椰心叶甲蛹寄生蜂——椰心叶甲啮小蜂的生物学特性

椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière是椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima（Gestro）蛹的重要内寄生蜂,2004年从台湾引入到海南。在实验室条件下,对椰心叶甲啮小蜂的形态、行为、发育、存活、繁殖等生物学特性进行了观察研究。结果表明,雌蜂个体比雄蜂大,腹部明显可见产卵器。每头寄主蛹出蜂量平均为21.5头,其中雌蜂约占77.4%。椰心叶甲啮小蜂羽化不久即能交配,交配时间约为1～2 min。椰心叶甲啮小蜂的产卵高峰期在交配后的24 h内,且产卵量受温度的影响较大; 蜂蜜、蔗糖、葡萄糖均能有效地延长其成虫的寿命,并能提高其怀卵量和寄生率,其中以取食蜂蜜的效果最好。该蜂发育、存活和繁殖的适宜温度为20℃～28℃,低于16℃或高于30℃对其存活不利。利用16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、30℃下的发育历期和有效积温公式计算出椰心叶甲啮小蜂的发育起点温度（C）为9.6℃,有效积温（K）为324.9日·度。     

椰心叶甲啮小蜂(Tetrastichus brontispae)实验种群生命表的编制

通过解剖椰心叶甲被寄生僵虫统计椰心叶甲啮小蜂未成熟期的发育历期、存活率与生殖力数据,编制了椰心叶甲啮小蜂的实验种群生命表.常温下椰心叶甲啮小蜂卵、幼虫和蛹的历期分别为3.1、5.0 d和9.3 d,啮出前期为2.1 d.卵、幼虫和蛹的存活率分别为0.9184、0.9521和0.9818,椰心叶甲啮小蜂的成虫羽化率为0.9,单雌产卵量为23.78粒,种群趋势指数为12 45.通过此生命表的组建,讨论了生命表中种群趋势指数(I)与生殖力表中净增殖力(R0)的关系,认为这两个概念本为同一含义,应该合并.此外,在成虫寿命大于等于2d的情况下,成虫逐日存活率与逐日产卵概率乘积的和小于1,且成虫寿命越长其值越小,结果导致在不考察成虫逐日存活率与逐日产卵概率的情况下种群趋势指数被严重高估,因此组建任何形式的生命表都应考察并计入成虫逐日存活率与逐日产卵概率.     

低温贮存对椰心叶甲啮小蜂品质的影响

研究低温贮存椰心叶甲蛹Brontispa longissima(Gestro)和椰心叶甲僵蛹对椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere种群品质的影响。寄生10℃低温贮存1~4日龄椰心叶甲蛹结果表明,1日龄椰心叶甲蛹的寄生率、羽化率、出蜂率、单蛹出蜂数、后代寄生能力均优于其他日龄,其次为2、3日龄的椰心叶甲蛹,最差为4日龄的椰心叶甲蛹。1日龄椰心叶甲蛹在10℃下贮存5,10,15,20d后,上述生物学指标和种群参数均随贮存天数增加而降低,其中以5d和10d的净生殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率较未经低温贮存的差异小。1~11日龄椰心叶甲僵蛹于10℃贮存10d的结果表明,8日龄椰心叶甲僵蛹的雌蜂寿命、羽化率、单蛹出蜂数、寄生能力均优于其他日龄僵蛹。8日龄椰心叶甲僵蛹在10℃下贮存5,10,15,20d后,上述生物学指标和种群参数均随贮存天数增加而显著低于对照。     

椰扁甲啮小蜂寄生对椰心叶甲蛹免疫反应的影响

为了测明椰扁甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae寄生对寄主椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima蛹的血细胞和体液免疫反应的影响,开展了椰扁甲啮小蜂寄生对椰心叶甲蛹血细胞数量和延展性、血淋巴酚氧化酶活性、血淋巴黑化百分率和血细胞凝集素活性等影响的研究。结果表明：与同期未被寄生蛹相比,寄生蛹血细胞总量在寄生后2 d显著降低,但寄生后4 d显著升高; 寄生蛹的浆血细胞延展率在寄生后2 d显著降低,寄生后4 d显著升高;寄生蛹的血淋巴黑化百分率在寄生后0.5～2 d较高,寄生后3～4 d降低直至为0;寄生蛹的血淋巴酚氧化酶活性在寄生后0.5 d,1 d和4 d时显著升高;寄生蛹的血凝素活性在寄生后2 d较高,寄生后1 d和4 d较低。结果说明椰扁甲啮小蜂寄生使寄主椰心叶甲蛹血细胞和体液免疫反应呈现不规律的变化。     

