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1.
本研究首先根据综合自然地理因素(包括海拔、地形、气候、植被、水系、农业等),利用GIS技术手段.将中国版图划分成124个基本单元。选择了171种哺乳类物种,利用中国物种信息系统收集这些物种的分布信息,并运用GIS技术将这些信息转换为各个基本单元内这些物种存在与否的信息,再用数学量化分析方法,群SФrensen多维相似性指数公式计算相关矩阵,以及Ward方法进行聚类分析,得到这124个基本单元的哺乳类物科组成相似性聚类图。然后根据少数几个标本采集点所在的基本单元,利用这些基本单元与其他单元的物种组成相似程度,可以预测出物种的可能分布范围。本研究发现,这种预测方法简单,快速而且较准确。  相似文献   

2.
中国自然保护综合地理区划   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4  
郭子良  崔国发 《生态学报》2014,34(5):1284-1294
综合自然地理区划可以为生物多样性保护和自然保护区体系建设等提供基础资料,为区域生物多样性政策的制定提供科学依据。随着我国自然保护区事业的不断发展,自然保护综合地理区划成为自然地理区划的重要研究内容之一。虽然我国自然保护区体系已经初步建立,但仍然没有一个同时依据生物因素和非生物因素分布规律,确定的自然保护综合地理区划方案,为生物多样性保护和自然保护区建设服务。利用GIS技术和PC-ORD4.0软件中的双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)方法,将中国版图划分出3489个基本地理单元,并对这些地理单元进行了数量化分类。然后,根据这个分类结果,参考植被区划和地貌区划等,提出了中国自然保护综合地理区划方案。中国自然保护综合地理区划方案包括了8个自然保护地理大区、37个自然保护地理地区和117个自然保护地理亚地区。该区划具有以下特点:(1)利用TWINSPAN的数量分类方法进行地理区划的探索是区划方法上的创新,为自然地理区划的研究提供了新的研究途径。(2)选取的数量化指标是在结合已有专项区划资料提出的,有助于避免动植物分布指标的人为选择偏差,可以综合反映区域自然地理特征,对生物多样性就地保护和自然保护区体系建设具有较好的指导作用。(3)量化分析保证了地理区划的客观性,同时定性分析避免了量化分析过程中的误差,使区划结果更准确。  相似文献   

3.
申效诚  张保石  张锋  刘新涛 《生态学报》2013,33(21):6795-6802
蜘蛛是一类种类繁多、数量巨大、分布广泛的捕食性生物。至2012年底,全世界共有蜘蛛43678种(包括亚种),隶属于112科3898属。科、属、种3个分类阶元的分布域非常悬殊,90%的种分布在一个界内,90%的科是跨界分布或全球分布。按行政区域,亚洲种类较多,欧洲较少,南极洲没有蜘蛛记录;按动物地理区域,古北界和新热带界较多,新北界较少。根据地理条件、生态条件和蜘蛛的分布状况,将全球陆地分为53个基础地理单元,用申效诚等新近提出的相似性通用公式和据此创立的多元相似性聚类分析方法,分别对属、种两级的分布进行分析,得到两个聚类结构相同、聚类关系合理的支序图,而且属级的支序图层次更为分明,在相似性水平为0.32时,53个基础地理单元聚为17个小单元群,在0,22水平上,又聚为8个大单元群。这些大、小单元群的组成单元地域相邻相连,生态条件相对一致,可以作为蜘蛛地理区划的界、亚界两个层级。和华莱士主要以哺乳动物建立的世界动物地理区划相比,主要差异是:1、古北界东、西两部分差异显著,可分设两界;2、新西兰和澳洲大陆相似性较低,可单独设界;3、新几内亚和太平洋岛屿与澳洲大陆的关系远于和东洋界的关系,华莱士线在两界间的作用似乎不存在; 4、新热带界的中美地区似乎属于新北界更为合适,并由此产生了南北美洲间的紧密联系;5、新北界与古北界的相似性关系弱于与新热带界的关系,全北界的概念几近消失。前两点差异可以从地球板块构造的变动得到解释,第3、5个差异已在植物和其它生物类群得到佐证,第4个差异尚不稳定,需要更多类群的比较与分析。使用多元相似性聚类分析方法对于如此典型的点状分布的生物类群和如此海量的数据,能够得到如此精细的,既符合地理学、统计学的逻辑,又符合生物学、生态学逻辑的定量分析结果,这在国内外都是首次成功尝试,其简便性和合理性将会促使在其它类群中的应用。  相似文献   

