Spatial genetic structure in seed stands of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus lumholtzii</Emphasis> B.L. Rob. &amp; Fernald in Durango,Mexico

Sad pine is one of the most prominent pine species in Mexico due to its conspicuous pendulous foliage and extreme habitat. However, scientific studies of the species are scarce, and genetic information on sad pine populations is lacking. This endemic tree species occurs naturally on the Sierra Madre Occidental where it covers a total area of about 1,600,000 ha. It typically grows with several species of Quercus and Pinus or in pure stands in uneven-aged forests. Pinus lumholtzii is naturally spatially fragmented, and genetic research on seed and pollen dispersal patterns and spatial genetic structure (SGS)—and the possible implications of these in terms of evolution, conservation and breeding management—is particularly important. Given the fragmented occurrence of the preferred soil type, the goal of this research was to use amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to identify potential differences in spatial genetic structure within and between five P. lumholtzii seed stands at fine and large scales. At the fine scale, we almost always observed non-significant autocorrelation, suggesting that the genetic variants of P. lumholtzii are randomly distributed in space within each sampled seed stand. At the larger scale, our findings provide strong support for the theory of isolation by distance that predicts the expected pattern of SGS at drift–dispersal equilibrium. We recommend a network of P. lumholtzii seed stands of maximum distances of 100 km among stands to prevent greater loss of local genetic variants and use the seeds for reforestations in a radius of maximal 50 km from their proveniences.     

Genetic structure of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leucojum aestivum</Emphasis> L. in the Po Valley (N-Italy) drives conservation management actions

The aim of this study was to assess the genetic variation and population structure of the geophyte Leucojum aestivum L. across the Po river valley (N-Italy), to inform conservation management actions with the selection of most suitable source populations for translocation purposes. L. aestivum is self-incompatible and occurs in S-Europe in fragmented wetlands and lowland forests along rivers. The species is particularly interesting for habitat restoration practices for its simplicity of ex situ conservation and cultivation. AFLP analyses were carried out on 16 fragmented populations, using four primer combinations. Correlations between genetic variation and demographic and ecological traits were tested. AFLP produced a total of 202 bands, 95.5% of which were polymorphic. Our results suggest that L. aestivum holds low to moderate levels of genetic diversity (mean Nei’s genetic diversity: H?=?0.125), mostly within-population. We found a gradient of two main biogeographic groups along western and eastern populations, while the STRUCTURE analysis found that the most likely number of clusters was K?=?3, shaping a partially consistent pattern. We explain the unusual negative correlation between genetic variation and population size with the high rate of vegetative reproduction. The levels of population differentiation suggest that fragmentation in L. aestivum populations has occurred, but that an active gene flow between fragmented populations still exists, maintained by flooding events or pollinators. Conservation management actions should improve habitat connectivity, especially for pollinators that vehicle upstream gene flow. Moreover, the west–east structure due to the lithological composition of the gravel and sand forming the alluvial plain of the Po river, should be considered when selecting source populations for translocation purposes.     

Genetic assessment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies koreana</Emphasis> (Pinaceae), the endangered Korean fir,and conservation implications

To establish a management plan for endangered and rare species, genetic assessment must first be conducted. The genetic characteristics of plant species are affected by demographic history, reproductive strategy, and distributional range as well as anthropological effects. Abies koreana E. H. Wilson (Pinaceae), Korean fir, is endemic to Korea and found only in sub-alpine areas of the southern Korean Peninsula and Jejudo Island. This species has been designated as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature due to a continuous decline in its range and population fragmentation. We genotyped 176 individuals from seven natural populations and two afforested populations on the Korean Peninsula using 19 microsatellite loci. STRUCTURE analysis revealed two genetic clusters in natural populations (F _st  = 0.040 and R _st  = 0.040) despite low differentiation. We did not detect a significant reduction in genetic diversity or the signature of a genetic bottleneck despite population fragmentation and small population size. We deduced that this species exhibits a metapopulation structure, with the population on Jirisan Mountain acting as a source of genetic diversity for other local small populations on the Korean Peninsula, through contemporary asymmetric gene flow. However, the majority of afforested individuals on the Korean Peninsula originated from a different gene cluster. Thus, we recommend a conservation strategy that maintains two genetically unique clusters.     

