高寒矮嵩草草甸禾草种群的生长发育节律及环境适应性

本文以矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸中草质优良,并在畜牧业生产中有重要作用的7种禾草为对象,研究了它们的生长发育节律、干重季节变化以及与环境因子之间的相互关系。其结果表明：7种禾草在矮嵩草草甸中的分布格局属非随机性的集中分布(Aggregated dispersal)。它们的生长发育节律和干重季节变化具明显的差异。单株分蘖数自返青开始随降水量、日照和≥3℃积温的增加而增加,到孕穗初期为最大。禾草种群生长发育的低温临界值为3℃。地上部分干重的积累与生长发育节律、≥5℃、≥10℃的积温,降水量和土壤含水量密切相关,生殖枝株高与≥10℃的积温密切相关。相关分析表明,温度是影响矮嵩草草甸禾草种群生长发育的主导因子(P<0.01),其次是降水量和土壤含水量(P<0.01) 。     

浙江北山七子花群落主要植物叶热值

对不同季节浙江北山七子花群落18种优势植物叶的热值和灰分含量进行了研究,探讨了生境片断化所造成的影响。结果表明:(1)不同种类植物叶的灰分含量有较大差异,与植物自身的遗传特性有关(主要是叶的元素含量),其中仅乔木层算盘子(Glochidion puberum)和灌木层华箬竹(Sasamorpha sinica)的灰分含量高于10%,其他植物灰分含量较低;不同季节植物的灰分含量不同,且具有不同的季节变化趋势;从群落林冠到地被层,各层植物叶的平均灰分含量由高到低依次为乔木层(7.49%±2.59%)、灌木层(7.20%±3.22%)、草本层(6.68%±1.02%)和间层(6.28%±1.31%),但层次间差异不显著(p>0.05)。(2)不同种类植物叶的去灰分热值变化范围较大,有6种植物的去灰分热值高于20.00 kJ/g,4种植物低于18.00 kJ/g,同一层次内常绿植物叶的去灰分热值一般比落叶植物高;从林冠到地被层,各层植物叶的去灰分热值由高到低依次为灌木层((20.33±2.29)kJ/g)、乔木层((19.92±1.05)kJ/g)、间层((19.71±3.26)kJ/g)和草本层((18.14±0.74)kJ/g),仅乔木层和草本层之间的差异达到显著水平(p<0.05);不同季节植物叶的去灰分热值变化较为复杂,其中多数植物在春秋季热值含量较高,夏季热值含量较低。(3)对不同生境条件下3种乔木植物叶的热值和灰分含量的比较研究显示,由于受到片断化后光照增强等因素的影响,与林内相比林外生境植株叶的干重热值和去灰分热值均明显升高(p<0.05),而灰分含量变化规律不明显。分析认为,生长速率慢和某些高热值成分的积累是造成片断化条件下植物叶热值升高的主要原因。     

内蒙古典型草原植物叶片碳氮磷化学计量特征的季节动态

分析植物叶片(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其比值的季节动态, 不仅有助于认识植物生长发育和养分吸收利用等生理生态过程, 也有利于认识植物化学计量的动态平衡关系。该文选择内蒙古典型温带草原18种常见植物, 在生长季的6-9月, 每半月一次进行连续采样, 在此基础上分析了叶片C、N、P含量及其比值在生长季内的变化。主要结果: 1)植物叶片C、N、P含量及其比值的季节性变化在不同功能类群间不同步, 其中叶片N、P含量的季节变化体现了明显的稀释作用。2)叶片C、N、P含量及其比值在不同功能类群间差异显著, 单子叶、多年生禾草类的叶片N、P含量显著低于双子叶和多年生杂类草植物, 而其叶片C:N、C:P则高于双子叶和多年生杂类草植物。3)叶片N、P含量显著正相关, 叶片C:N和C:P分别与N和P含量显著负相关, 可能体现了植物体内营养元素间的内在耦合机制。4)叶片N含量与C:N, 叶片P含量与C:P以及叶片N含量与P含量均呈现等速生长关系, 且等速生长关系在生长季保持稳定。     

Seasonal dynamics of leaf C,N and P stoichiometry in plants of typical steppe in Nei Mongol,China

