发根农杆菌及其应用

农杆菌是一类侵染性非常广泛的Ｇ-土壤杆菌,农杆菌质粒介导的基因转移系统是植物基因工程中比较完善与有效的基因转移方法。在众多的转基因植物中有80%是由农杆菌介导转化的,但其中大部分是有根癌农杆菌Ｔｉ质粒介导法获得的。根癌农杆菌含有的Ｔｉ质粒,能诱导被侵染的植物细胞形成肿瘤,即诱发冠瘿瘤。发根农杆菌含有Ｒｉ质粒,侵染植物后能诱发植物细胞产生毛发状根,即发根瘤。近年来的研究发现发根农杆菌Ｒｉ质粒介导法比Ｔｉ质粒法具有一定优越性而被广泛重视,而且由其转化获得转基因植物和生物有效成分的报道愈来愈多,本文主要讨论发根农…     

植物基因工程中Ri质粒的研究与应用

近几年来,植物基因工程取得了很大进展,基主要原因是人们采取了有效的基因转移方法。例如截体法;以Ｔｉ质粒,Ｒｉ质料 些病毒,脂质体等做为载体;非载体法有显微注射法,电击法,粒子枪法,花粉管通道法等,在以上诸多方法中,以载体Ｔｉ质粒的研究最为广泛,目前国内外对根癌农杆菌Ｔｉ 粒的研究与应用已目趋成熟,而发根农杆菌Ｒｉ质粒是植物基因工程中的一种新的载体,近几年来的研究表明,Ｒｉ质粒与Ｔｉ质粒是植物基因工     

Ri质粒与植物基因工程

Ｒｉ质粒是发根农杆菌中的巨大质粒,经其感染的双子叶植物可诱发产生毛状根。Ｒｉ质粒上的Ｔ－ＤＮＡ具有转移功能。介绍了Ｒｉ质粒的结构、Ｔ－ＤＮＡ转移机制及其在植物基因工程中的应用。     

发根农杆菌Ri质粒在药用植物生物工程中的应用

发根农杆菌(Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｒｈｉｚｏｇｅｎｅｓ)与根癌农杆菌(Ａ.ｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ)属于根瘤菌科,均为革兰氏阴性菌[1]。它们在侵染植物后引起的症状不同,含有Ｔｉ质粒的根癌农杆菌在侵染植物后形成冠瘿瘤(ｃｒｏｗｎｇａｌｌ),而含有Ｒｉ质粒的发根农杆菌表现与其不同,它在感染植物后在植物的伤口部位诱发产生毛状根(ｈａｉｒｙｒｏｏｔ)。由发根农杆菌侵染植物诱导产生的毛状根具有生长快、分枝多、根毛多等特点。发根农杆菌Ｒｉ质粒与根癌农杆菌Ｔｉ质粒结构相似,都具有高效率转移的Ｔ-ＤＮＡ区和致病的Ｖｉｒ区…     

发根农杆菌研究进展

ReviewofStudiesonObtainingTransgenicPlantsbyAgrobacteriumrhizogenesMediatedGeneTransferSystemZhouYanqingZhanggenfaYuanBaojun(DepartmentofBiology,HenanNormalUniversity,Xinxiang453002)②苑保军现在河南省周口地区农业科学技术研究所工作．在植物基因工程中,农杆菌质粒介导的基因转移系统[37]是比较完善与有效的基因转移方法。目前,在根癌农杆菌Ti质粒的结构、功能及其被改造为载体系统与应用等方面均已取得很大进展的情况下,与之同属于根瘤菌科的发根农杆菌及其所携带的Ri质粒开始被广泛研究。本文就发根农杆菌Ri…     

发根农杆菌Ri质粒rol基因研究的综述

发根农杆菌Ｒｉ质粒ｒｏｌ基因研究的综述①周跃钢王三根（西南农业大学生理生化教研室,重庆４００７１６）ＲｅｖｉｅｗｏｆＳｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｎＲｏｌＧｅｎｅｓｏｆＲｉＰｌａｓｍｉｄｓｆｒｏｍＡｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｒｈｉｚｏｇｅｎｅｓＺｈｏｕＹｕｅｇａｎｇ...     

高等植物在发根农杆菌介导下的遗传转化

本文介绍了发根农杆菌的生物学特性、遗传转化的操作技术、RiT-DNA转化体的形态特征以及发根农杆菌转化的利用。与根癌农杆菌不同,农杆碱型发根农杆菌的RiT-DNA含有生长素合成基因、农杆碱、甘露碱合成基因,不含有细胞分裂素合成基因,它的转化体首先是转化根。发根农杆菌介导的植物遗传转化,在次生代谢产物生产,植物抗逆性育种以及细菌与植物进化关系的研究等方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

Ri质粒在植物科学中应用的新进展

本文综述了发根农杆菌Ｒｉ质粒在植物学理论研究、有用植物次生代谢物生产、植物品种改良及植物栽培四个方面应用的最新进展。     

农杆菌与植物细胞的相互作用

近年来,植物遗传工程的研究进入了一个飞速发展的时期。T_i质粒和R_i质粒是应用最普遍的两个基因工程的载体。它们是分别存在于根癌农杆菌(Agrobaeterium tumofaciens)和发根农杆菌(A.rhizogenes)细胞核外的一种双链环状DNA。人们将控制优良性状(如高产、抗病虫害、抗旱等)的基因通过一定方法整合到T_i或R_i质粒上的T-DNA区,然后借助于农杆菌对植物的感染,将外源基因引入植物细胞并整合     