4.
我国早期的动物地理区划主要依靠专家知识和经验,缺乏系统的定量分析,而且部分基本区划单元内的动物生态成分差异仍然较大,使其在野生动物保护管理应用中受到一定限制。为满足野生动物保护管理的需要,尤其为满足全国第二次陆生野生动物资源调查的需要,我们在张荣祖"中国动物地理区划"的基础上,进行了全国野生动物调查单元区划。将全国陆地区域划分为5 km×5 km的网格,基于1,784种陆栖脊椎动物(262种两栖动物、358种爬行动物、814种鸟类、350种兽类)的分布数据,对各网格内的动物分布型比例及自然环境因子进行聚类分析。根据聚类结果,并结合指示物种的分布情况以及省级行政区划界线,将全国划分为2界7区19亚区54个动物地理省239个生态地理单元310个调查单元。与张荣祖"中国动物地理区划"方案相比,界、区、亚区、动物地理省的数量一致,边界走向基本一致,但也有一些界线不同,而且增加了"生态地理单元"和"调查单元"2级区划单元。  相似文献   

5.
基于GIS的陕西蝗虫地理分布及区划分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
运用GIS(地理信息系统)技术研究陕西蝗虫物种地理分布及区划。以593个(0.2°×0.2°)经纬网 格单元统计蝗虫物种数,并采用多元分析的分层聚类方法进行聚类分析。结果表明:陕南山地蝗虫物种丰富度 总体高于秦岭以北地区,陕西最北部的鄂尔多斯高原蝗虫丰富度高于陕北黄土高原。当相关性系数为0.538时, 593个蝗虫地理分布单元聚类为9个单元组,该聚类结果与陕西自然环境区划基本相似,但秦岭山地被聚为两 类,即秦岭南坡与秦岭北坡;商南丘陵从秦岭山地分出;安康地区与巴山山地聚为一类;巴山与米仓山被聚为 并列的两组。该聚类结果表明陕西蝗虫的地理分布与自然环境密切相关,其分布格局表现出明显的地带性,陕 西多样化的地貌特征和气候类型,是形成蝗虫物种多样化的主要原因。  相似文献   

6.
在广泛搜集、系统整理资料基础上,建立数据库,运用GIS(Geographic Information System)技术分析了中国画眉科鸟类的地理分布格局,并进行鸟类分布相似率比较及以画眉科鸟类为对象进一步探讨中国动物地理区划单元之间的相互关系。结果显示中国画眉科鸟类130种,分属26属,水平分布上具不均性,在动物地理区上表现为西南山地亚区分布最多(114种),其次是滇南山地亚区(94种);有2个物种多样性分布中心,即横断山中心和滇南山地中心。对于鸟类分布相似率,古北界各区、亚区之间的相似率波动较大;而东洋界各区、亚区之间相似率波动较小。中国各动物地理亚区相互关系聚类结果基本为古北界、东洋界各处一个大枝。  相似文献   

