农作物体内铅,镉,铜的化学形态研究

本文报道了农作物体内重金属存在的化学形态。用逐步提取法分析了生长在污染土壤上的水稻、小麦的根与叶。结果表明,在两种作物中,根部的铅以活性较低的醋酸可提取态与盐酸可提取态占优势,而叶中的铅以盐酸可提取态占优势。不论根部或叶部,在各种形态镉中,以氯化钠可提取镉所占比例较高,作用较重要。作物体内的铜活性较强,根部以乙醇可提取态占优势,叶中以水提取态占优势。各种结合形态的重金属迁移能力、毒性效应有显著差异。作物体内重金属化学形态特征与其表观毒性效应有密切联系。     

乙草胺对东北黑土铅形态及生物有效性的影响

通过清洁黑土和污染黑土的形态分级分析和黑土铅对乙草胺的响应实验,对东北黑土铅形态及其乙草胺使用的生物有效性响应进行了研究．结果表明,清洁和污染黑土中的铅均主要以有机质-硫化物结合态铅和残渣态铅这2种生物有效性低的形态为主,而水溶态铅和可交换态铅这2种具生物学活性的铅含量则相对较低．与清洁黑土相比,污染黑土中具生物学活性的铅含量所占总铅含量的比例有所上升．随着农业活动中施入高剂量的乙草胺这一除草剂,黑土中具生物学活性的水溶态和可交换态铅的含量则大幅上升．据分析,其原因是铅在与乙草胺交互作用过程中来自有机质．硫化物结合态铅释放对有效态铅的贡献．     

褪黑素对水稻镉积累及其化学结合形态的影响

研究了添加外源褪黑素对水稻幼苗中Cd积累以及水稻体内Cd化学形态分布的影响.结果表明: Cd胁迫显著降低水稻幼苗地上部和根部的生物量,并且显著降低水稻叶片的叶绿素含量.适宜的外源褪黑素添加能明显提高Cd胁迫下水稻的地上部和根部生物量,降低水稻地上部和根部Cd含量.当Cd胁迫浓度为5 μmol·L^-1时,添加20 μmol·L^-1褪黑素使水稻地上部和根部Cd含量分别比对照处理降低48.4%和16.9%,添加100 μmol·L^-1褪黑素水稻地上部和根部Cd含量分别降低67.5%和47.9%.添加外源褪黑素也显著降低了水稻体内Cd的转运效率.当Cd胁迫浓度为20 μmol·L^-1时,添加20 和100 μmol·L^-1褪黑素使水稻Cd的转运效率分别比对照降低24.4%和46.8%.通过逐步提取法对水稻幼苗Cd的化学结合形态进行分析发现,添加外源褪黑素使水稻体内氯化钠提取态Cd的比例提高,而水溶态Cd、乙醇提取态Cd的比例明显降低,说明添加褪黑素可促进水稻体内移动性较强的Cd形态向移动性较弱的Cd形态转移,从而降低水稻对Cd的吸收和转运.     

外源NO对Cu胁迫下番茄Cu的亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对50μmol·L-1Cu2+胁迫下番茄幼苗Cu的亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响.结果表明:Cu胁迫下,番茄幼苗的生物量和株高显著降低33.7％和23.1％,外源NO能够显著缓解这种抑制作用,但各器官中Cu的含量和累积量仍显著升高.Cu胁迫下,番茄幼苗各器官的Cu含量和累积量大小依次为根系＞叶片＞茎＞叶柄,幼苗根系吸收的Cu向地上部的转运大幅降低,外源NO只能缓解而不能消除这种作用.外源NO可以使Cu胁迫下幼苗各器官的液泡和细胞壁中Cu含量显著上升,细胞器中Cu含量降低,从而减轻过多Cu对胞质生理生化代谢的伤害,增强组织细胞对Cu的耐性.外源NO可以提高番茄幼苗根系中醋酸提取态铜(FHAc)、茎中氯化钠提取态铜(FNaCl)、叶柄中FHAc、叶片中乙醇提取态铜(FE)和FNaCl的含量,降低水溶态铜(Fw)的含量与比例,以降低过多铜的生物毒性.     

