畜尿排泄特征及其对草地植被和家畜选择采食的作用

综述了畜尿特征及其对草地植被和家畜选择采食的作用.畜尿主要成分为尿素,尿斑N浓度一般为20～80 g N/m2.家畜排尿量和尿斑大小与家畜种类、饮水次数和放牧季节有关.畜尿空间分布表现为数量和浓度的不同,常呈线形函数形式随机分布于家畜采食路线周围,尿斑中心与边缘的尿N浓度差别很大.通常,畜尿对草地植物的影响限于尿斑区域,约为尿斑面积的2倍,作用时间可持续6～12个月;对草地植物生长具长期促进和短期灼烧作用,其效应大小与尿N浓度和施尿时期有关.一般畜尿促进禾草生长,抑制豆科草的生长和固氮作用.尿斑处植物的N成分比非施尿斑块高,植物吸收的N量随家畜年排泄N不同而异,尿排泄对植物生长的正效应发生于≤250 kg N/(hm2·a)情况下.畜尿排泄增加草地植物多度、丰富度和群落多样性,并受放牧、培育措施的影响.不同植物对畜尿的响应不同,放牧家畜对尿斑不同植物的选食性和补偿性生长差异,是引起和维持草地异质性的重要因素之一.放牧家畜具优先选食和反复采食尿斑植物或高营养斑块的特点,亦经常在远离高营养植被斑块的地方采食.具体草地管理与生产实践中,可通过在草地采食不足的地方设置饮水点、补饲料及搭荫棚等措施,提高家畜对整个草地的利用,以降低家畜对尿排泄物密集区高N植被斑块的过度采食.     

陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒群落土壤养分与地上生物量空间异质性

应用地统计学方法,研究了群落尺度上陕北黄土丘陵区不同演替阶段猪毛蒿、长芒草和达乌里胡枝子3种撂荒群落土壤全氮、全磷和地上生物量的空间异质性.利用基于距离矩阵的Mantel偏相关方法分析了群落地上生物量与土壤全氮、全磷在不同尺度上的相互关系,分析了土壤全氮、全磷及群落自身的空间过程对群落地上生物量空间分布的解释程度.结果表明:(1)猪毛蒿、长芒草和达乌里胡枝子3种群落土壤全氮含量空间自相关性较差,而全磷自相关性较好,不同深度的土壤全氮含量其空间异质性大小也有所差别.3种群落0～20cm全氮的空间变异性大小为:达乌里胡枝子〉长芒草〉猪毛蒿群落;20～40cm为:长芒草〉达乌里胡枝子〉猪毛蒿群落.即土壤表层全氮含量为撂荒年限越长空间变异性越大,而亚表层全氮含量则是演替中期空间异质性较大,演替前后期较小.3种群落0～20cm、20～40cm全磷含量也是演替中期空间异质性较大,而前后期较小.(2)3种群落地上生物量空间自相关性以长芒草群落为最小,并且空间异质性大小为猪毛蒿〉达乌里胡枝子〉长芒草群落;猪毛蒿群落地上生物量与土壤全氮在小尺度上(0.71m)为显著正相关,与全磷相关性也较好,为负相关,在19.80～20.51m尺度上与全磷为显著负相关.达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量与全磷在7.07～20.51m尺度上为显著正相关,在小尺度上(0.71m)正相关性也较好.长芒草群落地上生物量与土壤全氮、全磷相关性在各个尺度上都不显著,只在小尺度上与全氮负相关性较好.(3)土壤氮和磷,对达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量的解释较好,约为19.59%,猪毛蒿次之,长芒草群落最小.群落本身的空间过程对猪毛蒿群落的解释程度最高,约为5.42%,其次为达乌里胡枝子,长芒草最小. m)为显著正相关,与全磷相关性也较好,为负相关,在19.80～20.51 尺度上与全磷为显著负相关.达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量与全磷在7.07～20.51m尺度上为显著正相关,在小尺度上(0.71m)正相关性也较好.长芒草群落地上生物量与土壤全氮、全磷相关性在各个尺度上都不显著,只在小尺度上与全氮负相关性较好.(3)土壤氮和磷,对达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量的解释较好,约为19.59%,猪毛蒿次之,长芒草群落最小.群落本身的空间过程对猪毛蒿群落的解释程度最高,约为5.42%,其次为达乌里胡枝子,长芒草最小. m)为显著正相关,与全磷相关性也较好,为负相关,在19.80～20.51 尺度上与全磷为显著负相关.达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量与全磷在7.07～20.51m尺度上为显著正相关,在小尺度上(0.71m)正相关性也较好.长芒草群落地上生物量与土壤全氮、全磷相关性在各个尺度上都不显著,只在小尺度上与全氮负相关性较好.(3)土壤氮和磷,对达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量的解释较好,约为19.59%,猪毛蒿次之,长芒草群落最小.群落本身的空间过程对猪毛蒿群落的解释程度最高,约为5.42%,其次为达乌里胡枝子,长芒草最小. m)为显著正相关,与全磷相关性也较好,为负相关,在19.80～20.51 尺度上与全磷为显著负相关.达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量与全磷在7.07～20.51m尺度上为显著正相关,在小尺度上( .71m)正相关性也较好.长芒草群落地上生物量与土壤全氮、全磷相关性在各个尺度上都不显著,只在小尺度上与全氮负相关性较好.(3)土壤氮和磷,对达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量的解释较好,约为19.59%,猪毛蒿次之,长芒草群落最小.群落本身的空间过程对猪毛蒿群落的解释程度最高,约为5.42%,其次为达乌里胡枝子,长芒草最小. m)为显著正相关,与全磷相关性也较好,为负相关,在19.80～20.51 尺度上与全磷为显著负相关.达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量与全磷在7.07～20.51m尺度上为显著正相关,在小尺度上( .71m)正相关性也较好.长芒草群落地上生物量与土壤全氮、全磷相关性在各个尺度上都不显著,只在小尺度上与全氮负相关性较好.(3)土壤氮和磷,对达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量的解释较好,约为19.59%,猪毛蒿次之,长芒草群落最小.群落本身的空间过程对猪毛蒿群落的解释程度最高,约为5.42%,其次为达乌里胡枝子,长芒草最小. m)为显著正相关,与全磷相关性也较好,为负相关,在19.80～20.51 尺度上与全磷为显著负相关.达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量与全磷在7.07～20.51m尺度上为显著正相关,在小尺度上( .71m)正相关性也较好.长芒草群落地上生物量与土壤全氮、全磷相关性在各个尺度上都不显著,只在小尺度上与全氮负相关性较好.(3)土壤氮和磷,对达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量的解释较好,约为19.59%,猪毛蒿次之,长芒草群落最小.群落本身的空间过程对猪毛蒿群落的解释程度最高,约为5.42%,其次为达乌里胡枝子,长芒草最小. m)为显著正相关,与全磷相关性也较好,为负相关,在19.80～20.51 尺度上与全磷为显著负相关.达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量与全磷在7.07～20.51m尺度上为显著正相关,在小尺度上( .71m)正相关性也较好.长芒草群落地上生物量与土壤全氮、全磷相关性在各个尺度上都不显著,只在小尺度上与全氮负相关性较好.(3)土壤氮和磷,对达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量的解释较好,约为19.59%,猪毛蒿次之,长芒草群落最小.群落本身的空间过程对猪毛蒿群落的解释程度最高,约为5.42%,其次为达乌里胡枝子,长芒草最小. m)为显著正相关,与全磷相关性也较好,为负相关,在19.80～20.51 尺度上与全磷为显著负相关.达乌里胡枝子群落地上生物量与全磷在7.07～20.51m尺度上为显著正相关,在小尺度上( .71m)正相关性也较好.长芒草群落地上生物量与土壤全氮、全磷相关性在     