Conservation genetics of small relic populations of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in the northern Apennines

Abstract

Small and isolated silver fir populations from the Emilian Apennines (northern Italy) were studied to assess their level of genetic variation and their relationship with Alpine populations. We investigated the variability of two chloroplast microsatellites to analyse the within‐population genetic variability of four peripheral and fragmented Apennine populations and to determine their phylogenetic relatedness to seven Alpine populations covering the entire distribution of silver fir in the Alps. Haplotypic richness and haplotype diversity as well as the fraction of private haplotypes were lower in Apennine populations, evidencing the genetic impoverishment of these stands. The among‐population genetic variability analysis revealed the genetic peculiarity of Apennine populations. Analysis of molecular variance showed that the highest level of the among‐population variation occurs between Alpine and Apennine regions. A neighbour‐joining dendrogram revealed a distinct Apennine cluster that included the closest Alpine population. Our genetic analysis supports a common origin for Emilian Apennine populations, suggesting that these populations are relicts of past large silver fir populations in the northern Apennines. Our results point to a relevant conservation value for these stands, to be considered in their management.     

Genetic diversity of the African poplar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus ilicifolia</Emphasis>) populations in Kenya

We evaluated the genetic diversity of the African poplar (Populus ilicifolia) populations found in Kenya compared with reference samples of five poplar species from North America and one species introduced in Kenya from India (KEFRI-Kenya). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was used with the objective of providing important information for breeding and in situ/ex situ conservation of this species. Samples collected from three locations along the species’ natural range (Athi, Ewaso Nyiro, and Tana rivers) were compared with four samples of locally planted Populus deltoides stand introduced from India and ten reference samples from North America. Six AFLP primer combinations produced 521 clear bands for analysis. The percentage polymorphic loci were lowest in Tana (20.4 %) and highest in Athi (40.6 %). The average heterozygosity across the studied populations was between 0.07 and 0.3. AMOVA revealed more genetic variation partitioning within population (87 %; P?<?0.01) than among populations (13 %; P?<?0.01) suggesting significant genetic variation between populations. Further, UPGMA delineation showed two clusters of the Tana, Athi, and Ewaso Nyiro populations clustered together compared to the North America and India/KEFRI reference samples. Moreover, the study showed that the Athi population is more diverse than those of Tana and Ewaso Nyiro and may be important for conservation, domestication, and improvement studies. The genetic differentiation (F _ST ?=?0.134) among Kenyan P. ilicifolia populations suggests limited possibility of gene flow between these populations.     

Spatial genetic structure of an endangered orchid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cypripedium calceolus</Emphasis> (Orchidaceae) at a regional scale: limited gene flow in a fragmented landscape

Plant species that are capable of propagating clonally are expected to be less vulnerable to habitat fragmentation due to their long life span. Cypripedium calceolus L. is a rare, clonal, long-lived orchid species. It has suffered marked decline because of habitat loss and fragmentation and over-collection, yet an IUCN report on this species does not regard fragmentation as a major threat to the species. We applied 13 nuclear microsatellites and cpDNA sequences to identify the patterns of population structure, genetic diversity and connectivity of six remnant local populations of C. calceolus in highly fragmented Gdańsk Pomerania region (N Poland). Despite severe (80%) loss of localities in the studied area we found that the local populations retain high levels of clonal (R 0.86–1) and genetic diversity (H_e = 0.572). However, their differentiation is relatively high (F_ST = 0.132 for nuclear SSR and F_ST = 0.363 for cpDNA) despite close geographic proximity (0.6–57 km). Bayesian clustering classified populations according to their geographic origin with little admixture. Low genetic connectivity between the remnant populations shows that the current gene flow is too low to serve as a cohesive force in a fragmented habitat, which may impede a quick response to environmental change. The species’ ability to retain ancestral variation may help withstand fragmentation, but in the light of observed extirpation rate it should be rather considered as a factor that only delays local populations’ extinction. This leads to the conclusion that habitat loss and fragmentation should be regarded as a real threat to stability of C. calcelolus populations.     

