玉米大斑病菌（Exserohilum turcicum）原生质体的分离及转化

玉米大斑病是严重危害玉米生产的一个世界性真菌病害。由于玉米大斑病菌（Exserohilum turcicum）在无性生长过程中迅速产生黑色素,致使原生质体难以分离。测试了包括Fungase、Funcelase、Novozyme、Glucanex、Driselase、Uskizyme、Kitalase在内的7种细胞壁降解酶及其组合、病原菌菌株和培养基对原生质体分离效果的影响。结果表明菌株的培养形态和菌丝的生长状态显著影响原生质体的分离效率;酶组合Kitalase+Glucanex+Driselase, Kitalase+Glucanex和Kitalase+Uskizyme能够有效地分离玉米大斑病菌的原生质体。初步的转化试验表明,质粒pAN71可以用于该病原菌的转化。这些结果将为E.turcicum和Exserohium属其它真菌的基因克隆提供一些有用的信息。     

玉米丛生芽体系的建立及抗除草剂转基因植株再生

以玉米优良自交系为材料, 利用芽尖分生组织诱导胚状体和丛生芽, 建立起一种快速有效且取材不受季节限制的玉米丛生芽诱导体系. 以丛生芽组织块为受体, 用基因枪将从拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)突变体中克隆的抗除草剂基因als (acetolac-tate synthase)导入玉米细胞, 经除草剂chlorsulfuron筛选得到抗性组织块并再生植株. PCR检测和Southern杂交表明, 部分再生植株转入了als 基因. 除草剂喷施试验表明, 转基因植株及其子一代具有良好的抗除草剂特性. 建立了一种新的受基因型限制小的玉米离体培养及转基因受体系统, 能快速有效地获得大批转基因植株.     

玉米离体根冠细胞凋亡的荧光显微观察(简报)

1969年Smedegard-Petersen和Nelson[1]首次报道玉米小斑病菌毒素(Helminthosporium maydis toxin.简称Hm-毒素)时曾利用抑制种子根生长法和离体叶片法对Hm-毒素进行生物测定.     

大豆灰斑病菌毒素的分离与提取*

用不同极性的有机溶剂均未萃取到具有致病组分的化合物。但用甲醇、乙醇、丙醇和硫酸铵等两种沉淀大分子物质的方法,却提取到了使大豆叶片产生典型病斑和致萎的化合物。该粗提物能引起大豆感病品种产生典型的蛙眼形病斑,由此可以肯定从培养滤液中提取的粗提物含有大豆灰斑病菌所产生的毒素。以二倍体积的甲醇来提取大豆灰斑病菌毒素是最为简单、快速的方法。     

大豆灰斑病菌毒素的分离与提取

用不同极性的有机溶剂均未萃取到具有致病组分的化合物。但用甲醇、乙醇、丙醇和硫酸铵等两种沉淀大分子物质的方法,却提取到了使大豆叶片产生典型病斑和致萎的化合物。该粗提物能引起大豆感病品种产生典型的蛙眼形病斑,由此可以肯定从培养滤液中提取的粗提物含有大豆灰斑病菌所产生的毒素。以二倍体积的甲醇来提取大豆灰斑病菌毒素是最为简单、快速的方法。     

利用离体选择改良的作物植株

康奈尔大学的科学家A.R.Kuehnle和E.D.Earle报道,利用离体培养获得了既抗杀虫剂乙肟威又抗T毒素的得克萨斯型细胞质雄性不育(CMS-T)玉米植株.T毒素是由玉米小斑病菌(Helminthosporium maydis)生理小种T产生的.无论用或不用乙肟威作选择因子,体细胞克隆的突变体都抗乙肟威.抗性突变体的数量随培养时间的增加而增加.从含有乙肟威的6～8月龄的愈伤组织培养物中再生的植     

漆斑菌W96株产毒观察

在一次卫生调查中我们从我国北方储水池表面生长的一层霉菌漂浮物中分离到一株漆斑菌(Myrothecium W₉₆),经纯化培养后在实验室中用玉米、小麦和大米天然培养基中培养,然后用培养物的粗提物进行兔子皮肤过敏试验和豌豆发芽抑制试验。试验表明漆斑菌W_(96)株的玉米和小麦培养物的粗提物可使兔子皮肤出现红肿,起疱等过敏症状;豌豆发芽抑制试验结果也发现有毒性反应。兔子皮肤过敏试验和豌豆发芽抑制试验表明这株漆斑菌能产生霉菌毒素。     

农杆菌介导的玉米大斑病菌转化

采用玉米大斑病菌Exserohilum turcicum的无性菌丝作受体,建立了农杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens介导的转化方法。采用的载体为 pUR5750, 携有来源于质粒pAN71的潮霉素抗性选择标记。PCR分析表明T-DNA 插入到E. turcicum基因组中。     

植物苯丙氨酸解氨酶的研究——Ⅲ.玉米小斑病菌Helminthosporium maydis T小种和大斑病菌Helminthosporium turcicum毒素对苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的刺激作用