松嫩草地主要豆科牧草的适应性与种植利用研究

通过比较松嫩草地主要豆科牧草种子萌发期耐盐碱性的差异,苗期出苗情况和病虫害及种植牧草后对土壤化学性质的影响,对该6种豆科牧草进行综合评价,并选出适宜在松嫩盐碱化草地种植的豆科牧草。结果表明,在萌发期,紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、扁蓿豆(Medicago ruthenica)、兴安胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、细叶胡枝子(Lespedeza hedusaroides)和黄花草木樨(Melilotus officinalis) 5种小粒种子耐盐碱性好于大粒种子广布野豌豆(Vicia cracca),尤其是紫花苜蓿(M. sativa L.),其发芽率和活力指数在低盐浓度(≤0.4%NaCl)环境中高于对照条件;苗期小粒种子出苗较快(3—4 d),大粒种子广布野豌豆(V. cracca)出苗时间较长(9 d);细叶胡枝子(L.edusaroides)、兴安胡枝子(L. davurica)和黄花草木樨(M. officinalis)不易遭病虫害,其余3种易受蚜虫和七星瓢虫危害。种植6种豆科牧草后土壤氮含量都有一定程度的提高,尤其是兴安胡枝子(L. davurica);土壤pH也有了一定程度的降低,尤其是紫花苜蓿(M. sativa L.)。综合比较发现松嫩草地6种豆科牧草以种植小粒种子紫花苜蓿(M. sativa L.)和兴安胡枝子(L. davurica)牧草为更好。     

黄土丘陵区草本植物叶片与枯落物生态化学计量学特征

以黄土高原延河流域森林、森林草原和草原3个植被区的4种典型草本植物达乌里胡枝子、长芒草、铁杆蒿、茭蒿的叶片和枯落物为对象,测定叶片和枯落物中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量及其比值,分析草本植物在该区域的养分限制及再吸收规律.结果表明: 4种植物叶片N/P均小于14,生长主要受氮元素含量限制;除达乌里胡枝子外,其他3种植物N、P、K的养分再吸收效率平均值分别为48.7%、32.5%、79.9%.茭蒿和铁杆蒿较高的N、P、K养分再吸收效率和叶片K含量有助于其在水分竞争中占据优势.铁杆蒿枯落物的C/N显著低于长芒草和茭蒿的枯落物,因而更易分解和进行养分循环.这可能是铁杆蒿在3个植被区分布广泛的原因之一.     

黄土丘陵区草本群落演替中先锋种群茵陈蒿浸提液的化感作用

为探索自然演替中植被群落结构与化感作用之间的关系,以黄土丘陵区自然演替中先锋种群茵陈蒿为研究对象,通过种子萌发试验,分析演替初期优势种群茵陈蒿浸提液(甲醇浸提液和水浸提液)对自身以及伴生种种子萌发以及幼苗生长的影响,从化学生态学角度解释演替初期群落结构形成的原因。结果表明,茵陈蒿浸提液对3种伴生种(铁杆蒿、白羊草和达乌里胡枝子)的种子萌发均有显著化感作用,低浓度(0.002g/m L)时表现为促进或轻微的抑制作用,高浓度(0.2g/m L)时为较强的抑制作用;不同部位茵陈蒿浸提液的化感作用不同,相比之下,地上部的抑制作用更为强烈,其浸提液均抑制铁杆蒿、白羊草和达乌里胡枝子的种子萌发,尤其在浓度为0.2 g/m L时,达到完全抑制;根系甲醇浸提液对铁杆蒿种子萌发的抑制作用要强于同浓度下的水浸提液,而地上部水浸提液对受体植物根芽的作用大于甲醇浸提液。茵陈蒿对于自身具有一定的抑制作用,表现为高浓度(0.2和0.02 g/m L)的水和甲醇浸提液抑制自身种子萌发和幼苗生长。研究结果说明化感作用可能是该地区在演替前期形成以茵陈蒿为优势种植被群落的重要原因之一。创新点:从化学生态学的角度解释了黄土丘陵区植被演替初期植物之间的关系以及群落结构形成的原因,为认识自然恢复的内在机理提供了新的视角。     

