杀菌剂对感染越冬桃小食心虫的白僵菌的抑制作用

【目的】桃小食心虫是我国果树上发生最普遍的食心类害虫,其室内人工饲养是综合防治研究的基础,但面临着田间越冬种群大量感染白僵菌死亡,给实验室种群的建立带来很大困难。因此筛选出对球孢白僵菌高效的杀菌剂用于解决桃小食心虫种群建立时感染白僵菌的问题。【方法】利用液体摇床振荡法和平皿十字交叉法测定16种常见杀菌剂对球孢白僵菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。【结果】筛选出9种杀菌剂,其中,腐霉利和中生菌素对孢子萌发的抑制效果好,常规用量抑制效果分别为97.88%±1.53%和93.22%±2.36%;抑霉唑和戊唑醇对菌丝生长的抑制效果明显,常规用量抑制效果分别达100.00%±0.00%和98.43%±0.99%;咪酰胺、丙环唑、噻菌灵、腈菌唑和吡唑醚菌酯对孢子萌发和菌丝生长的抑制效果都好。同时测定了这9种杀菌剂常规浓度及其5倍和10倍稀释液对桃小食心虫的毒力,结果表明有5种杀菌剂对桃小食心虫稍有不利影响。【结论】4种杀菌剂,中生菌素、戊唑醇、吡唑醚菌酯和噻菌灵可用于解决桃小食心虫种群建立时越冬幼虫的感染白僵菌问题。     

五种杀虫剂对桃小食心虫和梨小食心虫的防治效果研究

【目的】明确3种新型非乳油制剂4%高氯·甲维盐微乳剂、20%高氯·毒死蜱微胶囊剂、20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂和两种常规乳油制剂4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油、1.8%阿维菌素乳油对桃小食心虫Carposina niponensis Walsingham和梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta Busck的防治效果,为化学农药的合理使用提供参考。【方法】3种新型农药制剂按照推荐用量分别分成高、中、低3种不同浓度处理,两种乳油制剂采用常规推荐用量处理进行果园桃小食心虫和梨小食心虫防治效果试验。【结果】4%高氯·甲维盐微乳剂26.67 mg·kg-1在药后5、10、15 d对桃小食心虫的防治效果分别为100%、95.22%和95.11%,4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油的防治效果与其相当,防效都在90%以上;而4%高氯·甲维盐微乳剂40 mg·kg-1药后5、10、15 d对梨小食心虫的防治效果分别为83.33%、88.89%和93.70%,显著好于4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油,后者15 d后最高防效仅为78.99%;以上两种药剂的防效显著高于其它3种药剂20%高氯·毒死蜱微胶囊剂、20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂和1.8%阿维菌素乳油。【结论】桃小食心虫第一代发生前期和梨小食心虫第3代发生前期,推荐使用对环境友好的4%高氯·甲维盐微乳剂26.67~40 mg·kg-1(1 000~1 500倍液)进行防治。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂防治果树害虫的研究

经大面积试验示范表明,利用松毛虫赤眼蜂防治苹果小卷叶蛾、梨小食心虫,寄生率可达90％左右,效果好于化学防治。放蜂园松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生率始终稳定在80.8～98.65％的范围内,而对照园波动幅度颇大。果园赤眼蜂释放技术主要是:①适期放蜂,用性诱剂诱捕,确定始蛾期,后推3～5天即为放蜂始期;②在害虫产卵盛期末前,分4次将蜂放完;③在虫情发生稍重时,亩放12万头蜂即可获得较高寄生率。     

马尾松毛虫大面积暴发林间药剂防治

应用林丹烟剂、白僵菌粉炮、林丹烟剂结合施放白僵菌粉炮,3种不同的措施,进行林间防治马尾松毛虫药剂试验。结果表明,以每公顷施放15kg林丹烟剂,结合施放7．5kg白僵菌粉炮的防治效果最好,能较快地降低高密度的虫口,避免严重被害,同时可在林间形成白僵病流行时进行防治,效果达96％。     

