excitation and inhibition in the IC is disturbed. We examined global changes in gene expression in the rat IC 3 and 21 days following bilateral deafening, using Affymetrix GeneChip arrays and focused our analysis on changes in expression of neurotransmission-related genes. Over 1400 probe sets in the Affymetrix Rat Genome U34A Array were identified as genes that were differentially expressed. These genes encoded proteins previously reported to change as a consequence of deafness, such as calbindin, as well as proteins not previously reported to be modulated by deafness, such as clathrin. A subset of 19 differentially expressed genes was further examined using quantitative RT-PCR at 3, 21 and 90 days following deafness. These included several GABA, glycine, glutamate receptor and neuropeptide-related genes. Expression of genes for GABA-A receptor subunits beta2, beta3, and gamma2, plus ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits AMPA 2, AMPA 3, and kainate 2, increased at all three times. Expression of glycine receptor alpha1 initially declined and then later increased, while alpha2 increased sharply at 21 days. Glycine receptor alpha3 increased between 3 and 21 days, but decreased at 90 days. Of the neuropeptide-related genes tested with qRT-PCR, tyrosine hydroxylase decreased approximately 50% at all times tested. Serotonin receptor 2C increased at 3, 21, and 90 days. The 5B serotonin receptor decreased at 3 and 21 days and returned to normal by 90 days. Of the genes tested with qRT-PCR, only glycine receptor alpha2 and serotonin receptor 5B returned to normal levels of expression at 90 days. Changes in GABA receptor beta3, GABA receptor gamma2, glutamate receptor 2/3, enkephalin, and tyrosine hydroxylase were further confirmed using immunocytochemistry.