椰心叶甲寄生蜂——椰甲截脉姬小蜂的生物学特性

椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum Boucek是椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima（Gestro）幼虫的重要内寄生蜂,2004年3月从越南引进到海南省。在实验室条件下,对椰甲截脉姬小蜂的形态、发育、繁殖、寄生潜能等生物学特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,椰甲截脉姬小蜂在24℃±2℃,RH 75%±10%条件下,卵期平均为2.8天,幼虫期6.7天,蛹期(含预蛹期)7.5天;成蜂在没有营养补充的情况下,平均存活2.5天。椰甲截脉姬小蜂的寿命受温度和补充营养的影响,雌蜂寿命长于雄蜂寿命。雌蜂平均怀卵量为43粒,产卵高峰期在交配后的12 h内。椰甲截脉姬小蜂对椰心叶甲4龄幼虫的功能反应属 HollingⅡ型,随自身密度的增加其寄生效果呈下降的趋势。     

入侵害虫椰心叶甲的研究进展

近30年来,椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro)在亚太椰子产区扩散蔓延,成为棕榈植物上主要害虫。2002年,该害虫入侵我国海南并暴发成灾。化学防除是控制椰心叶甲危害的首要措施,其中包括挂药包等农药缓释技术,而生物防治是控制该虫扩散蔓延的经济有效措施。从感病椰心叶甲虫体上分离的微生物杀虫剂绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae被我国和其他多个国家应用。椰心叶甲天敌寄生蜂的引进利用是可持续控制该害虫发生的重要措施。幼虫寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum和蛹寄生蜂椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae是椰心叶甲的两种重要天敌。2004年,椰甲截脉姬小蜂和椰心叶甲啮小蜂被引入到我国,经扩繁释放后,取得了良好的控害效果,其中有些地区的椰甲截脉姬小蜂寄生率可达90%,椰心叶甲啮小蜂寄生率可达100%。连续放蜂,且椰心叶甲种群有合适虫龄被寄生蜂寄生是控害效果的关键。气候等生态因子也可能是影响寄生蜂控制靶标害虫效果的因素,应进一步加强研究。论文最后提出了未来椰心叶甲防控的研究的方向。     

椰心叶甲啮小蜂复眼和触角在交配中的作用及其超微结构的扫描电镜观察

对寄生蜂交配行为的了解将有助于发展对其行为调控的技术,提高寄生蜂对害虫控制的效能。为探讨椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière的复眼和触角在交配中的作用,用水溶性黑色素和液体石蜡分别涂抹该蜂复眼和触角后观察其交配行为,并利用扫描电镜（SEM）观察其复眼和触角的超微结构,分析雌、雄蜂触角感器的分布与数量差异。结果表明：椰心叶甲啮小蜂雄蜂的复眼在交配过程中起重要作用,雌蜂复眼作用不显著。在椰心叶甲啮小蜂求偶识别和接受过程中,雄蜂触角柄节部位起主要作用,其次是棒节部位,再次是鞭节的索亚节部位,而雌蜂触角鞭节索亚节部位起主要作用,然后是棒节部位,最后是柄节部位。扫描电镜观察表明椰心叶甲啮小蜂触角上共有8种感器,其中毛形感器和板形感器是主要感器,雌、雄蜂触角有明显的性二型现象,表现为触角大小不同及触角感器类型、大小、数量、分布不同。     