黄土高原典型草原优势植物凋落物分解及养分释放对氮添加的响应

利用原位分解袋法研究了黄土高原典型草原优势植物长芒草(Stipa bungeana)和阿尔泰狗娃花(Heteropappus altaicus)凋落物的养分释放过程对氮添加的响应,试验周期为1 a。设置6个氮添加水平,分别为N0(0)、N1(1.15 g N m~(-2)a~(-1))、N2(2.3 g N m~(-2)a~(-1))、N3(4.6 g N m~(-2)a~(-1))、N4(9.2 g N m~(-2)a~(-1))和N5(13.8 g N m~(-2)a~(-1)),氮素类型为尿素((NH_2)_2CO)。结果表明:(1)氮添加处理两年显著改变了长芒草和阿尔泰狗娃花凋落物的初始化学性质。随着氮梯度的增加,凋落物的N(氮)含量逐渐增加,木质素含量先增加后下降,C/N(碳氮比)和木质素/N降低,C(碳)、P(磷)和C/P(碳磷比)没有显著的差异。(2)氮处理对长芒草和阿尔泰狗娃花凋落物的分解速率的影响不显著。长芒草和阿尔泰狗娃花凋落物C含量随分解时间整体为降低过程,N和P含量总体上为增加过程,且整个分解过程中N含量各处理间差异显著。(3)氮处理对长芒草和阿尔泰狗娃花凋落物C和P的分解基本无影响,两种元素都呈现释放过程。氮处理对凋落物的N残留率有显著的影响,在N1—N3(1.15—4.6 g/m~2)处理下的长芒草凋落物N残留率高于其他处理,且呈现富集过程;而阿尔泰狗娃花凋落物中的N呈现富集-释放过程。在土壤养分贫瘠的黄土高原典型草原,适量的氮输入可以促进系统的固氮。     

中国杭子梢属植物的研究

本文叙述了杭子梢属(gen.Campylotropis)植物的研究历史,说明在中国一共记录过59种杭子梢属植物,经过著者的研究整理,确定并提出了14种新的异名名称,经过详细考订,本属植物在中国已确知为29种、6变种、6变型。其中包括经发现和研究整理的新种4、新变种3、新变型3、新组合变种2、新组合变型3。此外尚有2个存疑种有待今后采集调查解决。 本文历述了关于本属是否应该并入胡枝子属(gen.Lespedeza)这一问题所存在的长期争议之后,详细论述了本属与胡枝子属在特征上的异同诸点、进行了比较和分析,据此,明确地肯定本属与胡枝子属亲缘关系极为相近,但特征的分化已经必须确认本属应是与胡枝子属有明确区别的独立的属。此外,从特征分析中也可得出本属应是由胡枝子属大胡枝子组(sect.Macrolespedeza)演化发展而来的。 本文在讨论了属内主要特征的演化趋势与种群关系之后,论述了本属在世界主要分布地区的种数和分布概况,同时将此与胡枝子属大胡枝子组的分布概况作了比较和分析,明确地认定我国机子梢属植物的大部分种类是本国 西南地区发生的(中国有20个特有种),我国的西南地区是本属植物的分布中心,也是本属植物从较原始特征开始分化的一个特征分化多样化中心.并且此地区正是胡枝子属大胡枝子组与本属多数种类包括较     

不同人工灌木与草混播群落中4种灌木根系分布的研究

通过对3种人工群落中4种优良水土保持灌木荆条、柠条、胡枝子、紫穗槐的根系分布的研究,分析和探讨这4种灌木在不同群落中根系生物量分布,地上、地下生物量相关性及有效根密度的差异.结果表明:(1)紫穗槐在不同人工群落中的地下生物量相对稳定;(2)群落Ⅰ(胡枝子80/柠条80 紫穗槐30/荆条20 苇状羊茅150/百脉根100)的植物配置灌木根系生物量最大;(3)4种灌木地上、地下生物量有较强的相关性,地上生物量均随地下生物量的增加而提高;群落Ⅰ有效根密度总和远大于群落Ⅱ、Ⅲ.可见,紫穗槐具有良好的混播性能,群落Ⅰ的植物配置模式相对合理.     

