南方红豆杉迁地保护小种群动态的研究

南京中山植物园于20世纪50年代引种栽培了11株南方红豆杉〔Taxus chinensis(Pilg.)Rehd. var. mairei(Lemée et Lévl.)Cheng et L.K.Fu〕。45年后,在邻近的天然林中出现了含有400余个个体的自然种群。根据这一事实作者认为,如果整体生态条件具备,也就是在生物多样性和生境多样性都很丰富的自然生境中,迁地保护的小种群可以发展成较大种群,这将使迁地保护的作用与功能得到重大发展。从保护生物学原理出发,应认真关注迁地保护的生境条件。因此,迁地保护区的设计应予以改进,还应构建人工栽培园地与自然(野生)生境混合的区域,以创造自然种群发生的必要条件。     

食果鸟类在红豆杉天然种群形成中的作用

2005年10月初至2006年2月,在南京中山植物园研究了红豆杉(Taxus chinensis)天然更新种群的分布格局,野外定点观察了鸟类对红豆杉种子的取食行为,记录了红豆杉落果的命运,分析了食果鸟类在红豆杉种群形成中的作用。结果表明:红豆杉天然更新种群集中分布于距母树群10m以外面积约0.5hm2的山坡上,全部红豆杉幼苗、幼树共213株,主要分布在中下坡;幼苗和幼树的空间水平格局符合聚集分布特征。"果实"成熟后,一部分被鸟类直接在树上取食,一部分掉落母树下地面。经过对结实母树的定点、连续观察,记录到4种鸟类取食红豆杉"果实",其中红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythrorhyncha)和白头鹎(Pyc-nonotus sinensis)为主要的取食者和传播者。食果鸟类整吞"果实",消化果肉(假种皮)后,种子经消化道随粪便排出,以此过程传播种子。在取食完红豆杉"果实"后,食果鸟类多飞向坡上。坡上排水良好,有适量的荫蔽,生境适宜红豆杉种子萌发和幼苗的成长。因此,食果鸟类将种子传播至适宜萌发和生长的环境中,对该红豆杉种群的天然更新起主要作用。同时,鸟类传播对于红豆杉种群扩散、占据新的生境也有着特殊的意义。     

南方红豆杉迁地保护小种群适应性进化机制研究

为了解南方红豆杉迁地保护种群的适应性进化机制,以南京中山植物园内南方红豆杉迁地保护栽培种群和扩散的衍生种群为材料,以引种初始地江西野生种群为对照,对南方红豆杉群落的结构、遗传多样性及遗传结构进行分析和研究。结果表明,南方红豆杉野生种群和迁地保护种群均维持着较高水平的遗传多样性,其中野生种群遗传多样性稍高于迁地保护小种群,但迁地保护种群中南方红豆杉个体密度大于野生种群。同时,种群内的遗传变异所占比例大于种群间的。整体来看,南方红豆杉迁地保护种群还处于演替早期,存在不明显的奠基者效应,有进一步演替发展的可能。     

南方红豆杉的天然更新格局及食果鸟类对其种子的传播

2006年9-12月,在皖南仙寓山对南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)天然更新种群的分布格局及食果鸟类对其种子的传播作用进行了研究.结果表明:天然更新种群集中分布于仙寓山海拔540 m以上面积约1.1 hm2的山坡上,与毛竹混生.共统计红豆杉1 331株,其中高度30 cm以下的幼苗1 167株,占总数的87.68%.该红豆杉种群为缓慢增长型种群,空间水平格局呈聚集分布.经过对结实母树的定点连续观察,记录到10种鸟类取食红豆杉种子,其中红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythrorhyncha)、栗背短脚鹎(Hemixos castanonotus)和绿翅短脚鹎(Hypsipetes mcclellandii)为主要的取食者和传播者.食果鸟类吞入种子后,消化果肉(假种皮)后,种子随粪便排出而得以传播.野外调查中,在鸟类经常活动的地点发现带有红豆杉种子新鲜的鸟类粪便,每个含有1～2颗种子.未被鸟类取食的落果自然掉落于树冠下,假种皮被昆虫取食或腐烂,种子在母树下能正常萌发,但存活率几乎为零.因此,鸟类在该红豆杉天然种群形成中起到了重要作用,它们将种子传播至适宜萌发和生长的环境中.     

斑块生境中食果鸟类对南方红豆杉种子的取食和传播

生境斑块化对食果鸟类的移动行为产生影响,进而影响其对植物种子的传播格局和效率。南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)是我国一级保护植物,在南方山区多因人为干扰而呈斑块状分布。2011年,2012年10月底到12月中,以分布于福建梅花山国家级自然保护区红豆杉生态园中南方红豆杉种群为对象,研究斑块生境中鸟类对南方红豆杉种子的取食和传播行为,并评估专性鸟类和泛性鸟类的传播效率。结果发现:南方红豆杉源斑块共吸引22种食果鸟类取食红豆杉种子,并与13种鸟类形成了种子传播关系。不同年间,黑短脚鹎(Hypsipetes leucocephalus)都是植物的主要传播鸟类,而其他鸟类传播者种类具有一定的年间变化。生境斑块化导致专性鸟类黑短脚鹎和泛性鸟类红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythrorhyncha)种子传播效率差异。与红嘴蓝鹊相比,黑短脚鹎飞行的平均距离较短((16.3±11.0)m,Mean±SD,n=125),传播距离相对较近;且它们取食后偏好在源斑块中活动,喜栖息在同种成树、甜楮(Castanopsis eyrei)及其他阔叶树等栖树上。红嘴蓝鹊取食后常在斑块间移动,常停歇在同种成树和毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla)上,传播距离相对较远((24.9±20.0)m,Mean±SD,n=95)。空间一致性结果表明,黑短脚鹎移动距离对幼苗更新距离的空间一致性程度高;而红嘴蓝鹊偏好生境与幼苗更新生境一致性程度高。结果表明,斑块生境中植物能与专性鸟类、泛性鸟类之间形成种子传播互惠关系,且种子传播效率受到专性鸟类和泛性鸟类传播距离和传播生境的影响。     

