视网膜神经节细胞感受野的一种新模型：Ⅱ.神经节细胞方位选 …

在前文建立的二维视网膜神经节细胞含大周迷感受野模型基础上,结合生理实验模拟了神经节细胞的方位选择性特性。文中采用椭圆感受野的观点解释了方位选择性的成因。并通过中心区以外区域对中心区方位选择怀的复杂调制组合,展示了感受野不同亚地方位选择性的影响作用;指出方位选择性的成因是感受野椭圆亚单元的存在,感受野复杂的方位选择性是由于中心和周边在不同刺激条件下竞争的不同结果造成的;同时指出对椭圆感受野,倍频反应     

视网膜神经节细胞空间传输特性的模拟

以新近提出的同心圆感受野模型为基础。从感受野大工上周区内各亚区之间的抑制性相互作用入手,对视网膜神经节细胞的各种空间传输特性进行了模拟,通过改变外周亚区间抑制性相互作用的敏感度和有效范围,可逼真地模拟神经节细胞的各种不同的面积反应函数,用该模型来处不同空间频率的正弦光栅时,它既能很好地传递图像的高频成份,又可十分有效地提升被感受野中心／外周拮抗机制所衰减了的低频信息,此外,由于该模型引进了外周亚区     

视网膜神经节细胞感受野的一种新模型 I.含大周边的感受野模型

感受野是视觉系统信息处理的基本结构和功能单元。Ｘ、Ｙ细胞是两类主要的视网膜神经节细胞。生理实验发现,在经典感受野之外还存在一个大范围的在周边去抑制区。文中采用周边去抑制区对经典外周的去抑制非线性使用方式,建立一个二维的与实验结果联系紧密的Ｘ、Ｙ细胞统一的复合感受野模型。该模型不仅能模拟Ｘ细胞的ｎｕｌｌ－ｔｅｓｔ反应和Ｙ细胞的ｏｎ－ｏｆｆ反应,还模拟了Ｙ细胞在低空频刺激时的信频反应、圆面积空间的倍频     

用菌紫质Langmuir—Blodgett膜模拟视网膜神经节细胞感受野的DOG滤波等特性

用菌紫质膜以一维形式模拟了视网膜神经节细胞的ＯＮ－中心型感受野。实验表明菌紫质ＬＢ膜具有ＯＮ型和ＯＦＦ型微分响应特性,对运动狭缝,所模拟的人工视网膜感受野的周边区和中心区都具有类高斯函数形式的滤波特性,整个人工视网膜感受野具有与高等动物视网膜相似的ＤＯＧ滤波运算功能。     

神经节细胞群体同步放电模式编码的感受野特性

应用多电极同步记录技术,对牛蛙视网膜神经节细胞在伪随机棋盘格刺激下的放电活动进行胞外记录。依据记录到的神经节细胞放电情况,利用一种数据压缩算法,通过最大化压缩放电序列的信息熵,对多个神经节细胞进行群体划分,得到同步放电神经节细胞群体。利用基于动作电位的刺激平均法(spike triggered average,STA),分别计算出每个同步放电神经节细胞群体内单个神经节细胞放电活动所编码的感受野(单细胞感受野),以及群体内所有神经节细胞同步放电活动所编码的感受野(群体感受野)。计算结果显示,对于所有神经节细胞群体,约80%神经节细胞群体的群体感受野面积小于群体内所有单细胞感受野面积的平均值,约60%神经节细胞群体的群体感受野面积小于群体内任意单细胞感受野面积。在棋盘格刺激下,神经节细胞放电活动会发生对比度适应。进一步以群体感受野面积小于群体内任意单细胞感受野面积的神经节细胞群体为研究对象,考察群体感受野在对比度适应过程中的动态变化,结果显示,85%神经节细胞群体的群体感受野面积在适应后期变小。     