分析植物叶片(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其比值的季节动态, 不仅有助于认识植物生长发育和养分吸收利用等生理生态过程, 也有利于认识植物化学计量的动态平衡关系。该文选择内蒙古典型温带草原18种常见植物, 在生长季的6-9月, 每半月一次进行连续采样, 在此基础上分析了叶片C、N、P含量及其比值在生长季内的变化。主要结果: 1)植物叶片C、N、P含量及其比值的季节性变化在不同功能类群间不同步, 其中叶片N、P含量的季节变化体现了明显的稀释作用。2)叶片C、N、P含量及其比值在不同功能类群间差异显著, 单子叶、多年生禾草类的叶片N、P含量显著低于双子叶和多年生杂类草植物, 而其叶片C:N、C:P则高于双子叶和多年生杂类草植物。3)叶片N、P含量显著正相关, 叶片C:N和C:P分别与N和P含量显著负相关, 可能体现了植物体内营养元素间的内在耦合机制。4)叶片N含量与C:N, 叶片P含量与C:P以及叶片N含量与P含量均呈现等速生长关系, 且等速生长关系在生长季保持稳定。     

夏蜡梅及其主要伴生种叶的灰分含量和热值

分别于2006年7月、10月和2007年4月,对全光照、林缘和林下3种光环境下夏蜡梅及群落中35种主要植物叶的灰分含量和去灰分热值进行测定,分析它们在光合作用中对太阳能的固定和积累能力。不同光环境下夏蜡梅叶灰分含量的大小顺序都是全光照＞林缘＞林下,10月3种光环境下夏蜡梅叶灰分含量均高于4月和7月,均差异显著。4月、7月和10月,林下和全光照环境下的叶去灰分热值呈先下降后上升的趋势,而林缘中叶去灰分热值却逐渐下降。群落各层植物的灰分含量大小顺序为草本层＞灌木层＞间层＞乔木层,夏蜡梅灰分含量略低于灌木层灰分含量的平均值;各层次植物平均去灰分热值大小顺序为乔木层＞灌木层＞草本层＞间层,夏蜡梅平均去灰分热值低于间层。多数植物不同季节叶的灰分含量、去灰分热值均以10月最高。     

陕北黄土高原霸王菅群落生物量初步研究

研究了霸王菅群落地上和地下生物量季节和空间变化,结果表明,其地上生物量季节动态较为明显,８月中旬达峰值,地下生物量在返青期最低,枯黄期最高,这与植物生长发育阶段和物质运转有关。     

大气污染胁迫下9种植物幼苗叶片热值、C/N和灰分含量比较

用氧弹热值仪测定了生长在硫和氟复合污染环境和相对洁净环境下的9种木本植物幼苗叶片热值。结果表明,植物叶片的基础干重热值、灰分含量因种类不同而有差异,其中热值较高的(大于19．00kJ g^-1)植物有铁冬青(Ilex rotunda)、华润楠(Machilus chinensis)和仪花(Lysidice rhodostegia),热值中等的(介于18．00-19．00kJ g^-1)植物有复羽叶栾树(Koelreuteria bipinnata)、环榕(Ficus annulata)、乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis)、小叶榕(Ficus microcarpa)和红花油茶(Camellia semiserrata),热值低的(低于18．00kJ g^-1)种类有火焰木(Spathodea campanulata)。大气污染导致复羽叶栾树、华润楠和铁冬青幼苗叶片基础干重热值增加,仪花、含笑、小叶榕、火焰木和红花油茶幼苗叶片基础干重热值下降,环榕基础干重热值则维持相对稳定。Pearson相关系数分析表明,9种植物幼苗叶片去灰分热值与叶片自身C／N比、叶片灰分含量的相关性均不显著,但污染胁迫下植物幼苗叶片热值相对波动程度与其对污染物的抗性有关,提示叶片热值可以作为植物幼苗对硫和氟复合污染的敏感性指标。     