Habitat quality limits gene flow between populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombus ruderatus</Emphasis> in the South Island,New Zealand

One of the primary reasons for the decline of some bumblebee species has been habitat loss and fragmentation through land use change. Habitat fragmentation can limit connectivity between populations and gene flow between bumblebee populations can be limited by open water and human altered landscapes, however the influence of landscape features on gene flow has only been examined in non-declining species. The ruderal bumblebee, Bombus ruderatus, was successfully introduced to and is now relatively common in New Zealand, providing an opportunity to examine the biology of a species that is now rare in its native range in the UK. In this study, we examine the genetic structuring of B. ruderatus populations in the South Island of New Zealand and we demonstrate that a relatively simple classification of the landscape, into either good or poor foraging habitat at coarse resolution (800 m²), can predict levels of gene flow. We found populations of B. ruderatus as far apart as 160 km showing no significant genetic differentiation. However, this level of gene flow appears to be reliant upon continuous suitable habitat, as other populations <100 km apart were found to be significantly differentiated. These results suggest that corridors of continuous habitat are required to facilitate gene flow over large distances for this species.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Geropogon hybridus</Emphasis> (L.) Sch.Bip. (Asteraceae) exhibits micro-geographic genetic divergence at ecological range limits along a steep precipitation gradient

We analyzed the population genetic pattern of 12 fragmented Geropogon hybridus ecological range edge populations in Israel along a steep precipitation gradient. In the investigation area (45 × 20 km²), the annual mean precipitation changes rapidly from 450 mm in the north (Mediterranean-influenced climate zone) to 300 mm in the south (semiarid climate zone) without significant temperature changes. Our analysis (91 individuals, 12 populations, 123 polymorphic loci) revealed strongly structured populations (AMOVA Φ_ST = 0.35; P < 0.001); however, differentiation did not change gradually toward range edge. IBD was significant (Mantel test r = 0.81; P = 0.001) and derived from sharply divided groups between the northernmost populations and the others further south, due to dispersal or environmental limitations. This was corroborated by the PCA and STRUCTURE analyses. IBD and IBE were significant despite the micro-geographic scale of the study area, which indicates that reduced precipitation toward range edge leads to population genetic divergence. However, this pattern diminished when the hypothesized gene flow barrier was taken into account. Applying the spatial analysis method revealed 11 outlier loci that were correlated to annual precipitation and, moreover, were indicative for putative precipitation-related adaptation (BAYESCAN, MCHEZA). The results suggest that even on micro-geographic scales, environmental factors play prominent roles in population divergence, genetic drift, and directional selection. The pattern is typical for strong environmental gradients, e.g., at species range edges and ecological limits, and if gene flow barriers and mosaic-like structures of fragmented habitats hamper dispersal.     

Temporal genetic dynamics among mosquitofish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gambusia holbrooki</Emphasis>) populations in invaded watersheds

The temporal components of genetic diversity and geographical structure of invasive mosquitofish populations are poorly known. Through the genetic monitoring of four consecutive cohorts of Gambusia holbrooki from three different river basins we aimed to determine temporal patterns of regional genetic variation and dispersal rates within invasive populations. Despite showing evidence of strong population size fluctuations, genetic diversity levels were maintained among local cohorts. We only detected temporal allele frequency changes associated with seasonal flooding that did not modify major trends on population structure among cohorts. Downstream gene flow coupled with increased connectivity at lowland locations to increase genetic diversity levels in these areas. A large proportion of local fish (up to 50 %) were dispersers, often originated from locations within the same river basin. High dispersal capability, ecological tolerance, and reproductive traits likely promote river colonization. Finally, our results also confirmed that human-assisted translocations promote within and among basin gene flow and maintained levels of genetic diversity, particularly in upstream locations.     