陕北黄土高原优势植物叶片解剖结构的生态适应性

以陕北黄土高原地区7种优势植物为材料,比较了它们沟间地和沟谷地植株叶片解剖结构的差异,以揭示该地区优势植物对干旱强光照环境的生态适应性.结果表明:(1)7种植物各自具有抵抗黄土高原干旱强光照环境的特殊解剖结构:白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)叶上表皮具有发达的泡状细胞,叶内具有花环结构;长芒草(Stipa bungeana) 叶上表皮下陷形成气孔窝,表皮下具有2至多层的厚壁组织;猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)叶具有贮水组织、分泌组织和环栅型叶肉细胞;铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)叶肉全特化为栅栏组织;茭蒿(Artemisia giraldii)具有双栅型叶肉细胞和分泌结构;达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza daurica)叶具有发达的粘液细胞;杠柳(Periploca sepium)叶表皮具厚蜡质层.(2)与沟谷地植物叶片结构相比,干旱强光照的沟间地植物叶片厚度、叶上表皮角质层厚度、栅栏组织厚度、贮水组织厚度增加,上表皮细胞体积、韧皮部面积增大,而木质部面积、木质部面积/韧皮部面积缩小.(3)叶片变异系数可反映植物适应环境的潜在能力,7种植物综合变异系数由高到低依次为猪毛蒿、铁杆蒿、茭蒿、白羊草、达乌里胡枝子、长芒草、杠柳.潜在适应能力最强的猪毛蒿已成为陕北黄土高原地区植被生态恢复的先锋物种之一.     

载畜率对荒漠草原冷蒿植物种群密度及其空间分布的影响

载畜率是衡量草原生产能力的指标之一,研究荒漠草原冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)植物种群在不同载畜率下的耐牧程度和空间分布特征,对退化草原的恢复具有重要的指导意义。以短花针茅荒漠草原优势种冷蒿为研究对象,在4个不同载畜率放牧试验设计(对照区CK(0只/hm~2)、轻度放牧区LG(0.93只/hm~2)、中度放牧区MG(1.82只/hm~2)和重度放牧区HG(2.71只/hm~2))小区中选择代表性样地(面积为40m×40m),采用机械取样法进行取样,记录冷蒿植物种群的密度,使用SAS 9.4软件对其进行描述性统计和方差分析,并用地统计学软件GS+9.0进行空间异质性统计分析。结果表明：荒漠草原优势种冷蒿密度、出现频率和单位均值上的变异值随载畜率增大都明显下降,其植物种群空间分布的决定性因素随载畜率增大由结构性因素转变为随机性因素。LG和HG处理区的空间自相关距离较大,但这两者表现结果的影响因素存在差异。在CK和HG区,冷蒿空间分布斑块化较为明显,LG区的冷蒿空间分布的特征表现为带状分布,MG区冷蒿空间分布形成了一处大的条带和零星的几块斑块。基于上述研究结果可以得出,随着载畜率...     

Effects of sheep urine on growth characteristics of different life form plants in a Chinese steppe grassland

The effects of sheep urine deposition volume (0, 1, 2 or 4 L/m²) and deposition stage of plant growth (vegetative or reproductive) on the number and size of tillers/branches and the biomass of Stipa bungeana, Artemisia capillaries and Lespedeza davurica in a Chinese steppe grassland were determined. The results indicate that the response of the three plant species to sheep urine deposition differs, and is influenced by both urine deposition volume and deposition stage of plant growth. Urine deposition had a short-term scorch effect on grassland plants, which mainly occurred in the inner zone of urine patches. Urine application had a long-term positive effect on S. bungeana and a long-term negative effect on A. capillaries and L. davurica, which lasted at least two years and decreased with decrease in urine deposition volume. All species growing in the inner zone of urine patches were scorched by sheep urine deposition, some species in the marginal zone of patches were also scorched, while no species were scorched in the outer zones. The reproductive and vegetative stages of A. capillaries and the reproductive stages of S. bungeana and L. davurica were sensitive to sheep urine deposition.     

