低温胁迫下水稻幼叶细胞内Ca^2^＋水平的变化

用焦锑酸钙沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法,研究了低温胁迫下水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）幼苗细胞内Ｃａ２＋ 定位分布的变化。水稻幼苗在适宜温度下生长时,显示Ｃａ２＋ 定位分布的焦锑酸钙沉淀颗粒大量出现在液泡及细胞间隙中,此外,质体和线粒体以及细胞质和细胞核中也有一些Ｃａ２＋ 沉淀分布。说明在正常情况下,细胞质和细胞核中的游离Ｃａ２＋ 水平是较低的;液泡是植物细胞的主要Ｃａ２＋ 库;细胞外的细胞间隙中有大量的Ｃａ２＋ 存在。当水稻幼苗经２４ 小时１℃低温处理后,在质膜内侧几乎形成一圈整齐排列的Ｃａ２＋ 沉淀颗粒,同时,细胞质和细胞核中的Ｃａ２＋ 水平增加;当１℃低温持续到４８ 小时,不仅在细胞质和细胞核中出现大量的Ｃａ２＋ 分布,同时在液泡膜和质体被膜上产生大量的Ｃａ２＋ 沉淀。而此时的细胞超微结构尚保持较正常的状态,看不出明显的改变。作者认为,低温胁迫中细胞质和细胞核内Ｃａ２＋ 水平的提高可能与尔后的许多生理生化过程的改变有联系     

油松成熟花粉的细胞化学及超微结构研究

油松（ＰｉｎｕｓｔａｂｕｌａｅｆｏｒｍｉｓＣａｒｒ．）花粉由两个原叶细胞、一个生殖细胞和一个管细胞组成,其中两个原叶细胞在花粉成熟时已退化。生殖细胞具自己完整的壁。它与花粉贴近一面的壁与花粉内壁分开,仅侧面的壁与内壁连结。生殖细胞向管细胞一面的壁上有胞质通道。生殖细胞与管细胞有明显的分化,主要的差异表现在以下几个方面：（１）生殖细胞核的染色质凝集,而管细胞核的染色质分散,并具发达的核膜孔;（２）生殖细胞内不具微体,而管细胞的细胞质有较多的微体;（３）管细胞比生殖细胞有更丰富的内含物。虽然这两个细胞都含脂体和造粉质体,但前者的造粉质体极为丰富,而后者的造粉质体数量少。管细胞还含有少量的蛋白体,而生殖细胞则缺少这种贮藏物质。生殖细胞与管细胞内均含丰富的线粒体、多聚核糖体和少量的内质网及高尔基体。ＤＡＰＩ染色结果表明,生殖细胞及管细胞内均含丰富的细胞质ＤＮＡ。对油松细胞质遗传的方式及花粉壁的组成、结构和性质进行了讨论。     

苜蓿悬浮细胞对盐胁迫的瓜和适应

苜蓿悬浮细胞能够适应２２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮａＣｌ及其以下盐浓度的胁迫,适应细胞中游离脯氨酸、还原糖和Ｎａ＾＋积累增加。４４０ｍｍｏｌ／ＮａＣｌ对细胞生长明显抑制。细胞对盐胁迫的反应和适应中ＰＭ－ＡＴＰａｓｅ和ＴＭ－ＡＴＰａｓｅ起到重要作用,在适应细胞中两者的活力都明显增加。ＰＭ－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力的增加可受ＣＨＸ的明显抑制。     

低温逆境中不同抗寒性植物细胞内Ca^2＋稳定平衡的区别

电镜细胞化学观察揭示,不抗寒的玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓ Ｌ．ｅｖ． Ｂｌａｃｋ Ｍｅｘｉｃａｎ Ｓｗｅｅｌ）和抗寒的小偃麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｒｎ ｓｅｅｔ．Ｔｒｉｔｉｔｒｉｇｉａ ｍａｃｋｅｙ）细胞在２６℃悬浮培养时,标志Ｃａ＾２＋定位的锑酸钙沉淀物主要分布在液泡内,细胞质和细胞核中很少见到Ｃａ＾２＋沉淀;标志Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性的反应的磷权沉淀物丰富地分布在质膜上,显示这两种植物物质膜Ｃａ＾     