Spatial genetic structure and reproductive success in fragmented and continuous populations of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Primula vulgaris</Emphasis>

In Flanders (northern Belgium),Primula vulgaris, a self-incompatible long-lived perennial herb, is rare and consists of a network of fragmented populations in the intensively used agricultural landscape. We investigated genetic variation and structure using 27 allozyme loci in 41 populations, and reproductive success to assess the effect of fragmentation on gene flow and the influence of the nearest neighbouring (large and/or highly genetically diverse) population on within-population genetic variation and reproductive success. Isolation by distance was found among and within populations. Smaller and more isolated populations showed a slight loss of allelic variation, but maintained high levels of observed heterozygosity. They were not more differentiated from each other than large populations. No significant difference in the regression slopes of the spatial autocorrelation analysis was found between two continuous populations and two groups of fragmented populations with similar distance classes. Multiple regression showed that population allelic richness and reproductive success were higher when the nearest neighbouring population was genetically more diverse. These results suggest moderate current gene flow within and among populations rather than historical gene flow. We conclude that small and isolated populations ofP. vulgaris should be considered not only as remnants of previously larger populations, but also as potential stepping stones insuring gene flow processes. For conservation, all highly variable and flowering populations should be considered, irrespective of their size or their isolation from large and continuous populations.     

Microsatellite DNA analysis of spatial and temporal population structuring of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phragmites australis</Emphasis> along the Hudson River Estuary

Phragmites australis is a perennial grass that has invaded wetlands of the northeastern United States over the past century. The Hudson River Estuary and surrounding watersheds are no exception in that populations of P. australis have spread dramatically along its shores and tributaries in the past 40 years. Recent studies have shown that genetically variable populations of P. australis can spread by seed dispersal in addition to clonal mechanisms. It is important to characterize the genetic variation of Hudson River populations as part of a management strategy for this species to determine the mechanisms by which its spreads and colonizes new habitats, particularly those with frequent anthropogenic disturbances. The goals of this study were to quantify levels of genetic variation and structuring in Hudson River populations of P. australis using microsatellite DNA analysis. A total of 354 culms of P. australis were collected from nine locations ranging from Albany, New York to Staten Island, New York in the summers of 2004 (N = 174) and 2011 (N = 180). Microsatellite data from eight loci indicated that the Hudson River Estuary has some of the highest levels of genetic variation of all U. S. Atlantic Coast regions containing P. australis. Gene diversity (Hs) across all loci in the 2004 collection was 0.45 (±0.02) and that of the 2011 collection was 0.47 (±0.07). Patches within sample sites were rarely monoclonal and had multiple genetic phenotypes. Moran’s Identity tests indicated that individuals within a patch were closely related, whereas little genetic relatedness was evident among individuals from sample sites >1 km apart. Spatial structuring was also not evident in autospatial correlation and principle coordinate analyses. These findings suggest that genetic diversity is maintained within stands by sexual reproduction and that seeds are important in dispersal of P. australis across the Hudson River Estuary. Ample habitats are available for establishment of new Phragmites stands due to high levels of anthropogenic disturbance from populations living along the Estuary. Wildlife managers should focus on monitoring habitats that provide seedbed for Phragmites and promote land use practices that prevent soil disturbance and establishment of new stands.     