五种丛生状棕榈植物叶热值的月变化研究

对5种丛生状棕榈植物一欧洲棕、细叶棕竹、小箬棕、玲珑椰子、缨络椰子的叶片热值和灰分含量的月变化进行了研究,结果表明,5种植物具有较高的灰分含量,但灰分含量的月变化趋势各不相同;欧洲棕、细叶棕竹、小箬棕3种植物干重热值的月变化趋势有些差异,同属的缨络椰子、玲珑椰子干重热值的月变化趋势基本相似;缨络椰子、小箬棕的干重热值与灰分含量具有显著的线性相关(P<0．05),而其余3种植物的干重热值与灰分含量相关性不显著(P>0．05);从去灰分热值的月变化来看,细叶棕竹与小箬棕,缨络椰子与玲珑椰子的月变化趋势相似。     

刈割与施肥对高寒草甸土壤和植物N、P化学计量学特征的影响

通过6年的控制实验,研究刈割(留茬1cm、3cm、不刈割)和施肥(12.75g·m~(-2)尿素+3.06g·m~(-2)磷酸二铵、不施肥)对高寒草甸土壤和植物中N、P化学计量学特征的影响,探讨植物养分限制类型,为天然草原的管理利用、保护和恢复研究提供资料。结果显示:(1)刈割、施肥后土壤全N、全P含量及其N∶P比值无显著变化,但速效P含量显著增加;因速效养分被植物吸收,施肥与不施肥群落的土壤速效N、P含量无显著差异。(2)刈割和施肥引起群落叶层N、P含量增加,施肥导致叶层N∶P比降低。(3)刈割、施肥对豆科植物N、P含量及其N∶P比无显著影响,单独刈割增加了禾草的P含量和莎草的N含量,并降低了禾草的N∶P比值;单独施肥处理增加了禾草的P含量和莎草的N、P含量;豆科植物的N含量最高,莎草的P含量最低,禾草的N∶P比最低。(4)群落叶层、禾草及莎草的N含量与P含量呈显著正相关关系,N∶P比与N含量无显著相关性,而与P含量呈显著负相关关系;豆科植物的N、P含量呈显著负相关关系,N∶P比与N含量呈正相关关系,而与P含量呈显著负相关关系;说明群落和植物功能群营养状况主要受P限制。(5)群落地上生物量的相对生长率与群落叶层的N、P含量呈显著正相关关系,而与N∶P比呈显著负相关关系,符合生长速率假说,说明生长速率假说不仅适用于物种水平,在群落水平也成立。     

小兴安岭兴安落直松泥炭藓沼泽植物的主要微量元素

小兴安岭兴安落叶松,泥碳藓治泽是我国典型营养型沼泽。沼泽中树木生长发育不良,泥炭藓和常绿小灌木发育十分育好。这与沼泽水文状况和泥炭中营养元素和微量元素有关。各种植物的主要微量元素硼,铜,钴,锰,锌等含量不同,植物的不同器官中的含量亦不同,而且随季节而变化。狭叶杜香和甸杜的主要微量元素含量特点及其季节变化规律基本相似,两种泥炭藓相似,都与兴安落叶有明显的区别。本文重点探讨植物体内主要微量元素及其含量     

IMPORTANCE OF TIME OF GERMINATION AND SOIL DEPTH ON GROWTH OF PROSOPIS GLANDULOSA (LEGUMINOSAE) SEEDLINGS IN THE PRESENCE OF A C4 GRASS

In an investigation of the causes of the invasion of woody plants into grasslands, competition between seedlings of Prosopis glandulosa Torr. and Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. was examined. Introduction of P. glandulosa into a B. curtipendula neighborhood significantly reduced P. glandulosa dry mass when compared to P. glandulosa growth alone. The greater the time interval from P. glandulosa germination to addition of B. curtipendula, the less interference the grass had on woody plant growth. Reciprocally, the greater the time interval from B. curtipendula germination to addition of P. glandulosa, the more interference the grass had on woody plant growth. Prosopis glandulosa belowground dry mass was <0.02 g (all in the upper 30 cm of soil) when planted after B. curtipendula at any soil depth, but if planted alone its root dry mass ranged from 2 to 8 g depending on depth. Prosopis glandulosa seedling dry mass increased linearly with soil depth, while B. curtipendula dry mass reached a plateau. In general, belowground dry mass of P. glandulosa was distributed throughout the soil depth examined (decreasing with depth), while 80% of B. curtipendula dry mass was found in the upper 30 cm of soil, suggesting a partitioning of soil resources. Data suggest that P. glandulosa and perhaps other shade-intolerant woody species that establish in grasslands do so in disturbances or vegetation gaps. Gaps may close, but by this time woody plant roots are below grass roots, thus partitioning soil resources and reducing interspecific competition.     

Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentration and the empirical regulations in dominant woody plants of shrublands across southern China

Aims Understanding the changes in N and P concentration in plant organs along the environmental gradients can provide meaningful information to reveal the underline mechanisms for the geochemical cycles and adaptation strategies of plants to the changing environment. In this paper, we aimed to answer: (1) How did the N and P concentration in leaves of evergreen and deciduous woody plants change along the environmental gradients? (2) What were the main factors regulating the N and P concentration in leaves of woody plants in the shrublands across southern China?
Methods Using a stratified random sampling method, we sampled 193 dominant woody plants in 462 sites of 12 provinces in southern China. Leaf samples of dominant woody plants, including 91 evergreen and 102 deciduous shrubs, and soil samples at each site were collected. N and P concentration of the leaves and soils were measured after lapping and sieving. Kruskal-Wallis and Nemenyi tests were applied to quantify the difference among the organs and life-forms. For each life-form, the binary linear regression was used to estimate the relationships between leaf log [N] and log [P] concentration and mean annual air temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP) and log soil total [N], [P]. The effects of climate, soil and plant life-form on leaf chemical traits were modeled through the general linear models (GLMs) and F-tests.
Important findings 1) The geometric means of leaf N and P concentrations of the dominant woody plants were 16.57 mg·g^-1 and 1.02 mg·g^-1, respectively. The N and P concentration in leaves (17.91 mg·g^-1, 1.14 mg·g^-1) of deciduous woody plants was higher than those of evergreen woody plants (15.19 mg·g^-1, 0.89 mg·g^-1). The dependent of leaf P concentration on environmental (climate and soil) appeared more variable than N concentration. 2) Leaf N and P in evergreen woody plants decreased with MAT and but increased with MAP, whereas those in deciduous woody plants showed opposite trends. With increase in MAP, leaf P concentration decreased for both evergreen and deciduous woody plants. 3) Soil N concentration had no significant effect on both evergreen and deciduous woody plants. However, leaf P concentration of the tow increased significantly with soil P concentration. (4) GLMs showed that plant growth form explained 7.6% and 14.4% of variation in leaf N and P, respectively. MAP and soil P concentration contributed 0.8% and 16.4% of the variation in leaf P, respectively. These results suggested that leaf N was mainly influenced by plant growth form, while leaf P concentration was driven by soil, plant life-form, and climate at our study sites.     

黑斑羚粪便中碳同位素揭示的食性变化

利用稳定碳同位素数据(δ13C)分析了南非克鲁格国家公园混食性黑斑羚(Aepyceros melampus)时间和空间尺度上的食性变化,验证了两个假说,即有蹄类食性变化是由生境中木本植物与草本植物的相对配比导致;降雨控制有蹄类生态。结果表明:黑斑羚的食性涵盖了精食者-粗食者采食谱系,且食性中木本与草本比例在不同月间、季节、年度和区域间存在很大变化。栖息于开放性热带稀树草原和草原中的黑斑羚通常采食比生境中更高比例的草本,但在时间尺度上并不恒定。在克鲁格北部的一个区域(Punda Maria) ,黑斑羚采食的草本比克鲁格国家公园中其它任何区域都多。与其它生境相比,在河边的黑斑羚采食草本数量更少,尤其是在食性空间变化更为明显的旱季。因此,我们的数据不支持有蹄类食性组成变化是由生境中木本与草本比例不同造成的假说,食性与降雨量间也无明显的关系。我们的结果支持草本中蛋白含量增加引起黑斑羚采食比例的增加这一模型。粪便中氮含量在时间和空间上的变化很小,揭示在可利用食物中,无论木本还是草本,黑斑羚进行选择采食以保证最好的食物质量。基于这些结果,我们认为更具体的食物选择和可利用性最适采食理论能够更好地解释这种生态学变化。     