Effects of sheep urine on growth characteristics of different life form plants in a Chinese steppe grassland

The effects of sheep urine deposition volume (0, 1, 2 or 4 L/m²) and deposition stage of plant growth (vegetative or reproductive) on the number and size of tillers/branches and the biomass of Stipa bungeana, Artemisia capillaries and Lespedeza davurica in a Chinese steppe grassland were determined. The results indicate that the response of the three plant species to sheep urine deposition differs, and is influenced by both urine deposition volume and deposition stage of plant growth. Urine deposition had a short-term scorch effect on grassland plants, which mainly occurred in the inner zone of urine patches. Urine application had a long-term positive effect on S. bungeana and a long-term negative effect on A. capillaries and L. davurica, which lasted at least two years and decreased with decrease in urine deposition volume. All species growing in the inner zone of urine patches were scorched by sheep urine deposition, some species in the marginal zone of patches were also scorched, while no species were scorched in the outer zones. The reproductive and vegetative stages of A. capillaries and the reproductive stages of S. bungeana and L. davurica were sensitive to sheep urine deposition.     

内蒙古草原3种针茅属植物不同组织水平的生物量生殖分配

 植物资源的生殖分配是链接进化生态学和功能生态学的纽带。该文从4个组织水平上研究了针茅属(Stipa) 3种植物克氏针茅(S. krylovii)、大针茅(S. grandis)和贝加尔针茅(S. baicalensis)的生物量生殖分配以及株丛和种群水平上可育散布体的数量和生物量。结果表明: 1) 3种针茅属植物在不同组织水平上的生物量生殖分配呈现明显分异。在株丛水平上, 克氏针茅和大针茅的株丛生物量分配到生殖枝的比例分别为44.3%和47.9%, 均显著高于贝加尔针茅的35.7%。在生殖枝水平, 克氏针茅的生殖枝生物量分配到穗器官的比例为30.3%, 显著低于大针茅的42.9%和贝加尔针茅的48.4%。在穗器官水平, 大针茅穗生物量分配到散布体的比例(63.9%)最高, 克氏针茅(49.9%)次之, 贝加尔针茅(39.1%)最低。在散布体水平, 贝加尔针茅的可育散布体生物量占散布体总生物量的比例为92.3%, 显著高于克氏针茅的67.2%和大针茅的71.3%。2) 尽管3种针茅属植物在不同组织水平上的生物量生殖分配存在显著差异, 但从最终可育散布体占株丛生物量的比例看, 克氏针茅为6.1%, 贝加尔针茅为6.3%, 大针茅为9.5%; 三者在生物量生殖分配上表现出明显的趋同效应。3) 3种针茅属植物生物量生殖分配的限制性环节存在显著差异。生殖枝向穗的生物量分配是克氏针茅和大针茅生殖分配的限制性环节, 株丛向生殖枝的生物量分配或穗器官向散布体的分配是贝加尔针茅生物量生殖分配的限制性环节。从可育散布体的数量和个体生物量看, 克氏针茅采取了倾向于拓展空间的增加散布体数量的策略, 而大针茅和贝加尔针茅逐步进化出了趋向于提高个体竞争能力的增加散布体个体生物量的策略。     

Phenotypic plasticity of life history characteristics: quantitative analysis of delayed reproduction of green foxtail (Setaria viridis) in the Songnen Plain of China

Green foxtail (Setaria viridis L,) is a common weed species in temperate regions. Research on the effect of delayed reproduction on the phenotypic plasticity and regularity of the vegetative and reproductive growth is of vital significance for understanding population regulation and control of the weed in the growing season, Green foxtail seeds were sown every 10 days from 25 June to 24 August of 2004. The growth and production metrics were measured via harvesting tufts and statistical analysis was carried out. The results showed that the reproductive tillers, seed number, seed biomass and one thousand-seed weight of plants at the first sowing (25 June) approximately increased 28.8, 7827.0, 1104.0 and 12.3 times compared with that at the last sowing (24 August), respectively. Total tillers, reproductive tillers and height increased linearly as the reproductive period delayed, however, biomass increased exponentially. Quadratic equations best explained the relationships between the delayed reproductive period and seed number, Inflorescence length, one thousand-seed weight, seed biomass. Based on the quantity and quality of seed production, weeding young seedlings emerging before July can be the most effective weed-control strategy in the Songnen Plain.     