珠江三角洲典型肝癌高发区土壤锰形态及其生态效应

通过对珠江三角洲典型肝癌高发区及低发区表层、深层土壤样品和作物样品的系统采集，分别对土壤中各化学形态Mn含量及其与土壤Mn全量、土壤理化性质、蔬菜Mn富集之间的相关关系进行研究.结果表明: 研究区土壤Mn主要来自成土母质，受人类活动影响很小，肝癌高发区土壤Mn平均含量为577.65 mg·kg^-1，显著低于肝癌低发区（718.04 mg·kg^-1）和全国土壤Mn平均含量（710 mg·kg^-1）；肝癌高发区土壤Mn以残渣态和铁锰态为主，水溶态和交换态等生物有效态含量较少，二者分配系数之和不超过4%，低发区土壤Mn形态分布也有相似的分布特征，但其绝对含量显著高于肝癌高发区.Mn全量负荷水平和pH对各形态Mn的含量有重要影响，尤其是铁锰结合态、腐植酸结合态、碳酸盐态和残渣态的含量与土壤Mn全量呈显著正相关；水溶态、有机态Mn与pH呈显著负相关.5类蔬菜中，肝癌高发区油麦菜和大白菜Mn含量及富集系数显著低于肝癌低发区，其它蔬菜品种无显著差异.Mn在蔬菜中的累积量与土壤中有效态Mn（水溶态Mn与离子交换态Mn之和）呈显著正相关，而与土壤Mn全量和其他形态均无显著相关性.     

工业污染土壤中镉的化学形态及植物修复研究

对工业污染地中重金属镉的分布及存在的化学形态进行了系统研究.结果表明,土壤中吸附的镉可被水所溶出,pH值越低（酸度越强）,镉的溶出率越大,移动性越强,越容易被作物所吸收.中性条件下,此类污染土壤可溶态（水溶态、交换态和络合态）镉含量较低,分别为0.68%、12.70%和12.40%;不可溶态镉（颗粒态）约为74.40%.箩卜的茎部为此类镉污染地中镉的超富集植物器官.     

绿洲土Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni复合污染下重金属的形态特征和生物有效性

通过模拟基于干旱区绿洲土壤Cd-Pb-Zn-Ni复合污染下的油菜盆栽试验,采用Tessier五步连续浸提法探究了重金属复合污染对油菜生长的影响及其各形态的转化归趋和生物有效性.结果显示,随着Cd-Pb-Zn-Ni复合胁迫水平的升高,油菜的干重先增加后减小,根系的生长由促进作用转变为抑制作用;对照土壤中4种重金属元素均以残渣态为主要赋存形态,可交换态的含量均很小;随着外源重金属的添加,油菜种植土壤中4种重金属元素的各形态含量随之增加,Cd、Pb、Zn的可交换态和Ni的碳酸盐结合态对外界胁迫响应强度最大,Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的活性增加,且Cd、Pb的主要赋存形态迅速转变为碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态,Zn的主要赋存形态由残渣态和碳酸盐结合态过渡到碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态,Ni的主要赋存形态为碳酸盐结合态;Cd、Zn在茎叶中的含量大于根系,Pb、Ni反之,油菜能将Cd、Zn更多的运输至茎叶,Pb、Ni则主要积累在根系;油菜茎叶吸收Cd和油菜各部位吸收Zn的主要贡献形态为可交换态,根吸收Cd的主要贡献形态由可交换态转变为有机结合态,根吸收Pb和油菜各部位吸收Ni的主要贡献形态为碳酸盐结合态.     