椰扁甲啮小蜂寄生后椰心叶甲蛹血淋巴蛋白质双向电泳图谱分析

分析昆虫被寄生蜂寄生后血淋巴蛋白质组分及组分含量变化,从蛋白质水平分析寄生蜂寄生引起寄主昆虫的生理变化,有利于探索寄生蜂调控寄主的机理。以椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima和椰扁甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae为研究材料,采用蛋白质双向电泳技术及图像分析技术分析了椰心叶甲蛹被椰扁甲啮小蜂寄生后不同时期血淋巴蛋白质图谱及其变化情况。结果表明:寄生后0.5, 1, 2, 3和4 d,被寄生蛹血淋巴共检测到的蛋白斑点数分别为982, 926, 712, 636和680个,其中特异性蛋白斑点的数量分别为650, 400, 336, 229和150个;同期未被寄生蛹血淋巴共检测到的到的蛋白斑点数分别为645, 817, 640, 873和940个,其中特异性蛋白斑点的数量分别为313, 291, 264, 466和410个;被寄生蛹和同期未被寄生蛹能匹配的蛋白斑点分别为332, 526, 376, 407和530对。被寄生蛹血淋巴蛋白斑点数量的异常变化表明寄主的生理功能受到了严重的影响。     

椰心叶甲实验种群的生物学特性观察

自然温度条件下 ,椰心叶甲Brontispalongissima (Gestro) 1年可发生 3代以上 ,世代重叠 ,主要以成虫越冬。成虫平均寿命 1 5 6d ,最长达 2 3 5d ,雌雄性比为 1∶1 ;雌雄虫一生均可交配多次。成虫产卵期长 ,产卵不规则 ,单雌平均产卵 1 1 9粒 ,最多可达 1 96粒。飞行磨测定的初步结果表明 ,雌虫飞行能力比雄虫强 ,2 4h未取食成虫最远飞行距离可达 40 0多m ;成虫和幼虫均具有负趋光性、假死性。成虫 3～ 5d不取食、高龄幼虫 7d不取食仍存活。幼虫经历 4～ 5龄 ,在温度或寄主不适宜条件下 ,可进入 6～ 7龄 ,或提前化蛹 ,从卵到成虫羽化大约需 3 6～ 61d。     

低温胁迫下椰心叶甲啮小蜂正反向消减cDNA文库的构建及其序列分析

【背景】椰心叶甲啮小蜂在防治椰心叶甲危害上取得了重要成果,其耐低温胁迫能力将决定该寄生蜂是否能在低温环境下建立种群并发挥控害效能。筛选椰心叶甲啮小蜂低温胁迫下相关响应基因,可为揭示其耐寒性机理提供重要线索。【方法】采用抑制消减杂交技术,分别以经0℃处理24 h后的试虫与未经低温处理的试虫c DNA互为tester与driver,正反向构建椰心叶甲啮小蜂c DNA消减文库,经蓝、白斑筛选,鉴定阳性差异片段,并分别随机挑选正反向文库224和119个阳性克隆进行序列比对分析。【结果】本试验所构建的c DNA消减文库为椰心叶甲啮小蜂低温胁迫下特异表达的c DNA消减文库;经蓝、白斑筛选,分别得到了40和4个高质量ESTs,经PCR鉴定插入片段长度主要分布于200~700 bp之间;序列分析结果表明,差异表达基因的功能主要涉及新陈代谢、细胞结构、信号传导、氨基酸和蛋白质合成的生理过程,并筛选出5类与啮小蜂耐寒性相关的基因,包括Hsp家族蛋白、海藻糖磷酸合酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、ATP合成酶β亚基和NADH脱氢酶。【结论与意义】该研究对进一步研究椰心叶甲啮小蜂抗寒性状的表达具有一定的参考价值,为揭示啮小蜂抗低温耐寒机制打下一定的理论基础。     

Pollen as a source of food for egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The value of corn pollen as a food source for Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was assessed in the laboratory by testing the effect of different pollen diets on the longevity, capacity of parasitism and other life-table parameters. T. brassicae females that fed on corn pollen and water (wet filter paper dusted with pollen) lived significantly longer (4.97 days) than females that fed on water alone (2.67 days), but significantly shorter than those feeding on honey alone (8.37 days) or corn pollen and honey (8.23 days), respectively, in the absence of host eggs. The presence of European corn borer eggs (Ostrinia nubilalis Huebner, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) significantly increased longevity. With host eggs available, female T. brassicae that fed on corn pollen and water lived significantly longer (4.9 days) than on water alone (2.60 days), but significantly shorter than on honey alone (12.33 days) or corn pollen and honey (12.17 days), respectively. The cumulative lifetime fecundity was 82.53 offspring pupae when fed on pollen and water, which was significantly higher than 61.70 for water alone but lower than feeding on honey alone (95.70) or corn pollen and honey (99.97), respectively. Compared to water alone, corn pollen and water increased the net reproduction rate (R₀), intrinsic rate of increase (r_m), and finite rate of increase (λ), and reduced the doubling time (T₂), but had no effects on the emergence rate, sex ratio, and mean generation time (T_c). In another set of experiments, 13 out of 30 females reduced the number of pollen grains offered to them. The average number of pollen grains utilized per female in this 48-h test 2.46±0.40 (mean±SE). Hence, T. brassicae used corn pollen as food that significantly increased longevity and fecundity of the tested females. Pollen and honey supplied a complete diet for T. brassicae, compared to pollen and water or water alone.     