气候变化对黄土高原达乌里胡枝子种群分布格局的影响

2000—2009年,采用野外样带调查与多点定位监测结合的方法,研究了区域气候变化对达乌里胡枝子种群分布和生长的影响.结果表明：受气温的影响,达乌里胡枝子种群的适宜生长范围由西北向东南呈明显的地带性分布,种群分布的适宜温度在7.4 ℃～10 ℃,平均密度为13.9株·m^-2,生殖枝数量平均为每丛11.4枝,生长稳定;受降水梯度的影响,达乌里胡枝子种群的水平分布已由典型草原地带的建群种或优势种扩展为森林草原地带的伴生种,并从伴生种上升为优势种.在荒漠草原地带的沟谷半阳坡及沙丘附近也常以偶见种出现,并从年降雨300～500 mm的适宜区,已逐渐扩大到降雨量较低的270 mm和较高的600 mm区域;达乌里胡枝子种群分布的海拔高度由1100～1700 m扩展到600～1950 m的范围.在全球气候变暖背景下,达乌里胡枝子种群生态幅在逐渐扩大.     

Variation in distribution and biomass of marine benthic algae off Kulien, S Sweden

Samples of the macrobenthic flora were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 m below mean water level at Kullen, S Sweden. The frequency, length, reproductive pattern and biomass of the commonest species, and the variations of these with depth and season are discussed. The species composition and the size of the plants indicate that the flora is strongly affected by the brackish environment. Only few species contributed substantially to the total mean biomass (100.1 g dry wt 0.25 m–2): Fucus Serratus (56%), Laminaria digitata (7%), L. saccharina (4%), Furcellaria lumbricalis (14%), the Phyllophora species (5%) and Chondrus crispus (3%). Species with thin filamentous or sheet–like thalli made up the remaining ca. 11%. The contribution made by this group increased with depth from 1% at 2 m to 48% at 10 m. The mean biomass at each depth was strongly correlated to the irradiance. The seasonal variation in biomass followed that of the irradiance but with a lag. In winter and late summer the growth was also influenced by temperature and nutrient concentrations. The total biomass is delimited by the low and fluctuating salinity in Öresund.     

Temporal asynchrony in fine‐root biomass may contribute to shrub and grass coexistence in mixed patches

We described seasonal changes in fine‐root biomass of a grass and a shrub dominant species in a plant community characteristic of the arid Patagonian Monte and then we inferred to want extent the observed differences could contribute to the species coexistence. We selected representative plant patches of the natural vegetation arrangement consisting of one isolated plant of the dominant shrub Larrea divaricata (Ld), grass patches formed by one or more bunches of the dominant grass Nassella tenuis (Nt), and mixed patches consisting of one individual of L. divaricata with bunches of N. tenuis under its canopy (LdNt). We assessed the biomass and temporal changes in fine roots of each species in the upper soil (50 cm depth) of each patch type at three‐month intervals during 2 years. The temporal series of fine‐root biomass were compared among patch types and in relation to above‐ground phenology, as well as climate variables (precipitation, arid index and air temperature). Seasonal changes in fine‐root biomass showed similar cycles in the three plant patches with a maximum in spring. The maximum increase in root biomass in Ld and Nt patches occurred during the onset of reproductive growth in winter and spring, respectively. Fine‐root changes in LdNt patches mimicked that in Ld patches. Precipitation inputs were significantly positively and temperature negatively related to fine‐root changes in Nt patches. Fine‐root changes in Ld and LdNt patches were related to the aridity index (positively) and temperature (negatively). We concluded that the observed asynchronies in the date of the largest increases in root biomass and its climate control between the studied grass and shrub species could contribute to the coexistence of plants of both life forms when they overlap their root systems growing in mixed patches. Mechanisms underlying the root patterns observed should be further explored.     