用菌紫质Langmuir—Blodgett膜模拟视网膜神经节细胞感受野的DOG滤波等特性

用菌紫质ＬＢ（Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ—Ｂｌｏｄｇｅｔｔ）膜以一维形式模拟了视网膜神经节细胞的ＯＮ－中心型感受野。实验表明菌紫质ＬＢ膜具有ＯＮ型和ＯＦＦ型微分响应特性。对运动狭缝,所模拟的人工视网膜感受野的周边区和中心区都具有类高斯函数形式的滤波特性,整个人工视网膜感受野具有与高等动物视网膜相似的ＤＯＧ（ＤｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｏｆＧａｕｓｓｉａｎｓ）滤波运算功能。     

猫V1区不同外周整合细胞的经典感受野属性研究

以家猫为动物模型,采用细胞外记录的方法,测试了82个初级视皮层细胞的方位和方向调谐以及感受野大小.基于细胞的面积整合特性,区分出52个外周抑制型细胞和30个外周无抑制型细胞.所有被测细胞均存在强的方位选择性,而外周无抑制型细胞比抑制型细胞有更强的方位选择性.两类细胞的方向选择性没有显著性差异.外周抑制型细胞比外周无抑制型细胞有着更大的动作电位发放率.采用两种不同方法测量两类细胞的感受野范围,却产生了不同的结果:用最小反应区测量发现抑制型细胞的经典感受野更大,而用面积整合曲线测量时外周无抑制型细胞的感受野更大.     

简单细胞方位选择性感受野组织形成的神经网络模型

为了阐明视皮层简单细胞方位选择性感受野形成的动态组织过程, 试图构建一个由侧膝体神经元和视皮层简单细胞组成的, 且遵从Hebbian学习规则的神经网络模型. 通过该模型来考察简单细胞对自然图像刺激特征的编码过程和神经表达. 结果表明, 感受野的结构正反映了简单细胞的最优方位选择性, 它也是由非监督学习过程决定并自组织涌现的. 这还说明简单细胞的方位选择性是在层间细胞的相互作用基础上动态自组织的结果.     

猫视皮层神经元对光栅反应最优方位在视网膜上分布特性的研究

用金属微电极记录了114个猫皮层17、18区细胞对不同方位光栅图象刺激的反应。细胞最优方位与其感受野中心在视网膜的位置间有系统性关系,即最优方位总是倾向于垂直于各感受野中心与视网膜中心区(area centralis)的连线。这一规律对在18区或17、18区全体记录到的细胞而言,有统计意义。 在17、18区内,仅对于感受野位于视网膜离心度(eccentricity)大于9°视角的细胞、具有较窄感受野(宽度小于2.5°)的细胞以及感受野处于视网膜垂直经线附近的细胞,上述规律才有统计意义,而对感受野离心度小于9°的细胞、感受野宽度大于2.5°的细胞以及感受野在倾斜经线附近的细胞,上述规律不明显。     

神经毒素ECMA对家鸽视网膜神经节单元反应特性的影响

从家鸽视差表层总共记录了１０１个视网膜神经节单元,并定量分析研究ＥＣＭＡ损伤对其反应特性的影响,在对照组中,神经节单元都没有自发放电,而需要视觉刺激才能引起反应,对闪光刺激的反应,分别为ＯＮ—ＯＦＦ,ＯＮ,ＯＦＦ三种,其反应均是瞬变的,而且也都对在感受野内运动的小条纹起反应。４２个单元中有１４个是方向选择性单元。其它的则为运动敏感单元。方向选择性单元的无效方向不是均等分布的,其中有８个单元的无效是从前向后的,但没有发现其无效方向是从后向前的单元。与对照组相比,经ＥＣＭＡ损伤后的实验组中只记录到ＯＮ－ＯＦＦ反应和ＯＮ反应单元,未能找到单独的ＯＦＦ反应单元。神经节单元的ＯＮ反应部分为持续成分。所有的单元对运动条纹刺激都失掉了方向选择性,这些现象的机理可能是由于ＥＣＭＡ去除了胆碱能无足细胞所致。     

