家蝇抗菌物质的诱导

针刺损伤诱导的家蝇三龄幼虫免疫血淋巴对动、植物病原菌有广谱的抗菌活性,同时,未经诱导的家蝇幼虫也具有抗菌活性。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳分析表明：外源诱导能增强原有抗菌物质的表达量,并能激活新的蛋白产生。家蝇免疫血淋巴中的抗菌物质具热稳定性和耐冷冻贮藏的特性     

黄粉甲幼虫抗菌物质的诱导及其抗菌活性

采用饥饿法、紫外线照射法和针刺法处理黄粉甲Tenebriomolitor 6龄幼虫后均能诱导其 产生抗菌物质,收集的血淋巴上清液对真菌有抑制作用,对细菌无抑制作用;经热处理后的血 淋巴上清液则对细菌有抑制作用,而对真菌无抑制作用。SDS-PAGE检测结果发现,与未诱导的 对照相比经诱导的黄粉甲幼虫血淋巴中,原有的一类大分子蛋白质如分子量分别为97kD、44 kD和37 kD左右的蛋白质缺失;而ESI-MS分析结果显示诱导后比诱导前黄粉甲幼虫血淋巴中有 小分子物质产生,推测可能是此类缺失蛋白质分解为小分子量的抗菌肽,从而表现出抗菌活性 。     

油松毛虫幼虫抗菌物质及其抗菌活性研究

采用体内注射法,对油松毛虫Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu 3龄幼虫注射浓度为1．0×10^8孢子／mL的大肠杆菌Escherichia coli菌悬液,诱导其产生抗菌物质,12h后收集制备血淋巴粗提液。分别测定对4种细菌和4种真菌的抗菌活性,并检测温度、pH值变化和反复冻融对抗菌活性的影响。采用Tricine—SDS—PAGE电泳法确定抗菌物质的分子量大小。结果发现,诱导后的油松毛虫3龄幼虫血淋巴粗提液对试验的细菌和真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中对革兰氏阴性细菌大肠杆菌E．coli和变形杆菌Proteus species的抑制作用强于革兰氏阳性细菌金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus和枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。血淋巴粗提液的的抗菌活性在50℃水浴处理和4～9的pH值条件下保持稳定,反复冻融1～5次抗菌物质的活性降低4．3％～14．9％。电泳结果显示,诱导组血淋巴粗提液在23．2kD和15．0kD处分别出现一条特异性条带,在60．4kD处蛋自带变浅。由此推测从油松毛虫幼虫体内诱导产生的抗菌物质分子量可能是23．2kD和15．0kD。     

家蝇幼虫抗菌物质组成及其理化性质

用抑菌圈、酸碱性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)等方法,对家蝇幼虫免疫血淋巴抗菌物质组成及其理化特性进行了研究。结果表明,家蝇抗菌物质是蛋白质,呈碱性和近中性,由5种成分组成。家蝇抗菌物质有较稳定的理化特性。如对热,对较高浓度盐溶液,较极端的pH溶液,室温放置6h及冻融12次等处理均有较高的稳定性。     

不同提取工艺对家蝇幼虫蛋白粗提液抗菌活性的影响

利用不同条件提取诱导过的家蝇Musca domestica 3龄幼虫的总蛋白,并用平板扩散法测定所得蛋白粗提液的抗菌活性。结果表明,收集幼虫时的处死温度、沸水浴时间及提取液的pH值均对家蝇幼虫粗提液的抗菌活性有明显的影响。     

γ-射线及大肠杆菌诱导蓖麻蚕产生抗菌物质的研究

1.用γ-射线辐照和用大肠杆菌处理蓖麻蚕五龄幼虫和蚕蛹均能诱导血淋巴产生抗菌物质,两种诱导源诱导所得活性物质的抗菌活性相似.2.研究了五龄幼虫期和蛹期诱导产生抗菌物质的动力学,发现五龄幼虫在饷食后第2—4天诱导活力最高,产生抗菌物质的持续时间亦较长;蛹期则从化蛹当天至第4天之间诱导活力较高,并可持续15天左右,高峰期一般在诱导后2天至4天之间.3.对诱导后的蓖麻蚕血淋巴进行了电泳测活和葡聚糖凝胶初步分离,发现不论幼虫期或蛹期至少可得三个活性组分,其中既有类似于P₅的大分子抗菌物质,也有类似于P_9A和P_9B的抗菌多肽;并首次发现一种分子量约70000—75000道尔顿的新抗菌蛋白.     