Adult feeding and lifetime reproductive success in the parasitoid Aphytis melinus

The diet of adult females of the parasitoid Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) includes host insects and sugar-rich foods such as nectar and honeydew. We compared the contributions of host feeding to longevity and fecundity in A. melinus females in the presence and in the absence of honey meals. First, we assessed the longevity of females that were not allowed to oviposit. While the longevity of females fed honey was significantly increased by host feeding (median ages were 30.5 days for host-fed females and 17 days for females not allowed to host feed), the lifespan of parasitoids not fed honey did not exceed 3 days for any individual and there was no effect of host feeding on longevity in this group. In the second set of experiments, we assessed the fecundity and longevity of females allowed to oviposit. We conducted two experiments, one in which honey was continuously available, and one in which honey was not available. In both experiments, daily observations were made of females that were either allowed to host feed or manually prevented from host feeding. In the presence of honey, host feeding significantly increased both fecundity and longevity, and in the absence of honey, parasitoids died within 2 days and host feeding had no significant effect on either fecundity or longevity. The lifetime fecundity of females fed honey but not hosts exceeded the initial egg complement by 60% on average. Approximately one host per day was used for host feeding whether honey was supplied or not, and each host-feeding meal contributed approximately 3.9 eggs to the lifetime fecundity of honey-fed females. In the last experiment, we compared the rate of egg resorption over a 36-h period in A. melinus females that were deprived of hosts and either fed honey or starved. While no egg resorption was detected in honey-fed females over this time period, starved females resorbed approximately 9 eggs. Thus, the availability of a sugar-rich food interacts strongly with host feeding in influencing longevity and fecundity and has a strong direct effect on egg resorption.     

Biological assessment of Tetrastichus brontispae,a pupal parasitoid of coconut leaf beetle Brontispa longissima

To control coconut leaf beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro), the pupal parasitoid Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière was imported from Taiwan and its biology was studied in quarantine in Hainan, China. The parasitoid development includes an egg, three larval instars and three pupal stages. Its developmental time from egg to adult was 19.5±0.5 days under conditions of 24±2°C and 75±5% relative humidity (RH). Temperature had no effect on the sex ratio of offspring, but significantly affected the parasitism rate and reproduction. The parasitism rates were 98.07, 97.97 and 95.03% at 28, 24 and 20°C, respectively, whereas the parasitism rate was 52.18% at 18°C and 69.48% at 30°C, respectively. Furthermore, the parasitoids reared at 18 and 30°C produced fewer offspring than those at 20, 24 and 28°C, respectively. With the increase in temperature, developmental time decreased linearly from 46.19 days at 18°C to 17.10 days at 28°C. RH significantly influenced development, parasitism rate and the reproduction of T. brontispa. With the decrease of RH, developmental time increased from 22.94 days at 20% RH to 18.84 days at 95% RH. In contrast, parasitism rate and the number of offspring per female increased with the increase of RH. Though emergence rates between 50 and 95% RH were much higher than those between 20 and 35% RH, the sex ratios between 20 and 95% RH were not different. Photoperiod had no effect on parasitism, the number of offspring per female, emergence and the sex ratio of T. brontispae, but developmental time was significantly different for different photoperiods. Sucrose, honey and glucose significantly enhanced adult longevity, parasitism and the number of offspring per female of T. brontispae, but had no effect on the sex ratio and survival. Females of T. brontispae only parasitized fourth to fifth larval instars and 1–5-day-old pupae, but there was a significant difference in the number of offspring per female, development time, emergence and the sex ratio of offspring in different instars. These results showed that 1-day-old pupae, a temperature of 24–28°C and 65–95% RH were optimal for T. brontispae. These findings should be helpful in developing a production system to rear and release T. brontispae in large enough quantities to effectively control coconut leaf beetle.     