Survivorship and Spatial Development of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (Gramineae) Seedlings in a New England Salt Marsh

Patterns of survival and spatial arrangement of tillers of Spartinaalterniflora were examined in natural and in artificially producedbare areas, and in pure stands of adult S. alterniflora in aNew England salt marsh. Seedling growth and survival were highin naturally occurring bare patches and in artificial patches,whether created by continual clipping of adult plants to groundlevel throughout the growing season or by providing bare substrateafter removal of adult plants. Seedling growth and survivorshipincreased with increasing size of bare area. S. alternifloraseedlings were also common in areas dominated by adult plants,but no seedlings survived a whole first growing season underthe mature canopy, probably because of competition from adultplants. In large bare areas, S. alterniflora seedlings grew non-directionally,reaching heights of 0.5 m, and producing as many as 36 tillersin one growing season. Examination of leaf area ratios suggestedthat the production of tillers increased photosynthetic capacityin seedlings with several tillers in contrast to seedlings withouttillers. Thus, seedlings can apparently tiller and colonizefree space radially without a loss of photosynthetic capacity. These results suggest that while seedling success is generallylimited by adult plants in monocultures of S. alterniflora,in disturbed spaces seedling success is high and results ina rapid non-directional proliferation of sexually generatedclones that ultimately preclude the successful invasion of futureseedlings. Clones, directional growth, leaf area ratio, salt marsh cordgrass, seedling survivorship, Spartina alterniflora Loisel     

土壤镉污染对四种阔叶树苗木叶绿素荧光特性和生长的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了土壤镉污染对白牛槭、刺玫果、金银忍冬和东北山梅花叶绿素荧光参数及生物量的影响.设置0、50、100和200 mg·kg^-1风干土4种镉浓度处理,测定苗木在不同镉浓度土壤中生长70 d后的叶绿素荧光参数.结果表明,随着镉处理浓度的提高,4种树种的F_v/F_m、ΦPSⅡ和qP均逐渐降低,qN则逐渐上升.4种苗木在一个生长季中的生物量累积随着镉浓度的增大逐渐降低.树种间荧光参数和生物量的变化幅度不同,白牛槭的变幅最大.刺玫果最小;以叶绿素荧光参数和生物量评价4树种抗镉污染能力,刺玫果最强、白牛槭最弱.     

松嫩平原碱化草甸朝鲜碱茅(Puccinellia chinampoensis)种群生殖分蘖株的生长规律

朝鲜碱茅(Puccinellia chinampoensis)是一种耐盐碱丛生型禾草,广泛分布于松嫩平原碱化草甸.采用每隔3d对朝鲜碱茅种群中处于抽穗初期的生殖分蘖株随机挂一次标签,于籽实蜡熟期同时进行大样本取样与测定的方法,定量分析了5次所标记的生殖分蘖株的数量性状的变化规律及生殖分蘖株的生长规律.结果表明,在朝鲜碱茅种群中,虽然抽穗时间只相隔3d,但生殖分蘖株的各数量性状均具有较大的表型可塑性,总的变化趋势是抽穗时间相隔越长,差异越大.其中,5次样本中的相邻平均花序生物量之间的差异均达到了显著水平.延长生殖生长16d,平均分蘖株高增加了23.16%,花序长增加了25.70%,分蘖株生物量增加了74.99%,花序生物量增加到2.63倍,生殖分配增加了93.25%.随着生殖生长时间的延长,朝鲜碱茅种群生殖分蘖株高、分蘖株生物量和花序生物量均呈指数增加,花序长和生殖分配呈直线增加,生殖生长比率呈先增加后降低的抛物线变化.不同时间进入生殖生长阶段的生殖分蘖株均具有相同的生长规律.其中,花序长均随分蘖株高的增加呈指数异速增长,花序生物量均随分蘖株生物量的增加呈直线同速增长.分蘖株的生殖生长越延长,对现实种群的贡献就越大,对未来种群的贡献更大.