玉米小斑病菌T小种能产生致病毒素,毒素对感病品系叶肉细胞原生质体能产生强烈的毒害作用,并刺激PAL活性增高。T小种毒素对T细胞质雄性不育系有强烈的选择特异性,仅在高浓度时才对正常细胞质保持系有轻微毒害。玉米大斑病菌产生的毒素其作用与小斑病菌T小种毒素相反,即对正常细胞质保持系有选择特异性,但强度较弱。红光对T细胞质雄性不育系和正常细胞质保持系玉米植株刺激PAL活性增高的程度无甚差异。毒素和红光刺激玉米PAL活性增高的机理是不同的。PAL活性的增高与玉米抗病性成负相关。     

痢疾基因工程三价菌苗候选株的构建

通过DNA体内外同源重组, 用霍乱毒素B亚单位基因(ctxB)完全取代了福氏志贺氏2a T32株染色体上的asd基因, 获得了稳定表达CtxB的DAP依赖株FWL01. 随后, 用T32株的asd基因标记志贺氏宋内S7株的Ⅰ相大质粒, 并将其诱动至FWL01, 构成三价菌苗候选株FSW01. 在该菌苗候选株中, 表达宋内Ⅰ相O抗原的大质粒与宿主菌是平衡致死的. 因此, 该候选株在没有任何抗生素存在情况下, 能稳定地表达福氏 2a, 宋内O抗原和CtxB. 豚鼠眼角膜试验和HeLa细胞侵袭试验证明FSW01无毒, 家兔免疫试验证实了其有很好的免疫原性. 小鼠和猴体免疫保护试验显示该候选株对相应的有毒株攻击具有很好的保护效果.     

Organic Solvent-Tolerant Bacterium Which Secretes an Organic Solvent-Stable Proteolytic Enzyme

A bacterial strain which can be grown in a medium containing organic solvents and can secrete a proteolytic enzyme was isolated and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The strain was derived by the following two-step procedures: high proteolytic enzyme producers were first isolated by the usual method, and then the organic solvent-tolerant microorganism was selected from these high-rate proteolytic enzyme producers. The proteolytic activity of the supernatant of the culture was stable in the presence of various organic solvents. The stability of the enzyme in the presence of organic solvents, of which the values of the logarithm of the partition coefficient (log P) were equal to or more than 3.2, was almost the same as that in the absence of organic solvents. It is expected that both the solvent-tolerant microorganism and the solvent-stable enzyme produced by this strain can be used as catalysts for reactions in the presence of organic solvents.     

The influence of various organic solvents on the respiration of free and immobilized cells of Tagetes minuta

The influence of several organic solvents (esters, phthalates, alkanes, alcohols and perfluorchemicals) on the oxygen metabolism of Tagetes minuta (marigolds) was tested by incubating the cells in medium mixed with 1, 5 or 10% (v/v) of the organic solvents. The results were in good agreement with the general rules (log P) for the influence of organic solvents on biocatalytic activity. Immobilization of the cells in calcium alginate provided a slight protection of the cells against the toxic solvents.     

Overcoming Microstructural Limitations in Water Processed Organic Solar Cells by Engineering Customized Nanoparticulate Inks

The application of conjugated polymer and fullerene water‐based nanoparticles (NP) as ecofriendly inks for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is reported. A low bandgap polymer diketopyrrolopyrrole–quinquethiophene (PDPP5T‐2) and the methanofullerene PC₇₁BM are processed into three types of nanoparticles: pristine fullerene NPs, pristine polymer NPs, and mixed polymer:fullerene NPs, allowing the formation of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) composites with different domain sizes. Mild thermal annealing is required to melt the nanospheres and enable the formation of interconnected pathways within mixed phases. This BHJ is accompanied by a shrinkage of film, whereas the more compact layers show enhanced mobility. Consistently reduced recombination and better performance are found for mixed NP, containing both, the polymer and the fullerene within a single NP. The optimized solar cell processed by ultrasmall NPs delivers a power conversion efficiency of about 3.4%. This is among the highest values reported for aqueous processed OPVs but still lacks performance compared to those being processed from halogenated solvents. Incomplete crystallization is identified as the main root for reduced efficiency. It is nevertheless believed that postprocessing does not cut attraction from printing aqueous organic NP inks as a trendsetting strategy for the reliable and ecofriendly production of organic solar cells.     