青蒿转杜松烯合成酶基因发根系的培养

将已克隆的棉花杜松烯合成酶的ｃＤＮＡ（ｃａｄＣ１４）插入到植物表达载体ｐＢＩ１２１中,构建含ＣａＭＶ３５Ｓ启动子驱动下的杜松烯合成酶基因的植物表达载体ｐＢＩＣ１４。用含ｐＢＩＣ１４质粒的发根农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｒｈｉｚｏｇｅｎｅｓ）１５８３４感染青蒿（ＡｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａａｎｎｕａＬ．）叶片并诱导发根,共建立１２１个生长迅速的发根系。经浓度为２０ｍｇ／Ｌ的Ｋａｎ筛选,获得１２个抗Ｋａｎ阳性根系。ＰＣＲ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｉｎｇ分析表明,外源杜松烯合成酶基因已整合到青蒿基因组中,其转基因频率为３％。ＲＴＰＣＲ分析表明,外源杜松烯合成酶基因在Ｃ３７根系中,在转录水平上已有表达。     

Ri-plasmid as a helper for introducing vector DNA into alfalfa plants

Genetic engineering of legumes and other important dicotyledonous plants is limited because of the difficulty of regenerating plants via cell culture. Since a considerable number of crop plants can be regenerated only from root culture, the introduction of foreign genes into Agrobacterium rhizogenes-induced hairy roots may expand the list of crop plants that could be genetically engineered. Here we report genetic transformation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), a valuable forage legume, using a virulent strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes containing, in addition to its Ri-plasmid, a binary vector containing a nopaline synthase gene. Plant cells transformed by this vector can be easily identified by their ability to produce nopaline. Transformed alfalfa plants were recovered from A. rhizogenes-induced hairy roots. These transgenic plants were characterized by normal leaf morphology and stem growth but a root system that was shallow and more extensive than normal. These plants were also fertile, set seeds upon self-pollination and outcrossing. Nopaline was detected in R1 progeny. Southern blot analysis confirmed the presence of multiple copies of T-DNAs from the Riplasmid in the plant genome in addition to the vector T-DNA.     

Transformation of the monocot Alstroemeria by Agrobacterium rhizogenes

An efficient procedure is described for transformation of calli of the monocotyledonous plant Alstroemeria by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Calli were co-cultivated with A. rhizogenes strain A13 that harbored both a wild-type Ri-plasmid and the binary vector plasmid pIG121Hm, which included a gene for neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) under the control of the nopaline synthase (NOS) promoter, a gene for hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, and a gene for -glucuronidase (GUS) with an intron fused to the CaMV 35S promoter. Inoculated calli were plated on medium that contained cefotaxime to eliminate bacteria. Four weeks later, transformed cells were selected on medium that contained 20 mg L^–1 hygromycin. A histochemical assay for GUS activity revealed that selection by hygromycin was complete after eight weeks. The integration of the T-DNA of the Ri-plasmid and pIG121Hm into the plant genome was confirmed by PCR. Plants derived from transformed calli were produced on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg L^–1 GA₃ after about 5 months of culture. The presence of the gusA, nptII, and rol genes in the genomic DNA of regenerated plants was detected by PCR and Southern hybridization, and the expression of these transgenes was verified by RT-PCR.     

发根土壤杆菌Ri质粒对黄瓜进行遗传转化的研究

以发根土壤杆菌Ｒｉ质粒介导,对载体ｐＢＴＣ－８上的Ｔ－ＤＮＡ转化黄瓜进行了初步研究。采用黄瓜的各种不同外植体片断与土壤直菌共培养的方法,诱导出具有典型毛状根特性的转化根,转化根经诱导培养形成愈伤组织,冠瘿碱检测表明,转化根及愈伤组织含有农杆碱和甘露碱。愈伤组织进一步分化培养再生出完整植株。再生植株表现卡那霉素抗性。     

Transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) transformed with a binary vector in Agrobacterium rhizogenes: Non-chimeric origin of callus clone and low copy numbers of integrated vector T-DNA

Summary We transformed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) by using Agrobacterium rhizogenes containing two independent plasmids: the wild-type Ri-plasmid, and the vector plasmid, pARC8. The T-DNA of the vector plasmid contained a marker gene (Nos/Kan) encoding neomycin phosphotransferase which conferred resistance to kanamycin in transformed plant cells. Transgenic plants (R ₀) with normal phenotype were regenerated from transformed organogenic calli by the punctured cotyledon transformation method. Southern blot analysis of the DNA from these transgenic plants showed that one or two copies of the vector plasmid T-DNA, but none of the Ri-plamid T-DNA, were integrated into the plant genome. Different transgenic plants derived from the same callus clone showed an identical DNA banding pattern, indicating the non-chimeric origin of these plants. We also transformed tomato by using A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 containing a disarmed Ti-plasmid (pAL4404), and a vector plasmid (pARC8). Transgenic plants derived via A. tumefaciens transformation, like those via A. rhizogenes, contained one to two copies of the integrated vector T-DNA. The kanamycin resistance trait in the progeny (R ₁) of most transgenic plants segregated at a ratio of 3:1, suggesting that the vector T-DNAs were integrated at a single site on a tomato chromosome. In some cases, the expression of the marker gene (Nos/Kan) seemed to be suppressed or lost in the progeny.     