家蝇幼虫抗菌物质提取方法的比较

为了探索家蝇幼虫抗菌物质的提取方法,本文采用醋酸提取蝇蛆的抗菌物质,通过加热去除其中不稳定的蛋白成分,再通过切向流超滤和直接冻干法获得复合抗菌物质,测定其中可溶蛋白的含量、抗菌组分的抗菌活性及组成的差异。结果表明,和冻干法相比,利用切向流超滤法可以显著提高抗菌复合物质中可溶蛋白的含量。利用切向流超滤浓缩制备的抗菌物质和直接冻干制备的抗菌物质经过凝胶过滤层析及抗菌活性分析表明,非蛋白组分(A20-A21和B6-B12)比蛋白组分(A1-A2、A10-A13、B1-B2)抗菌谱广。电泳分析蛋白组分表明,其抗菌蛋白组分处在6 k Da-35 k Da的某些蛋白组分中。     

家蝇变形期抗菌蛋白的提取

目的:分离纯化家蝇变形期体内抗菌蛋白并分析其抑菌作用。方法:对家蝇（Ｍusca domestica）5日龄幼虫进行针刺诱导,并于24h后挑取变形后的蛹,通过研磨、调酸、加热提取蛹体内的耐热水溶总蛋白,经过两步CM sepharose F.F.离子交换层析分离,以金黄色葡萄球菌作指示菌,检测其抑菌活性,并用SDS PAGE不连续电泳检测蛋白质的分子量。结果:经两步离子交换分离后,得到一种对金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强抑菌活性的蛋白,经SDS PAGE检测为单一条带,其分子量为43kDa。结论:家蝇处于变形期时,经过诱导后体内能产生一种抑菌活力较强的蛋白质。     

家蝇幼虫抗菌活性物质相关基因表达情况

研究了家蝇幼虫体内抗菌活性物质相关基因诱导后的表达情况。选择30％H2O2诱导家蝇幼虫90min,应用半定量RT—PCR的方法,以组成型表达的β-actin基因作为内参照,对抗菌活性物质基因cecropin,defensin,dipteri．cin,attacin和溶菌酶基因lysozyme在诱导后的表达情况进行了初步探索。Cecropin、defensin和attacin基因在家蝇幼虫体内都是诱导表达型基因,分别在诱导后2h和6h达到活性高峰。而diptericin和lysozyme两个基因表达量一直较高,在诱导后6h表达量达到最大水平,随后开始下降,到诱导后36h时还能检测到基因有较高水平的表达。     

家蝇变形期抗菌蛋白的提取及其抑菌活性研究

目的:分离纯化家蝇变形期体内抗菌蛋白并分析其抑菌作用.方法:对家蝇(Muscadomestica)5日龄幼虫进行针刺诱导,并于24h后挑取变形后的蛹,通过研磨、调酸、加热提取蛹体内的耐热水溶总蛋白,经过两步CM-sepharose F.F.离子交换层析分离,以金黄色葡萄球菌作指示菌,检测其抑菌活性,并用SDS-PAGE不连续电泳检测蛋白质的分子量.结果:经两步离子交换分离后,得到一种对金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强抑菌活性的蛋白,经SDS-PAGE检测为单一条带,其分子量为43kDa.结论:家蝇处于变形期时,经过诱导后体内能产生一种抑菌活力较强的蛋白质.     