黄土丘陵区燕沟流域典型植物叶片C、N、P化学计量特征季节变化

以黄土丘陵区燕沟流域为例,分析了流域8种典型植物叶片C、N、P化学计量特征的季节变化。结果发现,8种植物叶片C含量分布范围在370.2-566.9 mg/g,N含量在9.2-39.0 mg/g,P含量在0.81-2.35 mg/g,C:N在10.5-52.9,C:P在186.8-667.5,N:P在5.7-23.0。叶片平均C、C:N和C:P在5月小于7月和9月(P<0.05),而在7月和9月差异不显著;N在5月大于7月和9月(P<0.05),7月和9月差异不显著;P在7月小于5月和9月(P<0.05),5月和9月差异不显著;N:P在9月明显小于5月和7月(P<0.05),5月和7月差异不显著。叶片C含量受季节因素影响显著,而在物种间差异不显著;叶片N、P、C:N、C:P、N:P受物种和季节因素影响均显著。因此,8种植物中沙棘、黄刺梅和虎榛子采用防御性的生活史策略;刺槐、柠条和狼牙刺采用竞争性生活史策略,铁杆蒿和茭蒿的生活史策略介于上述二者之间;尽管叶片N:P随生长季节发生明显变化,但研究区植物生长的限制性元素未随生长季节变化而改变。     

The diet of Impala (Aepyceros melampus) in the Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, Rhodesia

The seasonal variation in the plant morphological part composition of the dict of Impala in the Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, Rhodesia, was determined by the analysis of rumen content samples from shot animals. The grass species composition of the diet was examined by microscopic identification of grass fragments found in the rumens. The seasonal variation in the dicotyledonous species composition of the diet was studied by direct observation of feeding animals. The protein contents of the rumen contents and faeces were used as measures of diet quality. In the wet season, grass was selected in preference to dicotyledonous plants, and grass leaf was the preferred plant part. In the late wet and early dry seasons, forbs were the principal food. The proportion of woody dicotyledons in the diet was at a maximum in the mid-dry season, when diet quality was at a minimum. Diet quality was directly related to the proportion of grass in the diet. Female Impala had a significantly higher quality diet than males, probably as a result of differential habitat selection.     

内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原主要建群植物热值及灰分动态变化

草地植物作为生物燃料供给料已经被人们所提及,而植物的热值和灰分含量作为评价生物燃料质量的重要指标,却很少被人们研究。本文通过对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原5种多年生禾本科植物(羊草、冰草、大针茅、羽茅和隐子草)的热值和灰分进行测定,探讨了植物热值和灰分的月变化及二者之间相关性。结果表明:5种植物干重热值及去灰分热值月变化均为单峰形变化曲线,干重热值的最大值出现在8月(19.2MJ·kg-1),去灰分热值最大值出现的月份因植物种类不同而表现一定的差异;灰分含量的月变化趋势表现为先降低后升高;冰草、大针茅和隐子草干重热值与灰分含量之间表现为极显著线性负相关(P<0.01),羽茅干重热值与灰分之间表现为显著线性负相关(P<0.05),而羊草干重热值与灰分含量之间的相关性不显著。     

Local and seasonal variations of roe deer diet in relation to food resource availability in a Mediterranean environment

Feeding behaviour patterns of European roe deer are well known but not in their southern range, where in contrast to Central and northern Europe the climate is characterised by mild winters, but hot and dry summer months. Spatial and temporal variations of the roe deer diet were investigated by analyses of 597 faecal samples in a coastal area in Italy. The aim was to evaluate the adaptive strategies of dietary intake to seasonal availability of different forage types in areas of fairly natural Mediterranean scrubwood and different areas dominated by agricultural habitats. A wide range of plant taxa (151 species/genera) was used, belonging to eight categories. A gradient was found from a diet dominated by woody plants and fruits in natural habitats to one characterised by cultivated plants in the agricultural areas. Usage of forage categories in areas dominated by woodland was proportional to their availability, whereas diet selection was found in the agricultural habitats, particularly marked in summer, the time at which food quantity and quality decreased due to harvest and drought. As to seasonal variation, the summer and autumn diets included more deciduous browse, whereas the winter diet was characterised by an increasing use of cereals and grass. In most areas, half-woody browse and fruit were preferred; grass and cereals were used less than expected by their availability. Most probably, selective behaviour patterns are linked to the difference of quality between plants together with their variable abundance, which is more evident in agricultural areas than in the woodland.     