Development of a Gateway-compatible two-component expression vector system for plants

Genetic transformation of plants offers the possibility of functional characterization of individual genes and the improvement of plant traits. Development of novel transformation vectors is essential to improve plant genetic transformation technologies for various applications. Here, we present the development of a Gateway-compatible two-component expression vector system for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. The expression system contains two independent plasmid vector sets, the activator vector and the reporter vector, based on the concept of the GAL4/UAS trans-activation system. The activator vector expresses a modified GAL4 protein (GAL4-VP16) under the control of specific promoter. The GAL4-VP16 protein targets the UAS in the reporter vector and subsequently activates reporter gene expression. Both the activator and reporter vectors contain the Gateway recombination cassette, which can be rapidly and efficiently replaced by any specific promoter and reporter gene of interest, to facilitate gene cloning procedures. The efficiency of the activator–reporter expression system has been assessed using agroinfiltration mediated transient expression assay in Nicotiana benthamiana and stable transgenic expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. The reporter genes were highly expressed with precise tissue-specific and subcellular localization. This Gateway-compatible two-component expression vector system will be a useful tool for advancing plant gene engineering.

     

A critical review on use of Agrobacterium rhizogenes and their associated binary vectors for plant transformation

Agrobacterium rhizogenes, along with A. tumefaciens, has been used to affect genetic transformation in plants for many years. Detailed studies conducted in the past have uncovered the basic mechanism of foreign gene transfer and the implication of Ri/Ti plasmids in this process. A number of reviews exist describing the usage of binary vectors with A. tumefaciens, but no comprehensive account of the numerous binary vectors employed with A. rhizogenes and their successful applications has been published till date. In this review, we recollect a brief history of development of Ri-plasmid/Ri-T-DNA based binary vectors systems and their successful implementation with A. rhizogenes for different applications. The modification of native Ri plasmid to introduce foreign genes followed by development of binary vector using Ri plasmid and how it facilitated rapid and feasible genetic manipulation, earlier impossible with native Ri plasmid, have been discussed. An important milestone was the development of inducible plant expressing promoter systems which made expression of toxic genes in plant systems possible. The successful application of binary vectors in conjunction with A. rhizogenes in gene silencing and genome editing studies which are relatively newer developments, demonstrating the amenability and adaptability of hairy roots systems to make possible studying previously intractable research areas have been summarized in the present review.     

棉花杜松烯合成酶基因的克隆及其表达分析

杜松烯合成酶是棉酚合成途径中的关键酶,催化(E,E)-法呢基焦磷酸(FPP)环化形成(+)-δ-杜松烯。从陆地棉Y18R中克隆分离了杜松烯合成酶基因(GhCdn),该基因的基因组序列为2 700 bp,具有6个内含子,剪切后其ORF为1 665 bp,编码554个氨基酸,该基因属于杜松烯合成酶C亚家族。应用Overlap PCR方法将其上的2个Hind Ⅲ 酶切位点钝化后,将GhCdn基因连接到表达载体pBI121上,构建出分别由组成型启动子CaMV 35S和绿色组织高效启动子Psbp驱动的2个植物表达载体pGBI-CaMV 35S-GhCdn和pGBI-Psbp-GhCdn。通过农杆菌介导法转化棉花下胚轴并进行组织培养,获得了9个35S转基因阳性愈伤系和2个P转基因阳性愈伤系。经检测,阳性愈伤组织中GhCdn基因的mRNA表达量和棉酚含量均有所增加,但35S系普遍高于P系。本研究为通过基因工程手段提高棉花组织器官中的棉酚含量提供了依据。     

Transformation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Summary Transgenic cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L., cv. Straight Eight) were regenerated from roots induced by inoculation of inverted hypocotyl sections with Agrobacterium rhizogenes containing the vector pARC8 in addition to the resident Ri-plasmid. The DNA transferred to the plant from the vector (T-DNA) included a gene which encoded the enzyme neomycin phosphotransferase II, and thus conferred on the plant cells resistance to kanamycin. The transgenic plants looked normal and were positive for the neomycin phosphotransferase II. Southern blot analysis of the transgenic plants revealed that all plants contained vector DNA, but only some of them contained DNA from the Ri plasmid.     

CMO,BADH双基因植物表达载体的构建

以pC1303质粒和pC1391质粒为基础,利用载体pBIUC和pBIB构建了分别有Ubi启动子、35S启动子调控的带有控制甜菜碱合成的CMO和BADH的植物表达载体pC1303-Ubi-CMO-35S-BADH,为进一步开展提高植物抗逆性基因工程提供了基础.