不同寄主桃小食心虫越冬幼虫的出土规律

室内试验表明,在适宜温湿度条件下,桃小食心虫越冬幼虫出土有一明显高峰,但不同寄主的幼虫出土高峰期不同,苹果上较早,枣和酸枣上较晚,且苹果桃小的出土始期也早于枣和酸枣桃小。同种寄主幼虫的出土高峰期几乎不受上年脱果时间的影响。干旱情况下的分期降水可造成幼虫出土的多峰现象,且降水量大时出土量大。在21～22℃下,越冬幼虫出土至成虫羽化的历期短于幼虫出土始期到盛期的时间。     

光周期和温度对桃小食心虫越冬幼虫出土及病菌感染的影响

【目的】桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii Matsumura越冬代是田间防治的重点,明确光周期和温度对越冬幼虫出土的影响,对桃小食心虫预测预报和综合防治具有重要意义。【方法】在实验室条件下,设置不同光周期和温度组合,每天记录桃小食心虫越冬幼虫的出土数量、病菌感染率。【结果】桃小食心虫越冬幼虫出土时间差异很大,最短20 d,最长可达116 d,且出土时间分散。温度对桃小食心虫越冬幼虫的出土率有显著影响(2011,df=3,F=9.9,P<0.05;2012,df=3,F=5.519,P<0.05),试验光周期对其出土率无显著影响(2011,df=2,F=0.577,P>0.05;2012,df=2,F=9.9,P>0.05),桃小食心虫在不同温度下出土规律不同。桃小食心虫越冬幼虫白僵菌感染率随着温度升高而显著提高(2011,df=3,F=65.713,P<0.05;2012,df=3,F=29.198,P<0.05),细菌感染率随着温度升高而显著降低(2011,df=3,F=28.705,P<0.05;2012,df=3,F=38.97,P<0.05)。【结论】桃小食心虫越冬代幼虫出土持续时间长,出土时间分散,温度对其出土率及病菌感染率有显著影响。     

飞机大面积喷施白僵菌防治玉米螟

<正> 我们于1973—1977年开展了飞机喷施白僵菌粉防治玉米螟的试验,收到了较好的防治效果,现将试验结果介绍如下: 一、试验方法 白僵菌孢子含量为50—100亿/克。 每亩用原菌剂0.2—0.5斤(表1)。飞机为农用“运五”型,一般在早晨及傍晚进行喷施,风力1—2级,风力过大则应停止作业。飞行高度一般为5米左右,有的7—8米。 二、防治效果     

含不同表面活性剂的高效氟氯氰菊酯水乳剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果

【目的】在保证菊酯类农药防治桃小食心虫效果的基础上,降低乳油农药助剂和溶剂对环境的危害,开发农药新剂型。【方法】研究了含不同表面活性剂的4种2.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯水乳剂的配方、热稳定性、制剂粒度、稀释液表面张力及其在苹果叶面的接触角,并在苹果园针对桃小食心虫进行了田间防治效果试验。【结果】采用4种不同表面活性剂(FMEE、IS-TEO、宁乳34、农乳700)配比组成的4种高效氟氯氰菊酯水乳剂1号、2号、3号、4号,配方热贮后分解率低于5%,符合国标热贮稳定性的要求;粒径D50在0.85~2.12μm处于水乳剂型理想范围;稀释液表面张力43.32~51.89 m N/m;稀释液在苹果叶面接触角为47.45°~74.38°,远低于水的表面张力,均能较好的附着于苹果叶表面。4种配方稀释2 000~3 000倍液对苹果桃小食心虫的防治效果为84.62%~100%,与对照药剂4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油无显著差异,较乳油制剂有机溶剂用量减少70%。【结论】综合热稳定性、制剂粒径、稀释液表面张力、稀释药液在苹果叶面接触角、对苹果桃小食心虫防治效果及农药减量化使用等因素,推荐使用3号配方。     