栽培因子对胡麻天亚9号产量的影响

为了探讨甘肃省胡麻高产栽培方案,以‘天亚9号’为试验材料,采用播种量（X₁）、底施氮肥（X₂）、底施磷肥（X₃）、底施钾肥（X₄）、叶面施钾肥（X₅）、叶面施硼肥（X₆）、生长调节剂（多效唑,X₇）、生育期灌水量（X₈）的8因素均匀设计,研究不同栽培因子对高产优质胡麻‘天亚9号’籽粒产量的影响,并对胡麻产量与各栽培因子进行相关性分析、通径分析及主成分分析.结果表明： 影响胡麻产量的因素为播量、底施氮肥、底施钾肥、生长调节剂、底施磷肥、叶面喷施钾肥;其相关性依次为播量>生长调节剂（多效唑）>底施氮肥>底施磷肥>叶面喷施钾肥>底施钾肥.进一步进行最高产量模拟寻优,采用频数分析法得到胡麻产量大于173.58 kg·hm^-2的优化栽培因子为：播量4.68～4.92 kg·hm^-2,底施氮肥11.59～14.75 kg·hm^-2,底施磷肥17.26～21.95 kg·hm^-2,底施钾肥7.00～12.50 kg·hm^-2,叶面肥（磷酸二氢钾）1.41～1.81 kg·hm^-2,生长调节剂（多效唑）751.74～954.04 g·hm^-2.     

小菜蛾溶菌酶Pxlys的基因克隆及其 重组蛋白的抗菌活性分析

【目的】本研究旨在通过研究小菜蛾Plutella xylostella溶菌酶的功能,进一步认识小菜蛾的免疫防御机理,为小菜蛾的生物防治提供新的思路。【方法】利用RACE技术克隆小菜蛾溶菌酶基因。构建原核表达载体pET-29a-Pxlys,利用原核表达系统表达并用镍柱亲和层析纯化重组蛋白Pxlys。利用牛津杯法检测重组蛋白Pxlys对停滞棒杆菌Corynebacterium stationis、藤黄微球菌Micrococcus luteus、金黄色葡萄球菌Staphyloccocus aureus、大肠杆菌Escherichia coli、志贺氏菌Shigella sp.、沙门氏菌Salmonella sp.和苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis的抑菌活性,并利用扫描电子显微镜观察重组蛋白Pxlys对停滞棒杆菌和大肠杆菌的溶菌特征。【结果】克隆获得开放阅读框长423 bp的小菜蛾溶菌酶基因Pxlys(GenBank登录号： MN702780)序列,它编码140个氨基酸,相对分子质量为15.79 kD。抑菌试验表明,重组蛋白Pxlys不仅对革兰氏阳性细菌的停滞棒杆菌、藤黄微球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的抑菌活性(抑菌圈直径分别为20.0±1.1, 19.0±0.5和16.5±0.5 mm),而且对革兰氏阴性细菌大肠杆菌、志贺氏菌和沙门氏菌也有抑菌活性(抑菌圈直径分别为16.3±0.5, 15.0±0.5和14.0±1.1 mm),重组蛋白Pxlys对革兰氏阳性细菌比对革兰氏阴性细菌表现出更强的抑菌活性。另外,重组蛋白Pxlys还表现出对苏云金芽胞杆菌的抑菌活性。扫描电子显微镜下,经重组蛋白Pxlys处理过的停滞棒杆菌和大肠杆菌的溶菌特征不同。【结论】Pxlys具有广谱的抗微生物活性,其对革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌的抑菌机理可能存在不同。研究结果为深入研究小菜蛾免疫防御系统提供基础。     

Antimicrobial characteristic of insoluble alkylpyridinium iodide

Insoluble and soluble alkylpyridinium iodides (C8 to C18) were synthesized. The insoluble agents were quaternized 4-vinylpyridine-divinylbenzene copolymers. The insoluble agent [C12(50)] that contained 50% divinylbenzene and had a C12 alkyl chain was selected as the most suitable insoluble agent. C12(50) showed poor durability of the antibacterial activity, but C12(50), which had lost the activity, was refreshed by washing with ethanol. This washing became ineffective after a few cycles of antibacterial treatment and refreshment. Such C12(50) recovered the activity upon 1.0 N NaOH treatment. The antibacterial activity of C12(50) depended on its surface area. It showed high antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria and also showed activity against gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. But the activities of C12(50) and laurylpyridinium iodide solution were different against some microbes. The antibacterial activities of the agents were investigated against Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus under various conditions. The activity of C12(50) was higher at a higher temperature or at a lower cell concentration. The activity of C12(50) decreased on addition of NaCl, glucose, or bovine albumin to the cell suspension or in 0.01 M sodium-potassium phosphate buffer. C12(50) showed less activity when cells were mixed with dead cells or the supernatant of dead cells killed in an autoclave. The mode of action of the laurylpyridinium iodide solution against E. coli and M. luteus was similar to that of C12(50) except for the influence of E. coli cell concentration.     