Conservation genetics and geographic patterns of genetic variation of endangered shrub <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ammopiptanthus</Emphasis> (Fabaceae) in northwestern China

Phylogeographic patterns of Ammopiptanthus in northwestern China were examined with internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and three chloroplast intergenic spacers (trnH–psbA, trnL–trnF, and trnS–trnG). Two ITS genotypes (a–b) and 8 chloroplast haplotypes (A–H) were detected. Both ITS genotypes and chloroplast lineages were split in two geographic regions: western Xinjiang and the Alxa Desert. This lineage split was also supported by AMOVA analysis and the Mantel test. AMOVA showed that 89.81 % of variance in Ammopiptanthus occurred between the two geographic regions, and correlation between genetic distances and geographical distances was significant (r = 0.757, p < 0.0001). All populations in western Xinjiang shared haplotype A with high frequency, and range expansion was strongly supported by negative Fu’s F_S value, and mismatch distribution analysis, whereas populations in the Alxa Desert had higher genetic diversity and structure. We speculate that the cold and dry climate during the early Quaternary fragmented habitats of the species, limiting gene flow between regions, and interglacial periods most likely led to the range expansion in western Xinjiang. The low genetic diversity of Ammopiptanthus indicate a significant extinction risk, and protective measures should be taken immediately.     

Fine-scale spatial genetic structure in the frankincense tree <Emphasis Type="Italic">Boswellia papyrifera</Emphasis> (Del.) Hochst. and implications for conservation

The fine-scale genetic structure and how it varies between generations depends on the spatial scale of gene dispersal and other fundamental aspects of species’ biology, such as the mating system. Such knowledge is crucial for the design of genetic conservation strategies. This is particularly relevant for species that are increasingly fragmented such as Boswellia papyrifera. This species occurs in dry tropical forests from Ethiopia, Eritrea and Sudan and is an important source of frankincense, a highly valued aromatic resin obtained from the bark of the tree. This study assessed the genetic diversity and fine-scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS) of two cohorts (adults and seedlings) from two populations (Guba-Arenja and Kurmuk) in Western Ethiopia and inferred intra-population gene dispersal in the species, using microsatellite markers. The expected heterozygosity (H _E) was 0.664–0.724. The spatial analyses based on kinship coefficient (F _ij) revealed a significant positive genetic correlation up to a distance of 130 m. Spatial genetic structure was relatively weak (Sp = 0.002–0.014) indicating that gene dispersal is extensive within the populations. Based on the FSGS patterns found, we estimate indirectly gene dispersal distances of 103 and 124 m for the two populations studied. The high heterozygosity, the low fixation index and the low Sp values found in this study are consistent with outcrossing as the (predominant) mating system in B. papyrifera. We suggest that seed collection for ex situ conservation and reforestation programmes of B. papyrifera should use trees separated by distances of at least 100 m but preferably 150 m to limit genetic relatedness among seeds from different trees.     

Conservation genetics of the annual hemiparasitic plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melampyrum sylvaticum</Emphasis> (Orobanchaceae) in the UK and Scandinavia

Melampyrum sylvaticum is an endangered annual hemiparasitic plant that is found in only 19 small and isolated populations in the United Kingdom (UK). To evaluate the genetic consequences of this patchy distribution we compared levels of diversity, inbreeding and differentiation from ten populations from the UK with eight relatively large populations from Sweden and Norway where the species is more continuously distributed. We demonstrate that in both the UK and Scandinavia, the species is highly inbreeding (global F _IS = 0.899). Levels of population differentiation were high (F’_ST = 0.892) and significantly higher amongst UK populations (F’_ST = 0.949) than Scandinavian populations (F’_ST = 0.762; P < 0.01). The isolated populations in the UK have, on average, lower genetic diversity (allelic richness, proportion of loci that are polymorphic, gene diversity) than Scandinavian populations, and this diversity difference is associated with the smaller census size and population area of UK populations. From a conservation perspective, the naturally inbreeding nature of the species may buffer the species against immediate effects of inbreeding depression, but the markedly lower levels of genetic diversity in UK populations may represent a genetic constraint to evolutionary change. In addition, the high levels of population differentiation suggest that gene flow among populations will not be effective at replenishing lost variation. We thus recommend supporting in situ conservation management with ex situ populations and human-mediated seed dispersal among selected populations in the UK.     