湖北老河口梨小食心虫成虫发生规律及综合防治效果

【目的】为了寻找湖北省老河口梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)的最佳防治时期,推广使用无公害防控技术,减少化学药剂的使用。【方法】分别调查了梨小食心虫在梨园及桃园的发生规律,释放赤眼蜂的生物防治效果,糖醋酒液、三角形诱捕器、黄板的物理防治效果,以及性信息素迷向防治效果。【结果】结果表明,桃园梨小食心虫最佳防治时期在4月中下旬,梨园梨小食心虫最佳防治时期在5月下旬、6月上旬、8月中旬前。防治效果上,释放赤眼蜂生物防治措施、配比为红糖∶白酒∶食用醋:水=3∶1∶3∶80的糖醋酒液诱捕器的物理防治措施、迷向丝及迷向素的迷向措施均有替代化学防治措施的潜力。【结论】综合防治能够有效控制梨园梨小食心虫发生量,减少化学防治频次,为建立稳定的梨园生态系统及生产无公害水果提供了帮助。     

应用白僵菌林间防治两色绿刺蛾

应用白僵菌生物杀虫剂林间防治两色绿刺蛾,结果表明：每0．067hm^2施放4个白僵菌粉炮,杀虫率达95％以上,防治效果好。     

The effectivenes of Trichotim in control of Cydia pomonella L. in western Romania

In the last years a significant attack increasing of codling moth was observed in the western part of Romania. In order to reduce the population of this pests a bioproduct was used named Trichotim based on entomophagous insect Trichogramma sp. Trichotim is a Romanian product certified in year 2000 with the purpose to control the pests present in various cultures such us cabbage, vineyards and fruits plantations. The study was expanded over two years (2008 and 2009), in a super intensive apple orchard of Didactical Experimental Station part of University of Agricultural Sciences Timisoara. In order to control the codling moth, the product Trichotim was used three times correlated to pest biology (two releasing of Trichogramma wasps in the time of first generation and one release in the time of second generation of the pest), releasing 300.000 wasps/ha in total, where 250.000 wasps in first generation time of the codling moth respectively 50.000 wasps in the time of second generation of the pest. The releasing of entomophagous species Trichogramma succeeded at two days after maximal flight values of Cydia pomonella L. The flight curves was realized based on pheromonal traps ATRAPOM placed in tree canopy in stage BBCH 69 (end of flowering, all petals fallen). In order to assess the efficacy of Trichotim the observation was conducted 14 days before fruit harvesting. In the plots where 300.000 wasps were released, the fruits were attacked in percent of 12,33% (efficacy 87,67%) in year 2008 and respectively 14,66% (efficacy 85,33%) in 2009. In untreated plots (control) the fruits were attacked in percent of 23% in 2008 respectively 27,33% in 2009.     

不同释放密度和高度对稻螟赤眼蜂防控两种水稻螟虫效果的影响

稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead是二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)和稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée)的优势卵寄生蜂。为优化稻螟赤眼蜂田间释放技术,作者分别在安徽、福建和贵州进行了稻螟赤眼蜂不同释放高度和密度对防控两种水稻螟虫效果影响的田间试验。结果表明,对于防控稻纵卷叶螟,释放量一定时,赤眼蜂在稻株顶部以上5 cm高度、8点/0.07 hm 2释放密度的防治效果优于其他释放密度和高度的处理。而对于防控二化螟,不同释放高度对赤眼蜂防治效果差异不显著。     

Abundance of wasps and prey consumption of paper wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae : Polistinae) in Northland, New Zealand