Study on some biological characteristics of Tetrastichus gallerucae (Hym. Eulophidae), important parasitoid of Elm leaf beetle eggs in Kerman,Iran

In this study, a number of biologic characteristics of Tetrastichus gallerucae, the most important natural enemy of Xanthogaleruca luteola (Col.: Chrysomellidae), were studied. Experiments were carried out in growth room with a temperature of 25°C±1°C, relative humidity of 60%±5% and light period of 16L:8D. The results demonstrated the following outcomes: without food and host egg, the longevity of male and female bees was respectively, 1.23 and 1.35 days. On the host egg, their longevities were 3.85 and 6.02 days, respectively. On rarefied honey their longevities were 14.04 and 24.74 days, respectively and on the host eggs together with rarefied honey, their longevities were 13.4 and 34.72 days, respectively. The average growth period times in the egg of elm leaf beetle of male and female bees were 12.97 and 12.63 days, respectively. The percentage of female bees decreases as the longevity of the insects increases. These bees lay eggs in the 1–9-day-old eggs of elm leaf beetle but 1-day-old eggs of the host are preferred by T. gallerucae.     

枸杞木虱啮小蜂繁殖生物学研究

枸杞木虱啮小蜂Tamarixa lyciumiYang是枸杞木虱Paratrioza sinica Yang&Li若虫期的重要寄生性天敌。在实验室对其繁殖生物学特性进行了研究,结果如下:枸杞木虱啮小蜂大多进行两性生殖,孤雌生殖后代均为雄性,其自然性比为1.80:1。在15～35℃间,随温度升高,枸杞木虱啮小蜂发育历期缩短;从卵发育到成虫时需要8.22℃以上的有效积温217.21日·度。枸杞木虱啮小蜂在25℃恒温条件下繁殖力最高,35℃最低,寿命随温度的升高而缩短。在不同营养条件下,喂食20%蜂蜜的条件最适宜其繁殖,其次为20%蔗糖溶液,补充清水只可延长其寿命而不能提高繁殖力。5℃冷藏枸杞木虱啮小蜂蛹15d以内,不影响其正常羽化,冷藏20d或20d以上,羽化率显著降低;冷藏30d内对羽化后雌雄蜂寿命无明显影响,且从冷藏蛹中羽化的雌蜂寄生能力未受显著影响。     

日本细毛环腹瘿蜂生物学特性研究

日本细毛环腹瘿蜂为斑翅果蝇幼虫优势寄生性天敌之一,对斑翅果蝇具有较大的控制潜能.本研究以斑翅果蝇为寄主,在实验室条件下,通过饲养与观察,研究了日本细毛环腹瘿蜂的寿命、行为节律、寄主选择、生长发育及繁殖.结果显示:不同营养条件下,寄生蜂寿命长短依次为20％蜂蜜水＞10％蜂蜜水＞清水＞对照.寄生蜂羽化期为8d,第4天为羽化高峰期,羽化期每日10:00-12:00为羽化高峰期,16:00-18:00为产卵活动高峰期.寄生不同龄期的斑翅果蝇幼虫对寄生蜂幼虫存活率没有影响,对蛹存活率、后代性比、总发育历期有显著影响,寄生2龄幼虫对寄生蜂有更好的适合度,也对寄主2龄幼虫有选择偏好.日本细毛环腹瘿蜂在3日龄达到产卵高峰为13.38头,平均每雌产卵147.50个.日本细毛环腹瘿蜂卵、幼虫、雄蜂蛹、雌蜂蛹历期分别为1.30 d、8.67 d、8.86 d、10.27 d,雄蜂的羽化时间比雌蜂平均提前1.41 d.综上结果,日本细毛环腹瘿蜂可作为斑翅果蝇生物防治的重要材料加以应用.     