水分胁迫及复水过程中小麦幼苗叶片内Ca^2＋的定位

展现了冬小麦幼苗在干旱胁迫及干旱后复水过程中叶肉细胞内Ｃａ＾２＋的动态分布：在正常水分条件下生长的小麦幼苗,其细胞中的Ｃａ＾２＋主要位于液泡内,同时,细胞间隙中有大量的Ｃａ＾２＋分布。在水分胁迫下,随着胁迫时间的加长,液泡和细胞间隙的Ｃａ＾２＋逐渐进入细胞质,导致细胞质中自由Ｃａ＾２＋浓度过高,并对细胞造成伤害。复水后,细胞质中高浓度Ｃａ＾２＋迅速排入液泡和细胞间隙,细胞质中Ｃａ＾２＋浓度又基本恢     

油松细胞质遗传的细胞学机理：Ⅱ雄性和雌性细胞器在受精和原胚？…

在电镜下观察汕松（ｉｎｕｓ ｔａｂｕｌａｅｆｏｒｍｉｓ Ｃａｒｒ．）传粉后的胚珠临近受地的花粉管和卵细胞的细胞质,受精时雄配子体细胞质的传递、游离核和细胞原胚发育时期质体和线粒体的传递。在成熟卵中含许多线粒体,缺少正常结构的质全,它们转变为大内含体。此外卵细胞还有丰富的小内含体和其他一些细胞器。花粉管在卵细胞的珠孔端释放其内含物。精核与卵核融合时,核周围未见来自精细胞的质体和线粒体。不参与融合的精     

环境胁迫对库拉索芦荟叶片超微结构影响研究

对1年生库拉索芦荟分别用盐(1.8%的NaCl)、低温(10℃)、干旱[25%(w/v)的聚乙二醇-6000]3种胁迫条件处理7d后,对其叶肉细胞超微结构进行观察.结果发现:3种胁迫处理均可使库拉索芦荟细胞膜系统、叶绿体、线粒体、细胞核等结构受到不同程度的破坏,叶绿体周围出现许多小泡,导致细胞内膜系统紊乱,细胞器结构稳定性降低;盐胁迫下高尔基体在细胞质中解体;盐和低温胁迫下均可见线粒体膜与叶绿体膜发生融合、线粒体嵌在叶绿体当中的现象.另外,本研究发现,盐胁迫、低温胁迫比干旱胁迫对库拉索芦荟细胞膜的损伤更严重,而水分胁迫对其的伤害程度较小,表明库拉索芦荟的抗旱性较其抗盐性更强.     

盐胁迫下无花果细胞质和液泡膜H^＋—ATPase活性对脯氨酸积累 …

盐胁迫降低无花果振荡培养细胞培养液ＰＨ添加质膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性抑制剂Ｎａ３ＶＯ４则抑制盐诱导的培养液ＰＨ下降,表明盐诱导培养液Ｈ下降主要是细胞质膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性增加的结果。ＮａＣｌ处理提高活体细胞质膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性,而降低膜微囊Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性,培养液中添加Ｎａ３ＶＯ４ ５０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ完全抑制盐胁迫下无花果细胞游离脯氨酸只累,但添加更高浓度Ｎａ３ＶＯ４,则提高     

锦橙汁囊的超微结构

用常规电镜方法观察了锦橙［Ｃｉｔｒｕｓｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ （Ｌ．） Ｏｓｂ．］汁囊从原始细胞到发育为一个具柄的成熟汁囊的过程中,汁囊构成细胞超微结构的变化。锦橙汁囊原始细胞及发育为球状体时的构成细胞以及柱状结构顶端的细胞都是一种典型的分生组织细胞。在细胞质中有包括线粒体、质体、内质网、核糖体等丰富的细胞器,但没有观察到高尔基体。这些分生细胞分裂一段时期后就停止活动,逐渐分化为适应贮藏功能的液泡化薄壁细胞。分生细胞开始分化时,在细胞中出现许多小液泡和高尔基体。这些小液泡逐渐地融合,同时细胞质变少,最后形成一个有中央大液泡的薄壁细胞,在紧贴细胞膜的薄薄的一层细胞质中有线粒体、质体、高尔基体以及含有许多脂滴的杂色体。但成熟果实中汁囊的薄壁细胞中几乎没有任何细胞器。     