Assessment of genetic diversity and differentiation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Liposcelis bostrychophila</Emphasis> (Psocoptera: Liposcelidae) in China using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) fingerprinting

Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelidae) is a widely distributed pest that can cause considerable economic losses and pose human health risks. Rapid development of insecticide resistance has made L. bostrychophila increasingly difficult to control. To obtain information potentially useful for pest management, genetic diversity and differentiation of L. bostrychophila from five geographic locations in China was studied using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR). A total of 104 loci were found by ISSR markers and amplified using 9 selected primers. The percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 91.4%. Shannon’s information index (I) and Nei’s gene diversity (He) indicated high genetic diversity at the species level. Population differentiation (Gst = 0.484) was average in these populations. Analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) indicated that genetic variation was mainly distributed within populations. Gene flow (Nm = 0.534) was moderate. Cluster analysis showed that genotypes isolated from the same locations displayed higher genetic similarity and permitted the grouping of isolates of L. bostrychophila into three distinct clusters. The correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance was not significant.     

Population and Conservation Genetics in an Endangered Lemur, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Indri indri</Emphasis>, Across Three Forest Reserves in Madagascar

Population decline and fragmentation often lead to reduced genetic diversity and population differentiation. Habitat destruction throughout Madagascar has caused population decline and extinction of many endemic species. Lemur populations, including those of the largest extant lemur, Indri indri, have been fragmented into remaining forest patches. We assessed the level of genetic diversity in indri populations in three protected reserves by genotyping a total of 43 individuals at 17 microsatellite loci. Genetic diversity in terms of heterozygosity was high in all three reserves, with no differences between reserves. Population structure and F _ST analyses revealed Analamazaotra Forest Station and the Torotorofotsy Conservation Area, which are separated by ca. 18 km to be genetically differentiated from each other with some admixture. Betampona Strict Nature Reserve, which is separated from the other reserves by ca. 130 km, exhibited clear population genetic differentiation, with no signs of admixture with the other reserves. Our genetic diversity estimates are similar to those for other Indridae in similar habitats and may reflect past rather than current population processes, given that populations have declined recently. Our results suggest that Betampona may be genetically isolated and that it is important to maintain gene flow between remaining populations to prevent loss of genetic diversity for the future conservation of Indri indri.     

Population genetic analyses of the endangered alpine <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sinadoxa corydalifolia</Emphasis> (Adoxaceae) provide insights into future conservation

With increasing temperature and anthropogenic activity, endangered alpine species in the high altitudes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau face high risk of extinction; however, they have received little attention in the past. In this study, we used 12 nuclear and nine chloroplast microsatellites (simple sequence repeats, SSR) to assess genetic diversity within and among the only two populations of the highly endangered alpine species Sinadoxa corydalifolia (Adoxaceae). We identified only one individual exhibiting clonal reproduction across all 160 extant plants. The levels of genetic variability were estimated to be very low, with the allele number N_a = 3.2 and the expected heterozygosity H_e = 0.368. The genetic differentiation is extremely high between the two regional populations (F_ST = 0.214), with a limited rate of gene flow in the recent past. In addition, numerous endemic alleles were found for each subpopulation within each population. Our analyses suggest that it is critical not only to conserve all surviving individuals of the two populations in situ but also to mediate gene flow artificially between subpopulations within each population in this endangered species.     