7.
福建省两栖类物种多样性评估   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
耿宝荣 《生物多样性》2004,12(6):618-625
地区性物种多样性评价是当前全球生物多样性研究的重要组成部分。本文采用G-F指数对福建省两栖类物种多样性进行评估,同时利用弦距离类间平均连锁的方法对福建省22个县(市)和5个两栖动物地理省进行聚类分析。结果表时:福建省各县(市)的两栖类物种多样性差异较大,其中武夷山市两栖类物种多样性的G指数,F指数和G-F指数分别为2.978,4.863和0.388。处于华中区的3个地理省(闽北、闽东和闽西地理省)首先聚类,而后与处于华南区的闽中地理省聚类,最后与闽南地理省合并。聚类结果与福建省两栖动物地理区划大体一致,但个别县(市)不太相符,作者建议将大田县划归在华中区的闽西地理省。  相似文献   

8.
为了有效利用资源和资金,合理保护海洋生物多样性,海洋生物多样性保护优先区域的确定成为目前保护生物学领域的热点之一.本文首先探讨了生物多样性保护优先区域的定义和内涵,认为海洋生物多样性保护优先区域是指生物多样性丰富、物种特有化程度高、珍稀濒危物种分布集中、具有重要生态功能和过程的海洋区域.其次对保护优先区域确定的内容和方法进行了总结,主要包括单元区划、指标体系的构建及保护优先区域评估3个方面.继而根据我国海洋生物多样性现状提出保护优先区域确定的基本思路,即在海洋生物地理分区的基础上,根据物种和生境的生物多样性指标确定保护优先区域.最后针对存在问题提出建议,包括运用生物地理学方法进行单元区划、基于物种和生态系统的方法构建生物学指标以及信息网络数据库的构建等.  相似文献   

9.
据对福建全海岸带选取8个地区含36处样地、480m2面积的灌丛群落调查数据,以地区间灌木种多频度相似性指数作地区聚类和排序分析,得到闽东南部和闽东北部两个地区组合,且它们依温度变化成有规律的分布格局,划分结果同福建省气候区划、福建省植被区划均基本吻合。另据以上地区灌丛群落的灌木地理成分及其种优势度分析,也都取得和地区聚类、排序相对应的结果,这均表明福建海岸带灌丛群落的分布在植被区划上具热量指示意义。  相似文献   

10.
中国哺乳类物种与科属的数量关系   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用中国三种地理类型(自然保护区、行政省和动物地理亚区)的哺乳类名录,分析物种与高等分类阶元(属、科)的数量关系,旨在为利用高等分类阶元替代物种预测生物多样性提供理论依据,研究结果显示:1)不同地理类型中物种一属一科在数量上具有相似的增长趋势,且物种一属、物种一科的数量关系呈极显著相关(P<0.01).利用模型对哺乳类物种与科和属的数量关系模拟.乘幂模型拟合效果最佳.2)物种在属间、科间的频次均呈非均匀分布,对结果进行拟合发现对数、乘幂、指数和线性四种模型中,乘幂模型对哺乳类物种与科和属的数量关系模拟效果最佳.综合以上内容认为,哺乳类物种与高级分类阶元在数量和频次分布上存在规律,且可用模型进行很好拟合,这种关系适用于生物多样性预测、评价和保护.  相似文献   

11.
Florida has one of the two worst non-indigenous invasive species problems in the United States, and all such species are considered by statute to be a potential ecological problem. Unfortunately, little information is available about most of Florida's invasive species. Here, we provide information on range expansion of a population of one of the lesser-known species. The Palm Beach County, Florida, population of the northern curly-tailed lizard, Leiocephalus carinatus armouri, was examined for north–south expansion of its previously documented range. Observations were conducted as contiguous expansion outward from the previously known range. We found a substantial contiguous range expansion by a minimum of 46.3 km to the south and 34.1 km to the north. This species appears to be closely associated with coastal habitat degradation in the form of human infrastructure, especially ageing pavement, sea walls, buildings, and bridge bases.  相似文献   