盐胁迫预处理对大麦根尖分生区细胞超微结构的影响

盐胁迫吸胀后的大麦种子转入正常条件下萌发,其发芽势严重降低,发芽率则和对照差异不大。电镜观察表明,萌发３天的大麦根尖分生区细胞膜系统已修复完善,内质网和高尔基体丰富,变形质体和变形线粒体大量出现,表明短时盐胁迫对种萌发的抑制作用是可逆的,而且一旦抑制作用被解除,植物细胞内的大生代谢活动会更加活跃,这一现象称为“抑制效应的补偿作用”。由于盐胁迫吸胀后代谢加强总伴随着变形质体和变形线粒体的大量出现。因     

胡杨细胞和组织结构与其耐盐性关系的研究

The characteristics of the cell and organ structures of Populus euphratica Oliv. in relation to salt and osmotic tolerance were compared with those of P. tomentosa Cart. in vitro under the electron and light microscopic observation. P. euphratica exhibited characteristic structure which was associated with salt stress. It had well-developed epidermis and exodermis in the root tip and poorly developed conducting tissue in leaf. Root hairs were formed closer to the root tips. AsP. euphratica were stressed with salt and PEG, more abundance of chondriosomes and plastids in the cytoplasm and more containing substance in the plastid were observed and the osmophilic substance was obviously displayed in the cytoplasm and in the posterior margin of the vacuole. The filamentous structure, bigger nucleus and nucleolus were visualized in the stressed suspension-cultured cells of P. euphratica. The meristemic cells in the root tip of P. euphratica could maintain their structure when the plant was subjected to 8 g/L NaCl stress. It was also demonstrated that the cell wall and plasmalemma of P. euphratica were tightly combined as a dentate form, explaining why the cell could endure severe salt or osmotic stress and resist to plasmolysis indicating that P. euphratica possesses a solid structure base as a defense to salt stress.     

Osmotic Stress and Ion-Specific Effects on Xylem Abscisic Acid and the Relevance to Salinity Tolerance in Poplar

We designed two experiments to investigate the osmotic stress and ion-specific effects on xylem abscisic acid (ABA) and the relevance to salinity tolerance in one-year-old seedlings of Populus euphratica Oliv. (a salt-resistant genotype) and one-year-old rooted cuttings of P. 'popularis 35-44' (P. popularis) (a salt-sensitive genotype). Net photosynthetic rates (Pn) and unit transpiration rates (TRN) of the two genotypes were significantly decreased upon osmotic shock caused by PEG 6000 (osmotic potential = -0.24 MPa) or iso-NaCl (50 mM). Shoot xylem ABA concentrations in both genotypes increased rapidly after the onset of PEG stress, resulting from a decreased water flow. NaCl-treated trees of P. euphratica maintained considerably greater concentrations of ABA than PEG-treated plants in a longer term, whereas salinized P. popularis exhibited a transient accumulation of ABA in the shoot. TRN was greatly enhanced in both genotypes when pressure (0.24 MPa) was applied to counteract the osmotic suction of 50 mM NaCl. Pressurizing of root systems diluted solutes in the root xylem, but the dilution effect was more pronounced in P. popularis. Root xylem ABA concentrations in P. euphratica steadily increased with salt stress although pressurization lowered its levels. In contrast, there were no observed changes in ABA response to salinity in pressured P. popularis. Therefore, we concluded that the salt-tolerant P. euphratica had a greater capacity to synthesize ABA under saline conditions, which may partially result from specific salt effects. In addition, P. euphratica exhibited a higher capacity for salt (Na+ and Cl-) transport control under salt stress, compared with P. popularis. The possible association between ABA and salt transport limitation, and the relevance to salinity tolerance were discussed.     

Osmotic Stress and Ion-Specific Effects on Xylem Abscisic Acid and the Relevance to Salinity Tolerance in Poplar