Polistine and vespine wasps were captured in Malaise traps in two fire-modified shrubland habitats of varying canopy height and composition at Lake Ohia, Northland, New Zealand. Prey consumption rates were calculated for the Asian paper wasp (Polistes chinensis antennalis) occupying these two areas of shrubland and a home garden in Whangarei, Northland. The sites were systematically searched for nests and wasp prey determined by intercepting foragers returning to nests. The Asian paper wasp predominated in the Malaise trap samples from the low- growing habitat while the German wasp (Vespula germanica) was more common in the taller vegetation type. The Asian paper wasp was more abundant than the German wasp in the samples in February and early March. Only four Australian paper wasps (Polistes humilis) and no common wasps (Vespula vulgaris) were caught. Asian paper wasps collected an estimated 15 000 prey loads per ha per season from one of the shrubland areas, and 478 000 prey loads per ha per season from the second area. These convert to estimates of 31 and 957 g per ha per season of invertebrate biomass removed by paper wasps from each habitat, respectively. The estimate for the garden site was 79 g per ha per season. Wasp nest densities varied between 20 and 210 nests per hectare. The biomass estimates are similar to average figures calculated for vespine wasps in scrubland and pasture. Both Asian paper wasps and Australian paper wasps preyed mainly on lepidopteran larvae. The cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) was the most commonly collected species. Noctuid species were also well represented. Both male and female Asian paper wasps collected nectar in late March and early April.     

Composite asymmetry as an indicator of quality in the beneficial wasp Trichogramma nr. brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Trichogramma are egg parasitoids that are widely cultured for the control of moth pests in commercial insectaries. Stock quality is often maintained by releasing wasps from a mass culture in an area with target host eggs and initiating fresh stocks from parasitized eggs. Here we test if variability among individuals as measured by fluctuating asymmetry can be used as an additional method of quality control in Trichogramma nr. brassicae by comparing fluctuating asymmetry levels between a random sample of wasps before release and wasps that successfully reach host eggs. Although the asymmetry of individual traits was not associated with wasp fitness, a total asymmetry measure based on combining the uncorrelated asymmetries of nine traits did predict the ability of wasps to reach the eggs.     

苏云金杆菌在华北果园土壤中消长动态的研究

本文报道了产生核黄素的苏云金杆菌CH菌株在果园土壤中的消长动态。研究结果表明 ,将CH菌株制剂喷洒于苹果园土壤表面后 1个月内 ,CH菌株的菌数基本上维持在喷洒后的 10 5/ g水平 ,其后菌数急剧减少 ,2个月后从 10 5/ g的水平减少到 10 4 / g的水平 ,并长时间维持 10 4 / g这一水平 ;CH菌株制剂喷洒于果园土壤后对土壤中固有的Bacillus属细菌数的消长没有明显的影响 ,Bacillus属细菌数长时间维持在 10 6～ 10 5/ g之间 ,处于一种相对稳定的状态 ;在土壤透水性和灌水条件良好的土壤条件下 ,喷洒于土壤表面的苏云金杆菌可缓慢向深处移动。     

The strange case of a biofilm-forming strain of Pichia fermentans, which controls Monilinia brown rot on apple but is pathogenic on peach fruit

A biofilm-forming strain of Pichia fermentans proved to be most effective in controlling brown rot on apple fruit when coinoculated into artificial wounds with a phytopathogenic isolate of Monilinia fructicola. Culture filtrates and autoclaved cells had no significant influence on the disease. When sprayed onto the apple fruit surface, this yeast formed a thin biofilm but failed to colonize the underlying tissues. When inoculated into wounds artificially inflicted to peach fruit or when sprayed onto the surface of peach fruit, the same strain showed an unexpected pathogenic behaviour, causing rapid decay of fruit tissues even in the absence of M. fructicola. Both optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the pattern of fruit tissue colonization by P. fermentans. While on apple surface and within the apple wound the antagonist retained its yeast-like shape, colonization of peach fruit tissue was always characterized by a transition from budding growth to pseudohyphal growth. These results suggest that pseudohyphal growth plays a major role in governing the potential pathogenicity of P. fermentans, further emphasizing the importance of a thorough risk assessment for the safe use of any novel biocontrol agent.     