12.
Alien species are a significant threat to natural ecosystems and human economies. Despite global efforts to address this challenge, the documented number of alien species is rapidly increasing worldwide. However, the magnitude of the impact of alien species may vary significantly across habitats. For example, some habitats are naturally less prone to biological invasions due to stringent abiotic and biotic characteristics, selecting for a limited number of introduced species possessing traits closely related to the native organisms. Subterranean ecosystems are quintessential examples of habitats with strong environmental filters (e.g. lack of light and scarcity of food), driving convergent adaptations in species that have successfully adapted to life in darkness. Despite these stringent environmental constraints, the number of records of alien species in subterranean ecosystems has increased in recent decades, but the relevant literature remains largely fragmented and mostly anecdotal. Therefore, even though caves are generally considered very fragile ecosystems, their susceptibility to impacts by alien species remains untested other than for some very specific cases. We provide the first systematic literature survey to synthesise available knowledge on alien species in subterranean ecosystems globally. This review is supported by a database summarising the available literature, aiming to identify gaps in the distribution and spread of alien invertebrate species in subterranean habitats, and laying the foundations for future management practices and interventions. First, we quantitatively assessed the current knowledge of alien species in subterranean ecosystems to shed light on broader questions about taxonomic biases, geographical patterns, modes of dispersal, pathways for introductions and potential impacts. Secondly, we collected species-specific traits for each recorded alien species and tested whether subterranean habitats act as ecological filters for their establishment, favouring organisms with pre-adaptive traits suitable for subterranean life. We found information on the presence of 246 subterranean alien species belonging to 18 different classes. The dominant alien species were invertebrates, especially insects and arachnids. Most species were reported in terrestrial subterranean habitats from all continents except Antarctica. Palaearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions represented the main source of alien species. The main routes of introductions into the recipient country are linked to commercial activities (84.3% of cases for which there was information available). Negative impacts have been documented for a small number of case studies (22.7%), mostly related to increased competition with native species. For a limited number of case studies (6.1%), management strategies were reported but the effectiveness of these interventions has rarely been quantified. Accordingly, information on costs is very limited. Approximately half of the species in our database can be considered established in subterranean habitats. According to our results, the presence of suitable traits grants access to the stringent environmental filter posed by subterranean environments, facilitating establishment in the new habitat. We recommend that future studies deepen the understanding of invasiveness into subterranean habitats, raising public and scientific community awareness of preserving these fragile ecosystems.  相似文献   

13.
In a fragmented landscape, transitional zones between neighboring habitats are common, and our understanding of community organizational forces across such habitats is important. Edge studies are numerous, but the majority of them utilize information on species richness and abundance. Abundance and taxonomic diversity, however, provide little information on the functioning and phylogeny of the co‐existing species. Combining the evaluation of their functional and phylogenetic relationships, we aimed to assess whether ground beetle assemblages are deterministically or stochastically structured along grassland–forest gradients. Our results showed different community assembly rules on opposite sides of the forest edge. In the grassland, co‐occurring species were functionally and phylogenetically not different from the random null model, indicating a random assembly process. Contrary to this, at the forest edge and the interior, co‐occurring species showed functional and phylogenetic clustering, thus environmental filtering was the likely process structuring carabid assemblages. Community assembly in the grassland was considerably affected by asymmetrical species flows (spillover) across the forest edge: more forest species penetrated into the grassland than open‐habitat and generalist species entered into the forest. This asymmetrical species flow underlines the importance of the filter function of forest edges. As unfavorable, human‐induced changes to the structure, composition and characteristics of forest edges may alter their filter function, edges have to be specifically considered during conservation management.  相似文献   