We designed two experiments to investigate the osmotic stress and ion-specific effects on xylem abscisic acid (ABA) and the relevance to salinity tolerance in one-year-old seedlings of Populus euphratica Oliv. (a salt-resistant genotype) and one-year-old rooted cuttings of P. 'popularis 35-44' (P. popularis) (a salt-sensitive genotype). Net photosynthetic rates (Pn) and unit transpiration rates (TRN) of the two genotypes were significantly decreased upon osmotic shock caused by PEG 6000 (osmotic potential = -0.24 MPa) or iso-NaCl (50 mM). Shoot xylem ABA concentrations in both genotypes increased rapidly after the onset of PEG stress, resulting from a decreased water flow. NaCl-treated trees of P. euphratica maintained considerably greater concentrations of ABA than PEG-treated plants in a longer term, whereas salinized P. popularis exhibited a transient accumulation of ABA in the shoot. TRN was greatly enhanced in both genotypes when pressure (0.24 MPa) was applied to counteract the osmotic suction of 50 mM NaCl. Pressurizing of root systems diluted solutes in the root xylem, but the dilution effect was more pronounced in P. popularis. Root xylem ABA concentrations in P. euphratica steadily increased with salt stress although pressurization lowered its levels. In contrast, there were no observed changes in ABA response to salinity in pressured P. popularis. Therefore, we concluded that the salt-tolerant P. euphratica had a greater capacity to synthesize ABA under saline conditions, which may partially result from specific salt effects. In addition, P. euphratica exhibited a higher capacity for salt (Na+ and Cl-) transport control under salt stress, compared with P. popularis. The possible association between ABA and salt transport limitation, and the relevance to salinity tolerance were discussed.     

Salt Stress-induced Programmed Cell Death in Rice Root Tip Cells

Salt stressed rice root tips were used to investigate the changes of reactive oxygen species （ROS） and antioxidant enzymes at the early stages of programmed cell death （PCD）. The results indicated that 500 mmol/L NaCI treatment could lead to specific features of PCD in root tips, such as DNA ladder, nuclear condense and deformation, and transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling positive reaction, which were initiated at 4 h of treatment and pro- gressed thereafter. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytoplasm was also observed, which occurred at 2 h and was earlier than the above nuclear events. In the very early phase of PCD, an immediate burst in hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion production rate was accompanied by two-phase changes of superoxide dismutases and ascorbate peroxidase. A short period of increase in the activity was followed by prolonged impairment. Thus, we conclude that salt can induce PCD in rice root tip cells, and propose that in the early phase of rice root tip cell PCD, salt stress-induced oxidative burst increased the antioxidant enzyme activity, which, in turn, scavenged the ROS and abrogated PCD. Also, when the stress is prolonged, the antioxidant system is damaged and accumulated ROS induces the PCD process, which leads to cytochrome c release and nuclear change.     

胡杨木质部水分传导对盐胁迫的响应与适应北大核心CSCD

解析植物木质部导水率对逆境的响应和适应对促进植物抗逆性机理研究和受损植被恢复具有重要意义。该文以荒漠河岸林建群种胡杨(Populus euphratica)为研究对象,系统分析了胡杨幼株根、茎、叶水分传输通道对不同浓度盐胁迫的响应和适应。结果表明:(1)胡杨幼株根系对盐胁迫的敏感性高于茎和叶,盐胁迫下根系生长和根尖数显著受到抑制,根木质部易于发生栓塞,导水率明显降低。(2)胡杨幼株茎木质部导水率对盐胁迫的响应依盐浓度而定,轻度(0.05 mol·L–1 Na Cl)和中度(0.15 mol·L–1 Na Cl)盐胁迫下,胡杨可以通过协调导管输水的有效性和安全性来调节木质部的导水率,维持植物正常生长;重度(0.30 mol·L–1 Na Cl)盐胁迫下,胡杨茎木质部导管输水有效性和安全性均明显降低,木质部导水率显著下降,并伴随叶片气孔导度的显著降低,从而严重抑制了胡杨的光合和生长。     

Adaptation to high salinity in poplar involves changes in xylem anatomy and auxin physiology

To investigate the physiological basis of salt adaptation in poplar, we compared the effect of salt stress on wood anatomy and auxin physiology of the salt-resistant Populus euphratica and salt-sensitive Populus x canescens. Both poplar species showed decreases in vessel lumina associated with increases in wall strength in response to salt, however, in P. euphratica at three-fold higher salt concentrations than in P. x canescens. The predicted hydraulic conductivity of the wood formed under salt stress decreased in P. x canescens, while in P. euphratica, no significant effects of salt on conductivity and transpiration were observed. The concentration of free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) decreased under salt stress in the xylem of both poplar species, but to a larger extent in P. x canescens than in P. euphratica. Only salt-treated P. euphratica exhibited an increase in IAA-conjugates in the xylem. Genes homologous to the auxin-amidohydrolase ILL3 were isolated from the xylems of P. euphratica and P. x canescens. For functional analysis, the auxin-amidohydrolase from P. x canescens was overexpressed in Arabidopsis. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants were more resistant to salt stress than the wild-type plants. Increased sensitivity of the transgenic Arabidopsis to IAA-Leu showed that the encoded hydrolase used IAA-Leu as a substrate. These results suggest that poplar can use IAA-amidoconjugates in the stem as a source of auxin to balance the effects of salt stress on auxin physiology.     