云南兰坪云南红豆杉种群年龄结构与空间分布格局分析

利用点格局分析法对滇西北兰坪县4个云南红豆杉(Taxus yunnanensis)种群的年龄结构、不同生长阶段空间分布格局及其关联性进行分析。结果表明:(1)林窗与人为干扰影响4个云南红豆杉种群的龄级结构,小林窗的种群呈稳定型;较大林窗的种群呈进展型;群落结构完整未出现林窗和有较大人为干扰的种群年龄结构均呈衰退型,幼苗、幼树与小树个体缺乏,种群存在一定程度的更新困难,林窗的大小是种群更新的重要因素。(2)人为干扰、自然生境与本身生物学特性影响4个种群空间分布格局,种群1整体及其不同生长阶段个体均呈聚集分布;种群2和种群4在小尺度呈聚集分布,而在大尺度上呈随机分布;种群3随着空间尺度增大分布格局表现为聚集→随机→聚集趋势。(3)种群2中幼苗、小树和中树在小尺度下表现为聚集分布,其他尺度下表现为随机分布;种群3的小树阶段聚集分布和随机分布皆有出现,中树与大树在不同尺度上表现为聚集分布;种群4聚集分布的强度随生长阶段的增加在减弱。(4)4个种群各发育阶段间皆呈或接近显著正相关,种内竞争弱,有利于种群维持。     

基于ISSR标记的南方红豆杉野生种群和迁地保护种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

采用ISSR标记方法,对南方红豆杉〔Taxus chinensis(Pilger)Rehd.var.mairei(Lemée et Lévl.)Cheng et L.K.Fu〕3个野生种群(包括江西黄港和黄沙种群以及福建枫溪种群)、2个迁地保护栽培种群及2个迁地保护衍生种群(均位于江苏南京中山植物园和江西庐山植物园)的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析和比较。结果显示:用8个引物从南方红豆杉的基因组总DNA中共扩增出73条带,其中多态性条带62条。2个迁地保护衍生种群的多态性条带百分率(PPB)、Nei’s多样性指数(h)和Shannon信息指数(I)较高,3个野生种群的PPB、h和I值总体上居中,而2个迁地保护栽培种群的PPB、h和I值较低。合并后的迁地保护衍生种群以及野生种群均有较高的遗传多样性,二者的PPB、h和I值相近,分别为78.08%和82.19%、0.207 6和0.205 8、0.322 9和0.325 9;但二者的遗传结构存在差异,迁地保护衍生种群的遗传分化系数(GST)为0.068 9,明显低于野生种群(0.168 5)。合并后的迁地保护栽培种群的遗传多样性相对较低,PPB、h和I值分别为60...     

濒危植物南方红豆杉不同种群的结构和动态变化

为了解南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)不同种群的结构变化,于2007年、2008年、2012年分别对皖南仙寓山双坑村、浙江天目山桐坑村及福建梅花山的南方红豆杉天然种群进行了研究。结果表明,仙寓山的1214株南方红豆杉中,幼苗占80%;天目山有510株,幼苗占39.61%,其次是9 m以上的古树,占22.16%;梅花山有174株,幼苗占70.11%,古树占20.11%。3个种群的天然更新都呈缓慢增长状态,存活曲线为Deevey-Ⅲ型,空间分布均为聚集分布,但从幼苗到幼树的生长阶段死亡率高。因此,对濒危植物南方红豆杉的保护重点应放在幼苗和幼树阶段。     

稀有濒危植物坡垒的迁地保护

国家二级保护树种坡垒（ＨｏｐｅａｈａｉｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓＭｅｒｒ．ｅｔＣｈｕｎ）原产海南岛。在西双版纳勐仑热带植物园迁地栽培,年平均增高０．４４～０．９ｍ,胸径加粗０．５４～１．３１ｃｍ,比原产地野生或其他迁地保护地区的植株生长快。花期８～１０月,果熟期翌年３～５月。种子发芽率达９６．７％。经多年观察,未见寒害和严重的病虫害。已繁衍了３代并扩大种植２８４株,说明坡垒在西双版纳热带植物园迁地保护获得成功。     

基于回归保护的东北红豆杉野生种群维持的制约因素

为明确东北红豆杉野生种群维持的关键制约因素,制定现有种群的保护策略与技术环节,本研究调查了我国主要分布区内东北红豆杉野生种群的更新状况与分布格局,分析了林分因子与人为干扰对种群更新与维持的影响。结果表明：目前我国东北红豆杉野生种群整体更新情况较差,更新个体的径级与高度级结构呈现出不健康的状态,但有19%区域更新较好,种群整体表现为成树少更新差、成树多更新差、成树少但更新较好3种类型。东北红豆杉所在群落可以划分为臭冷杉+紫椴林、杂木林、兴安鱼鳞云杉+臭冷杉林,其中臭冷杉+紫椴林的更新数量显著多于杂木林;林分密度增加与适度的人为干扰对东北红豆杉更新有一定的促进作用,林分由低密度增到中等密度时东北红豆杉更新幼苗数量显著增加,所在生境受到适度干扰的种群更新数量显著多于轻度干扰下的种群。人为干扰和栖息地生境是目前东北红豆杉野生种群维持与更新的关键制约因素。东北红豆杉的保护应基于各生境斑块种群的更新现状制定相应的就地保护和回归保护等措施,并在保护过程中重点考虑干扰和生境条件等关键因素的影响。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.