闽东约马蜂的生物学习性观察

约马蜂PolistesjokanamaeRadoszkowski是一种习见的社会性天敌昆虫。研究表明约马蜂在闽东地区于4月中旬觅址筑巢,历经40d建成31~40个巢房的小巢。约马蜂1年发生2代,第1代蜂于5月下旬开始羽化,7月初蜂巢拥有职蜂可达30只,每只职蜂日均外勤达14次,群体进入快速增长期;第2代蜂8~9月间出现,雄蜂所占比例超过1/3,群体进入鼎盛期。第2代雌蜂与雄蜂交尾后于11月陆续离巢越冬。幼体发育历期28~37d,与外界气温密切相关,随温度升高而缩短。文中还提出计算幼体发育历期的方法。     

A granulosis virus,possible biological agent for control of Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards: II. Semipersistent effect of artificial dissemination into an apple orchard

Artificial dissemination of granulosis virus of Adoxophyes orana (apple race) into an apple orchard caused a remarkable rise in infection rate. Mortality from the virus disease increased in the virus-sprayed plot to 12, 10 and 6 times as high as the control plot, for the generation sprayed and subsequent two generations, respectively. The percentage of parasitism by hymenopterous parasites decreased in the sprayed plot as compared with control ones. This compensates in part for the high mortality due to virus disease. The population density of A. orana in the disseminated plot recovered in subsequent generations in spite of high mortality. This was considered to be due to adult movement, because the experimental plot used in our study was not large.     

Monitoring of wheat insects and their natural enemies using sticky traps in wheat

Beneficial arthropods and wheat insects were monitored using sticky traps through large-scale field in Saxony, Germany before and after insecticide applications. The tested compounds (Karate, Biscaya and NeemAzal T/S) were sprayed twice at Elongation stage (GS 32) and at the heading stage (GS 55). Monitoring was conducted for four weeks after each treatment. Cereal aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, cereal leaf beetles, cereal bugs and also many natural enemies such as predators (lady beetles, lacewings, syrphids, dance flies and spiders) and parasitoids (parasitic wasps) were surveyed. The results proved that Karate caused the highest per cent mortality to wheat insect pests. Karate also reduced natural enemy diversities. Biscaya and NeemAzal T/S is correlated with an equivalent mortality per cents to wheat insect pests and resulted in a smaller effects on natural enemies compared with Karate. Leafhoppers were less affected than Thrips and cereal bugs. Parasitoid wasps and spider were more tolerant, while lacewings and dance flies were more susceptible to insecticide effects. Finally, natural insecticides and predators and parasitoids could be highly compatible with a hygienic environment.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on growth of Arundo donax and on rearing of a biological control agent,the shoot gall-forming wasp Tetramesa romana

The shoot tip-galling wasp Tetramesa romana Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) has been released for biological control of giant reed or arundo (Arundo donax L.) (Poaceae), an invasive grass in the USA and Mexico. The role of urea fertilization to improve plant-based mass-rearing was examined. In a greenhouse study, rhizomes were fertilized with urea pellets at rates equivalent to 1000 kg (low), 2000 kg (moderate), and 4000 (high) kg N per ha^–1. Total nitrogen content of ungalled stems was significantly 0.60–0.65% higher under low and moderate fertilization compared to unfertilized pots, and shoot water content was elevated 3–4% at all urea levels. Moderate fertilization significantly (by 1.4-fold) increased the relative growth rate of all shoots in pots, but did not affect final dry biomass. Fertilization did not affect number and duration of probing events by females. The percentage of shoots colonized by wasps that were galled, progeny production per shoot and per female, and emergent wasp size were not affected. However, average generation time (adult to adult) of emergent wasps was 4–5 days shorter on shoots in pots under moderate and high urea fertilization. After a four-week wasp emergence period, only 3–9% of progeny remained in fertilized shoots, while 21% of progeny remained inside unfertilized shoots. In field plots, fertilization did not affect gall density per m shoot length or per female released. Urea fertilization increased the efficiency of greenhouse rearing of the arundo wasp and availability of adults for release, even without direct effects on gall production.