木本植物蛋白提取和SDS-PAGE分析方法的比较和优化

在几种木本植物上对４种常用蛋白提取方法、４种凝胶染色和脱色方法及影响蛋白定量和ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ电泳的因素进行了比较研究,发现：利用改良丙酮沉降法提取蛋白,不仅提取效率高,而且杂质干扰少,得到的电泳结果,蛋白条带清晰,数量多;将常规凝胶染色和脱色液中的乙醇改用为甲醇可大大改善染色和脱色效果,获得了没有背景或背景很浅的电泳结果。通过研究确定了一套优化的适用于木本植物的蛋白提取、定量、凝胶制备、电泳、染色、脱色以及干胶制备的方法。利用这一优化方法对胡杨细胞盐胁迫蛋白进行了研究,发现了与高水平盐胁迫有关的６６ｋＤ蛋白和与盐胁迫和干旱胁迫均有关的２８ｋＤ蛋白,获得了满意的蛋白ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ分析结果。     

木本植物蛋白提取和SDS-PACE分析方法的比较和优化

在几种木本植物上对4种常用蛋白提取方法、4种凝胶染色和脱色方法及影响蛋白定量和SDS-PAGE电泳的因素进行了比较研究,发现：利用改良丙酮沉降法提取蛋白,不仅提取效率高,而且杂质干扰少,得到的电泳结果,蛋白条带清晰,数量多;将常规凝胶染色和脱色液中的乙醇改用为甲醇可大大改善染色和脱色效果,获得了没有背景或背景很浅的电泳结果。通过研究确定了一套优化的适用于木本植物的蛋白提取、定量、凝胶制备、电泳、染色、脱色以及干胶制备的方法。利用这一优化方法对胡杨细胞盐胁迫蛋白进行了研究,发现了与高水平盐胁迫有关的66kD蛋白和与盐胁迫和干旱胁迫均有关的28kD蛋白,获得了满意的蛋白SDS-PAGE分析结果。     

Osmotic Stress Decreases the Activity of ATPase Associated with the Root Cap Plasmodesmata in Zea mays

With light and electron microscopy the substructural change and the ATPase activity of corn (Zea mays L. ) root cap cells after short-term osmotic stress were studied. Some spoke-like fine strands originating from the departed periplasm and stretching towards cell wall could be observed even after plasmolysis. By observing the precipitation of ATPase activity product (lead phosphate) at plasma membrane and plasmodesmata, it was found that the fine strands were plasma membrane-lined channels surrounding the cytoplasm and that they still firmly connected to the plasmodesmata during plasmolysis. Compared with the control (unstressed), a sharp decrease of ATPase activity in the plasmodesmata of the stressed cells was observed. Inhibition of energy metabolism in these limited locales would affect the physiological activity, maybe including the regulation of permeability and the change of size exclusion limit (SEL) of plasmodesmata.     

Relationship between Salt Tolerance and Resistance to Polyethylene Glycol-Induced Water Stress in Cultured Citrus Cells

Salt-tolerant selected cells of Shamouti orange (Citrus sinensis) and Sour orange (Citrus aurantium) grew considerably better than nonselected cells at any NaCl concentration tested up to 200 millimolar. Also, the growth response of each treatment was identical in the two species. However, the performance of cells of the two species under osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG), which is presumably a nonabsorbed osmoticum, was significantly different. The nonselected Shamouti cell lines were significantly more sensitive to osmotic stress than the selected cells. The salt adapted Shamouti cells were apparently also adapted to osmotic stress induced by PEG. In Sour orange, however, the selected lines had no advantage over the nonselected line in response to osmotic stress induced by PEG. This response was also similar quantitatively to the response of the selected salt-tolerant Shamouti cell line. It seems that the tolerance to salt in Shamouti, a partial salt excluder, involves an osmotic adaptation, whereas in Sour orange, a salt accumulator, such an adaptation apparently does not occur. PEG-induced osmotic stress causes an increase in the percent dry weight of salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant cells of both species. No such increase was found under salt stress. The size of control and stressed cells is not significantly different.