外源磷对苗期小麦和水稻根际砷形态及其生物有效性的影响

采用土(中度砷污染土)-土根袋培养的方法研究了两个浓度的外源磷(P)对苗期小麦和水稻根际砷(As)形态分布及其生物有效性的影响.结果表明:(1)两种作物生长的土壤中各砷形态的分配比例依次为:结晶铁锰或铁铝水化氧化物结合态(45%～52%)＞无定形和弱结晶铁铝或铁锰水化氧化物结合态(26%～34%)＞专性吸附态(12%～14%)＞残渣态(4%～7%)＞非专性吸附态(0.09%～0.25%).(2)添加外源磷浓度为100 mg·kg-1与不施磷处理相比显著提高了两种作物地上部的生物量(p＜0.01).(3)苗期小麦在添加100 mg·kg-1外源磷时,不仅促进了作物生长而且抑制根中砷向地上部的转运.(4)任何磷处理下,水稻对砷的吸收能力以及由根系向地上部转移能力均高于小麦.因此,在轻中度砷污染土壤上与水稻相比更适宜种植小麦(或其他旱作植物);而在水稻种植季,可以通过添加适量磷肥(100 mg·kg-1)来减弱砷在水稻体内的累积.     

有机物料对土壤镉形态及其生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了淹水种稻条件下添加猪粪和泥炭对红壤和潮土中内源和外源Cd形态及其生物有效性的影响。结果表明,土壤中内源Cd在各形态之间的分布比较均匀;添加外源Cd时Cd主要分布于交换态,从分蘖期到成熟期,内源Cd交换态普遍升高,添加外源Cd时交换态普遍降低。有机物料对内源Cd交换态的影响不显著,但当添加外源Cd时则对交换态有显著影响,在不添加外源Cd的条件下,有机物料普遍促进水稻根系对Cd的吸收。在添加外源Cd的条件下,有机物料普遍抑制水稻根系对Cd的吸收,猪粪的抑制效果强于泥炭,水稻根系对Cd与Fe的累积呈显著抑制作用。     

农业系统中磷肥残效及磷循环研究Ⅱ.磷及其他养分在作物体内分配

土壤P供应状况及作物生长好坏可明显影响高粱、玉米、大豆籽实及秸秆中的P浓度、P在籽实及秸秆中的分配比和形成单位籽实产量的P收获量。P供应充分,作物生长良好(产量高),籽实中的P浓度高,籽实P/秸秆P的分配比大,每形成单位籽实消费的P量高。     

Platelet selenium in children with normal and low selenium intake

The concentration of selenium was determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis in erythrocytes, platelets, and plasma of eight dietetically treated children with phenylketonuria (n=6) or maple-syrup-urine disease (n=2) with low selenium intake and for ten children with normal selenium intake. The normal selenium concentration in platelets was about 600 ng/g and about five times higher than in erythrocytes of the same children. A decreased selenium concentration in platelets was seen only when the corresponding concentrations in erythrocytes and plasma were very low. This suggests a special role of selenium in platelets.     

植物硒及其含硒蛋白的研究

硒是植物的有益元素,植物对硒的吸收与外源硒的有效性、硒的形态、植物的种类等有关;硒在植物中主要以有机硒形态存在,HPLC-ICP-MS联用已成为植物体内硒形态鉴定的最常用手段;含硒蛋白是植物体内最主要的有机大分子硒,具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化等多种生物活性。在环境安全和人类健康等方面,富硒植物具有很好的应用价值,所以利用分子生物学手段分析富硒植物的富硒机制,可以为富硒基因的筛选和利用提供理论依据。     

Effects of long-term selenium yeast supplementation on selenium status studied in the rat

To investigate the selenium status during long-term dietary supply of selenium yeast, 30-day-old male rats were fed for 379 days a methionine-adequate low-selenium diet supplemented with 0.2 mg Se/kg (selenium-adequate diet) or 1.5 mg Se/kg (high-selenium diet) in the form of selenium yeast that contained 60% of the element as l-selenomethionine. Their selenium load was determined at several intervals by neutron activation analysis of the selenium concentrations in the main selenium body pools, skeletal muscle and liver. After 64 days the tissue selenium concentrations plateaued in both groups and then stayed at that level. Compared with the selenium-adequate group, elevated tissue selenium concentrations were found in the high-selenium group, but the increase by a factor of 3.5 in the muscle and by a factor of 2.3 in the liver was smaller than the 7.5-fold increase in the selenium intake. In the selenium-adequate group about 50% of the muscle selenium and 30% of the liver selenium and in the high-selenium group about 85% of the muscle selenium and 70% of the liver selenium were estimated to be present in non-selenoprotein forms. During selenium depletion the liver glutathione peroxidase activity in the high-selenium group remained unaffected for 4 weeks and then decreased more slowly than that in the selenium-adequate group. From these results it can be concluded that selenium incorporated from the selenium yeast diet into non-selenoprotein forms can serve as an endogenous selenium source to maintain selenoprotein levels in periods of insufficient selenium supply.     