Isolation and Characterization of the cis-trans-Unsaturated Fatty Acid Isomerase of Pseudomonas oleovorans GPo12

Pseudomonas oleovorans contains an isomerase which catalyzes the cis-trans conversion of the abundant unsaturated membrane fatty acids 9-cis-hexadecenoic acid (palmitoleic acid) and 11-cis-octadecenoic acid (vaccenic acid). We purified the isomerase from the periplasmic fraction of Pseudomonas oleovorans. The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 80 kDa under denaturing conditions and 70 kDa under native conditions, suggesting a monomeric structure of the active enzyme. N-terminal sequencing showed that the isomerase derives from a precursor with a signal sequence which is cleaved from the primary translation product in accord with the periplasmic localization of the enzyme. The purified isomerase acted only on free unsaturated fatty acids and not on esterified fatty acids. In contrast to the in vivo cis-trans conversion of lipids, this in vitro isomerization of free fatty acids did not require the addition of organic solvents. Pure phospholipids, even in the presence of organic solvents, could not serve as substrate for the isomerase. However, when crude membranes from Pseudomonas or Escherichia coli cells were used as phospholipid sources, a cis-trans isomerization was detectable which occurred only in the presence of organic solvents. These results indicate that isolated membranes from Pseudomonas or E. coli cells must contain factors which, activated by the addition of organic solvents, enable and control the cis-trans conversion of unsaturated acyl chains of membrane phospholipids by the periplasmic isomerase.     

Conformational transition of hyaluronic acid in aqueous-organic solvent monitored by vacuum ultraviolet circular dichroism

The chiroptical transition of hyaluronic acid (HA) in aqueous-organic solvent has been investigated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy into the vacuum ultraviolet region. The CD of HA changes dramatically, monitoring a cooperative transition as the dielectric constant of an aqueous solution is reduced by adding organic solvents. This transition results in a high-intensity CD band at 188 nm, indicating an ordered structure in the mixed solvent. Heating HA in the mixed solvent also causes a cooperative transition, reducing the CD to that found for the polymer in aqueous solution. In contrast, heating HA in aqueous solution results in small, noncooperative changes in the CD spectrum. This indicates an unordered structure in aqueous solution. The CD as the dielectric constant is reduced exhibits isodichroic points, showing that there are only two environments for chromophores contributing to the CD. This is confirmed by singular value decomposition of CD spectra recorded as a function of solvent composition, which shows the spectra to contain only two principal components. The data describing the thermally induced transition of HA in mixed solvent are not consistent with infinite cooperativity. The van't Hoff relation yields thermodynamic parameters for the conformational transition in terms of the cooperative unit of -60 kcal mol-1 for delta H degrees and -180 eu mol-1 for delta S degrees.     

Protein crystallography at sub-zero temperatures: lysozyme-substrate complexes in cooled mixed solvents.

To determine the feasibility of direct X-ray crystallographic structure determination of productive enzyme-substrate complexes and to ascertain the best conditions for such studies, the hydrolysis of bacterial cell walls and oligosaccharides by human leukaemic lysozyme was investigated in mixed aqueous/organic solvents and high salt solutions. Although high salt solutions modify the enzymic reaction, hydrolysis in mixed solvents appears to proceed by the same mechanism as in aqueous solution. At low temperatures the reaction is slowed progressively, and at −25 °C the enzyme-substrate complex in mixed solvents is stable indefinitely. The conformation of the enzyme is not significantly altered in these solvents, and the enzyme-substrate complex can be formed by direct addition of substrate to the enzyme at sub-zero temperatures, as required for crystallographic studies. The pH profile of the reaction in mixed solvents allows conditions of optimal binding to be selected. These studies in solution demonstrate that low-temperature protein crystallography may indeed permit the direct determination of the three-dimensional structure of enzyme-substrate complexes. They also delineate the precise conditions of pH, temperature and solvent to use in the crystallographic experiments.     

Organic-Solvent-Tolerant Bacterium Which Secretes Organic-Solvent-Stable Lipolytic Enzyme

A bacterial strain which could be grown in a medium containing organic solvents and which could secrete lipolytic enzyme was isolated. The stability of the lipolytic activity of the supernatant of the culture increased significantly in the presence of organic solvents such as toluene, cyclohexane, ethanol, and acetone.     

Log P effect of organic solvents on a thermophilic alcohol dehydrogenase

An alcohol dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix was activated by water-miscible organic solvents. This activation was influenced by the kind and the concentration of the added organic solvents. The k(cat) was increased by a factor of over ten when the mole fraction of acetonitrile was 0.1. This effect was large when organic solvents with large log P values were added. In fact, the k(cat) showed a strong positive correlation with the log P value of the mixed solvent at a constant mole fraction of water, while it was not affected by the kind of organic solvents added. Both the activation enthalpy and the entropy decreased with an increase in log P. The contribution of the activation enthalpy to the free energy of activation was larger than that of the activation entropy, and the free energy of activation decreased with an increase in log P.     

Effect of solvents on hydrolysis of olive oil by immobilized lipase in reverse phase system

Summary Lipase fromCandida rugosa was immobilized by adsorption on three supports which could contain water available for the hydrolysis of olive oil in a reverse phase system. To select the most suitable solvent for this system, the effect of organic solvents on the stability and catalytic activity of immobilized lipase for the hydrolysis reaction has been examined. The results revealed that isooctane was superior to any other solvents tested in this study for enzymatic fat splitting in a reverse phase system. Also the effect of the solvent polarity on the hydrolysis of olive oil has been examined in detail using various organic solvents mixed with an equivolume of isooctane. It was found that the hydrolysis of olive oil by immobilized lipase was markedly affected by the polarity of reaction solvents.