Antimicrobial characteristic of insoluble alkylpyridinium iodide.

Insoluble and soluble alkylpyridinium iodides (C8 to C18) were synthesized. The insoluble agents were quaternized 4-vinylpyridine-divinylbenzene copolymers. The insoluble agent [C12(50)] that contained 50% divinylbenzene and had a C12 alkyl chain was selected as the most suitable insoluble agent. C12(50) showed poor durability of the antibacterial activity, but C12(50), which had lost the activity, was refreshed by washing with ethanol. This washing became ineffective after a few cycles of antibacterial treatment and refreshment. Such C12(50) recovered the activity upon 1.0 N NaOH treatment. The antibacterial activity of C12(50) depended on its surface area. It showed high antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria and also showed activity against gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. But the activities of C12(50) and laurylpyridinium iodide solution were different against some microbes. The antibacterial activities of the agents were investigated against Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus under various conditions. The activity of C12(50) was higher at a higher temperature or at a lower cell concentration. The activity of C12(50) decreased on addition of NaCl, glucose, or bovine albumin to the cell suspension or in 0.01 M sodium-potassium phosphate buffer. C12(50) showed less activity when cells were mixed with dead cells or the supernatant of dead cells killed in an autoclave. The mode of action of the laurylpyridinium iodide solution against E. coli and M. luteus was similar to that of C12(50) except for the influence of E. coli cell concentration.     

Effect of 7β-hydroxycholesterol on astrocyte primary cultures and derived spontaneously transformed cell lines Cytotoxicity and cholesterogenesis

The correlation between the lethal effect of 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OH-CH) on spontaneously transformed cell lines derived from rat astrocyte primary cultures (normal cells) and de novo cholesterogenesis was investigated. Both 7β-OH-CH and 7-keto-CH were not cytotoxic on normal cells but 7β-OH-CH affected markedly the viability of the transformed cells. The use of [¹⁴C]acetate or [¹⁴C] mevalonate indicated that 7-keto-CH inhibits de novo cholesterogenesis upstream of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR) in both cell types whereas 7β-OH-CH also inhibits downstream of HMGR. The accumulation of two radiolabelled products X₁ and X₂ between mevalonate and CH was found in unsaponifiable neutral lipids extracted from 7β-OH-CH treated transformed cells. HPLC and GC-MS revealed that X₁ and X₂ are not lanosterol anti 24.25-epoxylanosterol, respectively. Incubation of the transformed cells with X₁ and X₂ did not affect their viability. Our data demonstrate that, under our experimental conditions, 7β-OH-CH cytotoxicity is not linked to the inhibition of de novo cholesterogenesis in cultured glial transformed cells.     

Activation of P2X7 purinoceptor-stimulated TGF-beta 1 mRNA expression involves PKC/MAPK signalling pathway in a rat brain-derived type-2 astrocyte cell line, RBA-2

The present study investigates the receptor and mechanisms involved in ATP-stimulated transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) mRNA expression of a type-2 astrocyte cell line, RBA-2. RT-PCR analysis revealed that RBA-2 type-2 astrocytes possess abundant P2X₄ and P2X₇ receptors. ATP and P2X₇ receptor-sensitive agonist, BzATP, both stimulated TGF-β1 mRNA expression in a time and dose-dependent manner. The stimulation required a minimum of 500 μM ATP; BzATP was much more potent that ATP, and P2X₇-selective antagonist, oATP, inhibited the effects. In addition, ATP metabolites ADP, AMP and adenosine were ineffective in stimulation of TGF-β1 mRNA expression. Thus, the effect of ATP was mediated through the P2X₇ receptors. To investigate further the mechanisms by which the P2X₇ receptor mediated the TGF-β1 mRNA expression, the cells were treated with inhibitors for mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) or protein kinase C (PKC), PD98059 or GF109203X, respectively. Both PD98059 and GF109203X inhibited the ATP-stimulated TGF-β1 mRNA expression. Furthermore, ATP and BzATP stimulated ERK1/2 activation and the activation was inhibited by PKC inhibitors, GF109203X and Gö6976. In conclusion, activation of P2X₇ receptors enhanced TGF-β1 mRNA expression and the effect involved PKC/MAPK signalling pathway in RBA-2 type-2 astrocytes.     