Seasonal growth dynamics and overwintering of the aquatic carnivorous plantAldrovanda vesiculosa at experimental field sites

New potential sites for the critically-endangered, aquatic carnivorous plantAldrovanda vesiculosa L. (Droseraceae) were selected in North and South Bohemia (Czech Republic) and both its seasonal growth dynamics and overwintering rate were investigated. Groups of either 5 or 10 plants were planted in 1×1 m nylon enclosures in selected shallow, dystrophic waters at the end of May. Plant growth characteristics and water chemistry were investigated at 2 to 5 week intervals over the 1994 growing season inside ten enclosures placed at six sites. Within seven enclosures at three sites, the seasonal growth was very fast and 38–141 turions developed from the initial five plants. Water at these sites was mesotrophic with a high concentration of CO₂ above 0.1 mmol.l^?1 and pH between 6.2 and 7.6. At the other three sites, plant growth was very poor. The fastest plant propagation was found between late June and mid-August and corresponded with the warmest seasonal period. During this period, the doubling time of the total number of shoot apices was 16.4–34.9 days. Turions developed in mid-September and sank to the bottom by mid-October. In some enclosures, the turions overwintered on the wet bottom whereas they were submersed in the other ones. Though the turions were subject to frosts of up to ?20°C, none died due to the frosts. Grazing of turions by ducks or small rodents was found at some sites. The overwintering rate of turions at sites varied from 0 to 70% and was not related to seasonal growth rate. Most turions floated to the surface and germinated during late April-early May. It is suggested that considerable turion losses in stable, naturalAldrovanda stands are compensated for by fast seasonal shoot growth and branching which leads to the recovery of an abundant plant population.     

赤霉素解除木本植物季节性休眠机制的研究进展

赤霉素是一种高效能的广谱植物生长调节剂,能够促进植物的生长发育,具有重要的生物学功能。该文主要对国内外近年来有关赤霉素在木本植物季节性休眠解除中的应用、赤霉素解除木本植物季节性休眠的生理机制、赤霉素代谢相关基因在木本植物季节性休眠中的作用以及赤霉素解除木本植物季节性休眠的分子机制等方面的研究进展进行综述,同时对下一步的研究方向进行了展望,以期能够更好地阐述赤霉素解除木本植物季节性休眠的分子机制,为赤霉素在木本植物季节性休眠解除中的应用提供理论依据。     

How does plant population density affect the biomass of Ravenna grass?

Ravenna grass, Tripidium ravennae (L.) H. Scholz, is known to produce an abundance of biomass, but how plant density affects its biomass potential remains unknown. The objectives were to determine the effects of plant density on biomass yield; plant growth traits; biomass?carbon, nitrogen, and ash concentrations; heating value; nitrogen removal; and sucrose concentration in leaves and culms. The treatments consisted of five plant densities (1,250; 2,500; 5,000; 10,000; and 20,000 plants per hectare) in a randomized complete block design with four blocks. Plots were nonirrigated, unfertilized, and harvested once during the dormant season each year. Data were collected from 2015?2019. Dependent variables that varied with plant population density (p < .05) were biomass yield, number of reproductive culms per plant, reproductive culm diameter, reproductive culm sucrose concentration, and nitrogen removal with biomass. Biomass yield ranged from 5.6 to 16.3 Mg/ha for plant densities of 1,250–20,000 plants per hectare, respectively. Combined over years, nonlinear regression of the data showed the equation for biomass yield to plateau at 16.2 Mg/ha at a plant density of 10,640 plants per hectare. As plant density increased, the number of reproductive culms per plant, culm diameter, and culm sucrose concentration significantly decreased. At 1,250 plants per hectare, the number of reproductive culms per plant, culm diameter, and culm sucrose averaged 70, 10.2 mm, and 63.2 g/kg, respectively. Nitrogen removed with biomass significantly increased as biomass yield increased with plant density. At a density of 10,000 and 20,000 plants per hectare, the amount of nitrogen removed annually in the harvested biomass averaged 88 kg/ha. The data suggest that 10,000 plants per hectare would produce the greatest annual biomass yields; however, research is needed to determine the nutrient requirement for Ravenna grass to sustain biomass production at that density.