Effects of different selenium sources on tissue selenium concentrations,blood GSH-Px activities and plasma interleukin levels in finishing lambs

Thirty-two wether lambs of Tan sheep were randomly assigned into four dietary treatment groups (eight per group) for an 8-wk study and then fed a basal diet deficient in Se (0.06 mg/kg) or diets supplemented to provide 0.10 mg/kg Se from sodium selenite, selenized yeast, and selenium-enriched probiotics, respectively. Blood samples were collected at d 0, 28, and 56 of the experiment and tissue samples were collected at experiment termination. Tissue and blood Se concentrations, blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, and plasma interleukin levels were analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of Se in the kidney, liver, and muscle increased in all of the supplemented groups (p<0.01) compared with the control group. However, the Se concentrations in the kidney, liver, and muscle in the groups supplemented with Se yeast and Se-enriched probiotics were higher than those in the group supplemented with sodium selenite (p<0.01). The activities of GSH-Px and the concentrations of Se in blood also increased in all of the supplemented groups during the period of supplementation (p<0.01) compared with the control group. The activities of GSH-Px and the concentrations of Se in the whole blood of the lambs fed with selenized yeast and Se-enriched probiotics were higher than those of lambs fed with sodium selenite (p<0.01 or p<0.05). The concentrations of interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 in plasma significantly increased in all of the supplemented groups during the entire period of experiment (p<0.01) compared with the control group, but had no significant differences among all of the supplemented groups. In conclusion, a diet supplemented with Se for finishing lambs was able to increase the concentrations of Se in tissue and blood, activities of GSH-Px in blood, and levels of interleukins in plasma. Organic Se sources (selenized yeast and Se-enriched probiotics) were more effective than the inorganic Se source (sodium selenite) in increasing tissue and blood Se concentrations and blood GSH-Px activities of lambs. However, there were no significant differences in plasma interleukin levels of lambs between organic and inorganic Se sources.     

Regulation of cellular immune responses by selenium

Selenium (Se) is an essential nutritional factor that affects the development and expression of cell-mediated immune responses directed toward malignant cells. These studies have shown that dietary (2 ppm for 8 wk) or in in vitro (1×10⁻⁷ M) supplementation with Se (as sodium selenite) results in a significant enhancement of the proliferative responses of spleen lymphocytes from C57B1/6J mice in response to stimulation with mitogen or antigen. Se deficiency (0.02 ppm for 8 wk) had the opposite effect. The alterations in the ability of the cells to proliferate, which occurred in the absence of changes in the endogenous levels of interleukin-2 (II₂) or interleukin 1, were apparently related to the ability of Se to alter the kinetics of expression of high-affinity Il₂ receptors on the surface of activated lymphocytes. This resulted in an enhanced or delayed clonal expansion of the cells, and in an increased or decreased frequency of cytotoxic cells within a given cell population. The changes in tumor cytotoxicity were paralleled by changes in the amounts of lymphotoxin produced by the activated cells. Dietary Se modulations had a comparable effect on macrophage-mediated tumor cytodestruction. The results also suggested that Se exerts its effect 8–24 h after stimulation, and that it most likely affects processes in the cytoplasmic and/or nuclear compartments of activated lymphocytes.     

Evidence for the antimutagenicity and the mutagenicity of selenium

Evidence is summarized for the antimutagenicity as well as the mutagenicity of selenium. In general, antimutagenicity predominates at physiological levels, while mutagenicity occurs at 3 to 1000 times normal physiological levels.     