P2X7 and phospholipid signalling: the search of the "missing link" in epithelial cells

The purinergic receptor P2X₇ is widely expressed in epithelial cells. This receptor shares in common with the other P2X receptors the ability to form a non-selective cation channel. On the other hand, the COOH terminus of P2X₇ seems to allow this receptor to couple to a spectrum of downstream effectors responsible for the regulation of cell death and pore formation among other functions. However, the coupling of P2X₇ to these downstream effectors, as well as the identity of possible adapters directly interacting with the receptor, remains poorly understood. Here we review the ability of P2X₇ to activate phospholipid signalling pathways in epithelial cells and propose this step as a possible link between the receptor and other downstream effectors. The P2X₇ ability to control the cellular levels of several lipid messengers (PA, AA, DAG, ceramide, etc.) through the modulation of phospholipases (C, A₂, D) and neutral sphingomyelinase is described. These pathways are sometimes regulated independently of the channel function of the receptor. Recent data concerning P2X₇ localization in lipid rafts is also discussed in relation to the coupling to these pathways and dissociation from channel function.     

水稻品种中抗褐飞虱抗原次生物质的分析

借助高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术,研究了130份对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ具有不同抗性水平的水稻样品(26个品种)中13个次生物质含量(峰面积)的差异;运用主成分分析和多元回归分析,建立了水稻品种抗性级别的预测模型:Y=3.4593-0.02491X₁+0.08475X₂-0.04227X₈+0.1174X₁₂.结果表明,水稻的抗性水平与峰面积值之间极显著相关(r²=0.84,P<0.01),峰1、峰2、峰8、峰12对应的次生化合物是影响水稻对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ抗性水平的主要抗原次生化合物;水稻品种中起抗虫作用的抗原次生物质不止一种,而是几种的组合,而且它们对水稻抗虫性的贡献权重是不完全相同的.     

Effect of exposure of Pieris brassicae larvae to 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the natural antibacterial activity of serum

Larvae of the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris brassicae, were reared on a semisynthetic diet with or without 20 ppm of the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and using three assays the sera were subsequently tested for natural antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli K12, and Micrococcus luteus. These assays showed that exposure of larvae to 2,4,5-T lowered the antibacterial activity of the serum against E. coli and M. luteus compared with control animals. Spectrophotometric tests for the presence of a lysozyme-like principle in the serum also revealed similar trends with a significant loss of enzyme activity in 2,4,5-T-treated insects. Overall total serum protein levels of control and 2,4,5-T-treated insects were similar, suggesting a specific effect of the herbicide on certain serum components such as lysozyme. The possible mode of action of the herbicide on production of antibacterial factors is discussed.     

EXPRESSION OF A BEE-VENOM PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 FROM APIS CERANA CERANA IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

Abstract  The venomous phospholipase A₂ (AcPLA₂) coding reading region of the Chinese honeybee ( Apis cerana cerana ), which is composed of 405 bp encoding a mature glycosylated peptide with 134 amino residues was transformed into the expression vector pETblue-1. Then the recombinant vector was introduced into Escherichia coli Tuner (DE3) plac I for expression. Analysis result of SDS-PAGE showed that the expression products had a protein band of about 15kD. Detection of western blot using ant-European honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) phospholipase A₂ (AmPLA₂) polyclonal serum as the first antibody showed that the expression products appeared a special blot same as the native AmPLA₂.The result demonstrated that the AcPLA₂ peptide had been expressed in E. coli and the AcPLA₂ has the similar antigenicity as the AmPLA₂.