14.
Animals acquire information produced by other species to reduce uncertainty and avoid predators. Mixed‐species flocks (MSFs) of birds are ubiquitous in forest ecosystems and structured, in part, around interspecific information transfer, with “nuclear” species providing information that other species eavesdrop on. We hypothesized that in a seasonal tropical forest, the amount of information produced by birds about predation would be dynamic and particularly would decrease inside MSFs when the nuclear species leave MSFs to breed. We obtained baseline information on MSF encounter rate and species composition along established sampling routes over 9 months near the Sino‐Vietnamese border. We also conducted three experiments to quantify information produced by different species in response to typical predator encounters, including a moving predator stimulus presented inside of MSFs, and a stationary predator model presented both inside and outside of MSFs. MSFs were much less frequent in the breeding season with fewer individuals of the nuclear species, David's Fulvetta (Alcippe davidi), participating, though the diversity of other species remained stable. Fulvettas were the dominant producer of alarm‐related information both to the moving and stationary stimuli in MSFs and were also among the most active mobbers to stimuli presented outside of MSFs. In the breeding season, they tended to call less to the moving stimulus, and substantially fewer individuals responded to the in‐flock stationary stimulus. Other species increased their own information production at stationary predator stimuli (inside and outside of MSFs) during the breeding season, perhaps due to their increased investment in offspring during this time. Yet even during the breeding season, David's Fulvetta remained the highest producer of information about predators in MSFs. Hence, while we show that information production in MSFs can be somewhat dynamic, we describe a continually asymmetric communication system, in which a nuclear species is important to the whole community.  相似文献   

15.
Based on information obtained from publications, online material and experienced birdwatchers we describe changes in the breeding avifauna of Israel between 2003 and 2016. We provide details on nine species that were found breeding in Israel during this period for the first time (Common Shelduck, Great Cormorant, Black-winged Kite, Caspian Tern, White-cheeked Tern, Common Wood Pigeon, Black Bush Robin, Basra Reed Warbler, Chiffchaff); two species that were found breeding in Israel after they were not documented breeding for more than 50 years (Great Crested Grebe, Pallid Scops Owl), one species that significantly extended its breeding range in Israel (Striated Heron), and two exotic species that have recently established populations in Israel (Monk Parakeet, Vinous-breasted Starling). This brings the number of bird species breeding in Israel in 2016 to 220. We also report here that out of six new breeding species reported in 2003, three species established breeding populations in Israel, while the other species did not continue to breed in Israel regularly.  相似文献   

16.
黄土残塬沟壑区流域次生植被物种分布的地形响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
研究流域次生植被物种对地形因子的响应规律,识别影响次生植被物种分布的主要地形因子,是流域近自然植被生态恢复和重建的基础。采用ArcGIS空间分析模块和地形分析模块TauDEM,并与统计软件SPLUS2000中的GRASP工具相结合,建立了位于黄土高原残垣沟壑区山西省吉县蔡家川流域次生植被各个物种分布基于地形因子的广义相加模型(GAM)。模型中的地形因子包括:海拔、坡向、坡度、平面曲率、坡位指数(SPI)、地形湿度指数(TWI)、单宽汇水面积(SCA)等。受试者操作特征曲线(ROC)测试中AUC值表明:大部分测试物种(约62%)拟合模型效果较好,且模型较为稳定。总体来看,研究流域次生植被物种分布体现了水分限制的空间分异特征:阴坡各物种分布概率较大,且随海拔升高而减小。影响研究流域次生植被物种空间分布的潜在重要因子为海拔和坡向,而单宽汇水面积(SCA)和地形湿度指数(TWI)虽然是多个物种响应模型的预测因子,但受高一级尺度海拔的影响,SCA与TWI对物种分布的影响作用较小;坡度影响作用最小。据此,在流域植被恢复和防护林建设目标区选择及立地条件划分时应首先以海拔和坡向为依据,单宽汇水面积(SCA)和地形湿度指数(TWI)则可以作为次一级立地分类依据,而坡度则仅能作为最后一级的分类依据。  相似文献   