Longevity and fecundity of Eulophus pennicornis, an ectoparasitoid of the tomato moth Lacanobia oleracea, is affected by nutritional state and diet quality

• 1 Adult female Eulophus pennicornis require a source of nutrition, provided by sources such as pollen, nectar and honeydew or by host feeding, to promote longevity and facilitate egg production. There is potential for parasitoids to be exposed directly to contaminants, including gene products in transgenic crops, through feeding on plant materials, honeydew or hosts. Among such potential contaminants are lectins such as Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) and concanavalin agglutinin (Con A).
• 2 The effect of direct exposure to honey diets containing GNA and Con A on the longevity and fecundity of E. pennicornis was examined. These lectins have been expressed in a number of plant species for the control for various insect pests. Both GNA and Con A significantly reduced longevity and fecundity at the highest concentration used (0.5% w/v). The effect on fecundity was shown to be related to a reduction in longevity.
• 3 Examination of the gustatory response of adult female E. pennicornis to honey diet containing 1% w/v GNA or Con A revealed no significant differences in consumption rate on first exposure. A significant reduction in the time spent feeding on diet containing 1% Con A was found on the second exposure to the diet. This could have been the result of either a conditioned aversion response or the intoxication of the insect. The effect of Con A on longevity and fecundity could have been, in part, a result of reduced food intake.
• 4 Studies on nutrition and egg resorption demonstrated that the availability of honey solution prolongs the longevity of E. pennicornis and the lack of a source of nutrition promotes oosorption.
• 5 A greater understanding of feeding behaviour and ovigeny is required to understand fully the potential ecological consequence of transgenic crops on parasitoid species through routes of direct exposure to transgene products.

     

短期高温对感染Wolbachia的松毛虫赤眼蜂发育和繁殖的影响

感染了沃尔巴克氏体Wolbachia的松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura营孤雌产雌生殖方式,但高温可能影响这一特性。为了模拟该赤眼蜂在田间遇到短期高温后的受影响情况,研究了柞蚕卵繁殖的Wolbachia感染了Wolbachia的松毛虫赤眼蜂孤雌产雌品系,于蛹中期和蛹后期经历6h32,35,38℃高温单次冲击处理,对当代羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂率、寿命4个指标和处理子代羽化出蜂率、有效繁殖个体、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂率4个指标的影响。结果表明,短期高温刺激会对孤雌产雌的松毛虫赤眼蜂产生不利影响,尤其是38℃高温不利影响明显,主要表现在羽化出蜂率和单卵出蜂数两指标明显降低;高温冲击对子代蜂各指标影响不明显。2代赤眼蜂均未有雄峰出现,表明短期高温冲击不能对Wolbachia调控其宿主生殖方式的作用产生影响。     

白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂生物学特性的研究

白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus ericeri Xu et Jiang在昆明地区一年发生5代,以3、4、5龄幼虫和蛹在白蜡虫雌成虫体内越冬。该蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11.45℃和552.93日度。18 ℃、21℃、24℃、27℃和30℃恒温条件下的平均世代历期分别为 66.87天、42.27天、35.56天 、30.84天和27.81天。成虫需取食蜜露或白蜡虫雌虫体液作补充营养。性比为1.75～2.88:1(平均2.25:1)。产卵前期2～3天。开始产卵后的2～5天产卵量占总产卵量的62.21%。 27℃的产卵量和产卵率分别为19.31粒和89.81%。18℃时仅4.37粒和18.56%。15℃时不产卵。补充营养、性别和产卵与否对成虫寿命有显著影响。幼虫共5龄。1～4龄以寄主体液和组织为食。5龄幼虫不取食,3～4天后化蛹。     

引进天敌越南斧瓢虫的形态特征和生物学特性

引进天敌越南斧瓢虫Axinoscymnus apioides Kuznetsov & Ren原产于东南亚,是烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)的重要捕食性天敌之一。文章详细描述越南斧瓢虫的形态特征,并研究其基本的生物学特性。越南斧瓢虫可取食烟粉虱的卵、若虫、伪蛹等各虫态,可有效地控制烟粉虱种群,具有很好的利用价值。在(26±1)℃条件下,越南斧瓢虫捕食烟粉虱的世代平均发育历期为20.33d,世代存活率为73.04%,雌成虫寿命为143.17d,平均单雌产卵量为284.33粒。越南斧瓢虫取食烟粉虱的内禀增长率(rm)为0.0457,净增殖率(R0)为103.4050,平均世代历期(T)为99.3626,周限增长率(λ)为1.0478。