Assessing genetic diversity for the USA endemic carnivorous plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinguicula ionantha</Emphasis> R.K. Godfrey (Lentibulariaceae)

Understanding patterns of genetic diversity and population structure for rare, narrowly endemic plant species, such as Pinguicula ionantha (Godfrey’s butterwort; Lentibulariaceae), informs conservation goals and can directly affect management decisions. Pinguicula ionantha is a federally listed species endemic to the Florida Panhandle in the southeastern USA. The main goal of our study was to assess patterns of genetic diversity and structure in 17 P. ionantha populations, and to determine if diversity is associated with geographic location or population characteristics. We scored 240 individuals at a total of 899 AFLP markers (893 polymorphic markers). We found no relationship between the estimated population size with either of two measures of diversity (proportion of loci polymorphic, P = 0.37; Nei’s gene diversity, P = 0.50). We also found low levels of population genetic structure; there was no clear relationship of genetic isolation by distance (P = 0.23) and only a small (but significant) proportion of genetic variation was partitioned amongst regions (2.4 %, P = 0.02) or populations (20.8 %, P < 0.001). STRUCTURE analysis found that the model with two inferred clusters (K = 2) best described the AFLP data; the dominant cluster at each site corresponded to the results from PCoA and Nei’s genetic distance analyses. The observed patterns of genetic diversity suggest that although P. ionantha populations are isolated spatially by distance and both natural and anthropogenic barriers, some gene flow occurs among them or isolation has been too recent to leave a genetic signature. The relatively low level of genetic diversity associated with this species is a concern as it may impair fitness and evolutionary capability in a changing environment. The results of this study provide the foundation for the development of management practices that will assist in the protection of this rare carnivorous plant.     

Genetic Characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barilius barna</Emphasis> (Hamilton, 1822) in the Teesta River of Sub-Himalayan West Bengal,India, Through RAPD and ISSR Fingerprinting

Genetic characterization of Barilius barna, an economically important freshwater fish in the Indian scenario, is unexplored in the sub-Himalayan Dooars region of West Bengal, India. This study is the first attempt to characterize the genetic architecture of Barilius barna from the Teesta river of this region. We have studied loci polymorphism, genetic diversity, Shannon’s information index and the measure of evenness in the two populations of this river through ten RAPD and seven ISSR primer-based PCR amplifications. The result showed 89.52 and 82.21% polymorphisms in RAPD and ISSR amplification respectively. The Nei’s genetic diversity and Shannon’s information index varied from 0.172 ± 0.189SD to 0.293 ± 0.164SD and 0.265 ± 0.268SD to 0.445 ± 0.220SD respectively, which indicated low level of genetic variation. AMOVA revealed significant level of variance within the population and gene flow between the populations. Low levels of genetic variation and moderate to high levels of genetic relatedness were found in the studied populations. Expectedly, the populations were genetically not very distant from each other, as evident from the Nei’s unbiased measure of genetic distance and identity. As the species is commercially important and the region is located in the sub-Himalayan region, the management and proper rehabilitation of this ichthyofauna in the wild is urgently required. Our results may serve as a guideline for adopting such management decisions.     

Genetic analysis of forest species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eugenia uniflora</Emphasis> L. through of newly developed SSR markers

Nine microsatellite loci for genetic analysis of three populations of the tropical tree Eugenia uniflora L. (pitanga or Brazilian cherry) from fragments of semideciduous forest were developed. We used the technique of building a (GA) _n and (CA) _n microsatellite-enriched library by capture with streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. We assessed the polymorphism of seven microsatellites in 84 mature trees found in three areas (Ribeirão Preto, Tambaú and São José do Rio Pardo), highly impacted by the agricultural practices, in a large region among Pardo river and Mogi-Guaçu river basins, in state of São Paulo, Brazil. All loci were polymorphic, and the number of alleles was high, ranging from 6 to 24, with a mean of 14.4. All stands showed the same high level of genetic diversity (mean H _E  = 0.83) and a low genetic differentiation (mean F _ST = 0.031), indicating that genetic diversity was higher within rather than among populations. Seven of the nine loci were highly variable, and sufficiently informative for E. uniflora. It was concluded that these new SSR markers can be efficiently used for gene flow studies.