17.
DNA barcodes are widely used in taxonomy, systematics, species identification, food safety, and forensic science. Most of the conventional DNA barcode sequences contain the whole information of a given barcoding gene. Most of the sequence information does not vary and is uninformative for a given group of taxa within a monophylum. We suggest here a method that reduces the amount of noninformative nucleotides in a given barcoding sequence of a major taxon, like the prokaryotes, or eukaryotic animals, plants, or fungi. The actual differences in genetic sequences, called single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, provide a tool for developing a rapid, reliable, and high‐throughput assay for the discrimination between known species. Here, we investigated SNPs as robust markers of genetic variation for identifying different pigeon species based on available cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) data. We propose here a decision tree‐based SNP barcoding (DTSB) algorithm where SNP patterns are selected from the DNA barcoding sequence of several evolutionarily related species in order to identify a single species with pigeons as an example. This approach can make use of any established barcoding system. We here firstly used as an example the mitochondrial gene COI information of 17 pigeon species (Columbidae, Aves) using DTSB after sequence trimming and alignment. SNPs were chosen which followed the rule of decision tree and species‐specific SNP barcodes. The shortest barcode of about 11 bp was then generated for discriminating 17 pigeon species using the DTSB method. This method provides a sequence alignment and tree decision approach to parsimoniously assign a unique and shortest SNP barcode for any known species of a chosen monophyletic taxon where a barcoding sequence is available.  相似文献   

18.
Considering the size of the continent, the Australian freshwater fish fauna is a relatively depauperate one, comprising only about 192 species (belonging to 34 families) which spend significant portions of their life cycles in freshwater habitats. Of these freshwater species, the latest (1989) analysis indicates that six can be classified as endangered, five as vulnerable, four as potentially threatened, two as indeterminate, 32 as restricted, and 16+ as of unknown status, totalling 65 + species. Thus approximately 34% of the entire Australian freshwater fish fauna falls within the above six conservation status categories, which were established by the Australian Society for Fish Biology in 1985. Conservation problems of these fishes, and particularly man-made changes to their habitats, are discussed, and some possible management solutions outlined. Brief mention is also made of several marine species which may also fall into one or more of the above conservation categories, although not enough information is yet available to classify them accurately.  相似文献   

19.
Obtaining fundamental biodiversity metrics such as alpha, beta and gamma diversity for arthropods is often complicated by a lack of prior taxonomic information and/or taxonomic expertise, which can result in unreliable morphologically based estimates. We provide a set of standardized ecological and molecular sampling protocols that can be employed by researchers whose taxonomic skills may be limited, and where there may be a lack of robust a priori information regarding the regional pool of species. These protocols combine mass sampling of arthropods, classification of samples into parataxonomic units (PUs) and selective sampling of individuals for mtDNA sequencing to infer biological species. We sampled ten lowland rainforest plots located on the volcanic oceanic island of Réunion (Mascarene archipelago) for spiders, a group with limited taxonomic and distributional data for this region. We classified adults and juveniles into PUs and then demonstrated the reconciliation of these units with presumed biological species using mtDNA sequence data, ecological data and distributional data. Because our species assignment protocol is not reliant upon prior taxonomic information, or taxonomic expertise, it minimizes the problem of the Linnean shortfall to yield diversity estimates that can be directly compared across independent studies. Field sampling can be extended to other arthropod groups and habitats by adapting our field sampling protocol accordingly.  相似文献   

20.
This database includes spatial data of Antarctic, Sub-Antarctic and cold temperate echinoid distribution (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) collected during many oceanographic campaigns led in the Southern Hemisphere from 1872 to 2010. The dataset lists occurrence data of echinoid distribution south of 35°S latitude, together with information on taxonomy (from species to genus level), sampling sources (cruise ID, sampling dates, ship names) and sampling sites (geographic coordinates and depth). Echinoid occurrence data were compiled from the Antarctic Echinoid Database (David et al. 2005a), which integrates records from oceanographic cruises led in the Southern Ocean until 2003. This database has been upgraded to take into account data from oceanographic cruises led after 2003. The dataset now reaches a total of 6160 occurrence data that have been checked for systematics reliability and consistency. It constitutes today the most complete database on Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic echinoids.  相似文献   

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