The effect of nationwide selenium enrichment of fertilizers on selenium status of healthy finnish medical students living in south western Finland

In Finland commercial fertilizers have been enriched with sodium selenate since July 1, 1984 in order to compensate for the poor selenium content of the soil. Fertilizers that are used for the production of hay and fodder were supplemented with 6 mg/kg of selenium, whereas fertilizers used for the production of cereals were supplemented with a higher dose, 16 mg/kg fertilizer. The effects of selenium fertilization were first seen in dairy products in June 1985, and from the beginning of August 1985, the effect was evident also in wheat flour, beef, and bovine liver. In this study the selenium status of 108 healthy young adults has been systematically documented since November 1985, at which time the mean selenium serum level (S-Se) was 1.05 umol/L. A steady increase was observed until November 1989, when the maximum level, with a mean of S-Se 1.6 umol/L was reached. After that, a slight decrease has occurred. The mean serum selenium level in autumn 1991 in a new group of 35 students was 1.58 umol/L. This decrease can be explained by the high amount of imported cereals in 1988 and 1989, which was reflected also in the serum selenium levels. The glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes in 1989–1990 was at the same level as in 1985 and 1986.     

Environmental effects of nationwide selenium fertilization in Finland

To study the possible pollution of natural waters by selenium added to agricultural fertilizers, water selenium concentrations were determined in lakes and ground water pools during the year 1992, when the enrichment of fertilizers by selenium had continued for 8 yr. Water samples were preconcentrated by evaporating, and selenium concentrations were analyzed fluorometrically using the dye 2,3-diaminonaphthalene after wet digestion. In lake water samples from 13 lakes, no significant correlations were found between selenium and pH, chlorophyll A, total nitrogen, or phosphorus. Agriculturally affected and nonaffected lakes had no differences in their selenium concentrations. In the lakes that were surrounded by cultivated fields mean water selenium was 83.4 ng/L (range: 75.2–93.4 ng/L,n=9). Correspondingly, in lakes situated in forests without agricultural surroundings, mean water selenium concentration was 76.5 ng/L (range: 51.2–110 ng/L,n=3). Only one lake in the close vicinity of a coal power plant had a high water selenium concentration (mean 272 ng/L). In ground water samples, there was a big variation in selenium levels between different pools, the levels varying between 33 and 260 ng/L. This variation may partly be explained by different selenium concentrations of the bedrock and sediments. However, simultaneous increase of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and selenium levels in consecutive samples from some ground water pools indicates leaching of selenium from the fertilizers into the ground water in certain areas.     

Plasma selenium levels in rheumatoid arthritis

The plasma selenium (Se) levels were determined in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and healthy controls. Plasma Se levels in 60 patients were found to be significantly lower than those in 60 normal, healthy controls (p<0.001). Similar significant differences were determined in sex-matched comparisons between patients and controls (p<0.001) but there was no significant difference in plasma Se levels in sex-matched comparisons in both groups (p>0.05). Our results suggest that Se is an important factor in RA.     

Selenium supplementation of infant formula: uptake and retention of various forms of selenium in suckling rats

Formula-fed infants often have lower serum selenium levels than breast-fed infants. Although no deleterious effects have been correlated to this finding, supplementation of formula with selenium is considered. In this study, we investigated the uptake and retention by suckling rat pups of ⁷⁵Se from selenite, selenate, and selenomethionine added to infant formula. The molecular distribution of ⁷⁵Se in liver, kidney, intestine, and plasma was followed by gel-filtration chromatography on Superose 12. ⁷⁵Se-uptake was most rapid from selenomethionine (70% at 1 hr), followed by selenate (51%) and selenite (29%). This difference was explained by a higher retention of ⁷⁵Se in the stomach and small intestinal wall of pups given selenite supplement. Plasma distribution of ⁷⁵Se as studied by gel filtration was also different, with a higher proportion of ⁷⁵Se from selenomethionine being protein-bound than from selenite or selenate. Similarly, a larger proportion of ⁷⁵Se from selenomethionine became protein-bound in the liver than from selenite or selenate. In conclusion, although whole body retention after 24–48 hr was similar, the metabolic fate of selenium varies considerably with the form of selenium added to formula. Further studies are needed to study the long-term consequences of selenium accumulated in different body compartments.