同心圆感受野去抑制特性的数学模拟

以感受野外周区内各亚区之间的抑制性相互作用为基础,提出了一个能描述视网膜神经节细胞传输特性的数学模型,此模型能很好地解释传统感受野外大范围去抑制区产生的机制。当用来处理亮度对比边缘时,它既能很好地增强边缘对比,又可有效地提升被传统感受野中心／外周拮抗机制所滤除了的区域亮度对比和亮度梯度信息。本文也用不同空间频率的光栅和真实图像检验了模型的空间频率传递特性,并与其它模型进行了比较。     

A spatio-temporal model of ganglion cell receptive field in the cat retina

A spatio-temporal model of ganglion cell receptive fields is proposed on the basis of receptive field characteristics of cat retinal ganglion cells reported in our previous paper. The model consists of the linear and nonlinear mechanisms in the ganglion cell receptive field. The linear mechanism is assumed to be composed of antagonistic center and surround mechanisms. Then, by integrating these mechanisms we construct a spatio-temporal impulse response function of ganglion cell receptive field. Here we assume that spatio-temporal impulse response function may be factored into spatial and temporal terms. By Fouriertransforming the spatio-temporal impulse response function, we can obtain the spatio-temporal transfer function. Contrast sensitivity characteristics of X-and Y-cells in the cat retina may be explained by the transfer function.     

Synaptic inputs to the ganglion cells in the tiger salamander retina

The postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) that form the ganglion cell light response were isolated by polarizing the cell membrane with extrinsic currents while stimulating at either the center or surround of the cell's receptive field. The time-course and receptive field properties of the PSPs were correlated with those of the bipolar and amacrine cells. The tiger salamander retina contains four main types of ganglion cell: "on" center, "off" center, "on-off", and a "hybrid" cell that responds transiently to center, but sustainedly, to surround illumination. The results lead to these inferences. The on-ganglion cell receives excitatory synpatic input from the on bipolars and that synapse is "silent" in the dark. The off-ganglion cell receives excitatory synaptic input from the off bipolars with this synapse tonically active in the dark. The on-off and hybrid ganglion cells receive a transient excitatory input with narrow receptive field, not simply correlated with the activity of any presynaptic cell. All cell types receive a broad field transient inhibitory input, which apparently originates in the transient amacrine cells. Thus, most, but not all, ganglion cell responses can be explained in terms of synaptic inputs from bipolar and amacrine cells, integrated at the ganglion cell membrane.     

Retinal adaptation to object motion

Due to fixational eye movements, the image on the retina is always in motion, even when one views a stationary scene. When an object moves within the scene, the corresponding patch of retina experiences a different motion trajectory than the surrounding region. Certain retinal ganglion cells respond selectively to this condition, when the motion in the cell's receptive field center is different from that in the surround. Here we show that this response is strongest at the very onset of differential motion, followed by gradual adaptation with a time course of several seconds. Different subregions of a ganglion cell's receptive field can adapt independently. The circuitry responsible for differential motion adaptation lies in the inner retina. Several candidate mechanisms were tested, and the adaptation most likely results from synaptic depression at the synapse from bipolar to ganglion cell. Similar circuit mechanisms may act more generally to emphasize novel features of a visual stimulus.     

Receptive field mechanisms of cat X and Y retinal ganglion cells

We investigated receptive field properties of cat retinal ganglion cells with visual stimuli which were sinusoidal spatial gratings amplitude modulated in time by a sum of sinusoids. Neural responses were analyzed into the Fourier components at the input frequencies and the components at sum and difference frequencies. The first-order frequency response of X cells had a marked spatial phase and spatial frequency dependence which could be explained in terms of linear interactions between center and surround mechanisms in the receptive field. The second-order frequency response of X cells was much smaller than the first-order frequency response at all spatial frequencies. The spatial phase and spatial frequency dependence of the first-order frequency response in Y cells in some ways resembled that of X cells. However, the Y first-order response declined to zero at a much lower spatial frequency than in X cells. Furthermore, the second-order frequency response was larger in Y cells; the second-order frequency components became the dominant part of the response for patterns of high spatial frequency. This implies that the receptive field center and surround mechanisms are physiologically quite different in Y cells from those in X cells, and that the Y cells also receive excitatory drive from an additional nonlinear receptive field mechanism.